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KELDÂNÎLER Skip to content KELDÂNÎLER , Batı Sâmî kavimlerinden Ârâmîler’in bir kolu olup isimlerini yaşadıkları Kalde bölgesinden alan kabileler topluluğu.
Müellif: Kadir Albayrak
Milâttan önce II. binin sonunda Güney Mezopotamya’ya gelen ve zamanla Yeni Babilonya İmparatorluğu’nun hâkim sınıfını teşkil eden bir kavimdir. Keldânîler’le ilgili en eski referans olan, milâttan önce IX. yüzyıla ait Asur krallık yazıtlarında, Fırat ile Dicle nehirleri boyunca Pers körfezinden Babilonya’nın güney şehirlerine kadar uzanan bölgeye Kaldu, orada yaşayanlara da Kaldai denilmekte, Grekçe kaynaklarda ise bu bölgeden Chaldaia, orada yaşayanlardan da Chaldaioi diye bahsedilmektedir (IDB , I, 550; New Catholic Encyclopedia, III, 432). Bulundukları bölgelere göre farklı isimler alan Asurlular’la Keldânîler ve Süryânîler aynı kökten gelen kavimlerdir. Aslında aynı kavmin monofizit inancı benimseyenlerine Süryânî, Nestorius’un görüşlerini kabul edenlere Nestûrî veya Asurî, Nestûrî iken Katolik olup Roma’ya bağlananlara da Keldânî denilmektedir. Katolikliği benimseyip Roma’ya bağlanan Nestûrîler’i ifade eden Keldânî adlandırması Batı menşelidir. Papalık, Sâsânî İmparatorluğu topraklarında yaşayan Nestûrî hıristiyanlardan Katolikliği benimseyip Roma’ya bağlananlara Keldânî adını vermiştir. Roma’ya bağlanmayanlara ise Nestûrîler veya Asurîler (Assyrians) denilmektedir. Çoğunlukla Doğu Asurî kilisesi mensubu olan Urmiye ve Hakkâri bölgesi kabileleri kendilerini Asurî, Ninevâ ve çevresinde yaşayanlar Keldânî, Kuzey Mezopotamya, Güneydoğu Anadolu ve Suriye’de yaşayanlar ise Süryânî diye adlandırmaktadır. Akkadca kaynaklarda Kaldu, Kaldû ve Kaldaya olarak geçen bu kelime Babilonya dilinde Kasdu, Eski Ahid’de Kasdim şeklindedir. Kelime, bu etnik grubun isim babası olarak kabul edilen ve Hz. İbrâhim’in kardeşi Nahor’un çocuklarından biri olan Kesed’e bağlanmaktadır (Tekvîn, 22/22). Rabbinik kaynaklarda Kaldiyyim ve Kalda’ei şekilleri de yer almaktadır (EJd. , V, 330). Kelimenin Ârâmîce şekli Kasdai ve Kasdaya’dır. Türkçe’de Kaldeliler veya Keldânîler diye anılan bu kavimden Arapça kaynaklarda Keldâniyyûn diye söz edilmektedir (İbnü’n-Nedîm, s. 383). Eski Ahid’de Kalde ve Keldânîler kelimeleri, Babilonya ve Bâbilliler’le eş anlamlı olarak ayrıca Ârâmî anlamında da kullanılmıştır. Daniel kitabında bu kelime bazan Bâbilliler (1/4; 2/5; 5/30; 9/1), bazan da Yunanca’daki Chaldaioi gibi “müneccim ve sihirbaz” anlamında (2/5, 10; 4/4; 5/7) geçmektedir (EJd. , V, 330; EIr. , V, 353). Babilonya’da Keldânî kelimesi Bel-Marduk rahibi anlamında idi, zira merkezde dinî görevleri Keldânîler üstlenmişlerdi (NDB , s. 125). Bu kelime, İskender’in ölümünden sonra Yunan ve Romalı yazarlar tarafından müneccim ve kâhinleri ifade için kullanılmıştır (New Catholic Encyclopedia, III, 432).
Ninevâ’daki krallık arşivinde Yeni Asur kralları dönemi Keldânî-Asur ilişkilerine dair mektuplar bulunmakla birlikte Keldânîler tarihinin Asur İmparatorluğu’nun çöküşüyle sona eren ilk dönemleriyle ilgili çok az bilgi vardır. Bu konudaki ilk atıf Asur Kralı II. Aşurnasirpal’e (m.ö. 883-859) ait bir yıllıkta yer almaktadır. III. Salmanasar (858-824) yıllıkları, kabileler halinde yaşayan Keldânîler’in kabile taksimatıyla ilgili bilgiler vermektedir. III. Salmanasar 850’de Kalde’yi almış ve “Kaldu denizi” dediği Pers körfezine kadar ilerlemiştir. Onun döneminde bu kabileler küçük krallıklara dönüşmüştü (bk. ÂRÂMÎLER ). II. Sargon (721-705) ve Sennacherib (704-681) dönemlerinde kabileler, Eski Ahid’de de kendisinden bahsedilen (İşaya, 39/1) Merodach-Baladan (Marduk-Apal-Iddin II) tarafından yönetilmiştir. 731’de Asur Kralı III. Tiglatpileser’e boyun eğen Merodach-Baladan, Keldânîler’in Elamlılar ve İranlılar’la iş birliği yaparak Asurlular’ı yenmesi sonucunda 721’de Babilonya tahtına geçmiş ve 710’a kadar hüküm sürmüştür. 703’te Sennacherib, Babilonya-Elam ittifakını Nippur’da mağlûp etmiş, Asur Kralı Asurbanipal’in ölümünden (626) sonra Keldânî lideri Nabopolassar, Yeni Babilonya veya Keldânî hânedanlığını kurmuştur. Nabopolassar’ın oğlu II. Nebukadnezzar’ın saltanatı (605-562) Keldânî hânedanlığının en güçlü dönemi olmuş ve bu hükümdar Firavun Neco’yu 605’te Karkemiş’te yenmiş, Kudüs’ü iki defa kuşatarak (597 ve 586) yıkmıştır (bk. BUHTUNNASR ). II. Nebukadnezzar’ın ve ondan sonra gelen Nabonidus’un (556-539) saltanatları sebebiyle Keldânî kavramı Bâbilli ile eş anlamlı hale gelmiştir. Keldânî saltanatı Mezopotamya’nın Ahamenîler tarafından 539’da alınışına kadar devam etmiş, bölge daha sonra Ahamenî (539-332), Büyük İskender (332-323), Selevki (312-171), Part (171-m.s. 226) ve Sâsânî (226-641) hâkimiyetinde kalmış, nihayet müslümanlar tarafından fethedilmiştir.
Keldânîler astroloji ve gökyüzüyle ilgili araştırmalarda diğer kavimlere göre çok ileri idiler. Bâbil bilimlerini, özellikle kâhinliği tekellerinde tutan ve bunları milâttan önce II. yüzyıldan başlayarak bütün Akdeniz havzasına yayan Aşağı Mezopotamyalı rahip, yazıcı ve kâhinlere Yunanlılar ve Latinler Kaldeliler diyorlardı. Batı’nın bütün gizli bilim geleneği Keldânîler’i ata olarak kabul eder. Greko-Romen dünyası için Keldânîler her şeyden önce müneccim idiler. Onlar astronomik gözlemler yapmak için çok katlı kuleler yapıyor, gök ve atmosferi incelemek suretiyle geleceğe yönelik kehanetlerde bulunuyorlardı. Doğu menşeli sihirbaz, büyücü ve müneccimler arasında Keldânîler’in ayrı bir yeri vardı. Sumer-Akkad ilminin mirasçısı olan Keldânîler, Mezopotamya dinlerinin menşeine kadar giden birtakım formül ve uygulamaları bütün dünyaya yayıyorlardı (Dhorme, s. 54, 178, 258, 282).
Dilleri Ârâmîce olan Keldânîler’in konuştuğu lehçe Yeni Bâbil döneminde gelişme ve yayılmasını sürdürmüş (IDB , I, 550; DİA , III, 269), Babilonya’nın ortak dili olan Akkadca’nın yerini almıştır. Eski Ahid onların dilinden Ârâmîce diye bahsetmektedir (Daniel, 2/4). Günümüzde Keldânîler, Eski Babilonya’nın ve Hz. Îsâ’nın dili olan Ârâmîce konuşmaktadır.
Keldânîler daha ilk yüzyıllarda Hıristiyanlığı kabul etmişlerdir. IV. yüzyıla ait Süryânî hıristiyan geleneğine göre havâri Thomas, Hz. Îsâ’nın seçtiği yetmiş kişiden olan Mar Addai ile (Thaddeus) talebeleri Mar Mari ve Mar Agai Mezopotamya ve Pers ülkesinde faaliyet göstermiş, böylece Hıristiyanlık I. yüzyılın ortalarından itibaren Batı Süryânîleri’nin, II. yüzyılın ortalarından itibaren de Urfa (Edessa) yoluyla Doğu Süryânîleri yani Keldânîler’in yaşadıkları bölgede yayılmıştır. III. yüzyılda Hıristiyanlık Sâsânî Devleti’nin merkezi olan Seleucia-Ktesiphon’a ulaşmış ve Mar Phafa (Papa) tarafından burada bir piskoposluk kurulmuş, Keldânî ve Süryânî kiliselerinin başlangıcını teşkil eden bu gelişmeler sonucunda III. yüzyılın sonuna kadar Urfa’ya bağlı olan Mezopotamya hıristiyanları bu piskoposluk etrafında toplanmıştır.
Sâsânîler’in Zerdüştlüğü devlet dini kabul etmeleri ve hıristiyanları din değiştirmeye zorlamaları üzerine bölgenin hıristiyanları bir taraftan Sâsânîler’in, diğer taraftan Bizans’ın baskısı altında kalmış, ancak I. Yezdicerd döneminde (399-420) baskı durmuş ve 410’da Seleucia’da toplanan konsil I. İznik Konsili kararlarını kabul etmiş, Seleucia-Ktesiphon piskoposluğu Doğu kilisesi patriklik/katolikosluk merkezi olmuş ve piskopos patrik yerine katolikos unvanını almış, 424’te Markabta Sinodu Pers kilisesinin bağımsızlığını ilân etmiştir. Bizans’ın doğusundaki topraklarda yaşayan ve imparatorluktan ayrılarak millî bir kilise meydana getiren hıristiyanlar Doğu kilisesi diye adlandırılmakta, Doğu kelimesiyle Bizans’ın doğusunda kalan ve günümüzde Irak, İran ve Güneydoğu Anadolu’dan oluşan bölge anlaşılmaktadır. Bölgedeki Hıristiyanlık V. yüzyılda Nestorius’un fikirlerinin benimsenmesi sebebiyle Nestûrî, XIX. yüzyıldan itibaren de Asurî kilisesi şeklinde adlandırılmıştır (ER , X, 369).
Nestorius’un Hz. Îsâ’nın tabiatı ve şahsiyetiyle ilgili görüşleri sebebiyle aforoz edilmesi üzerine onun görüşlerini benimseyenler Bizans İmparatorluğu sınırları dışına kaçarak Pers İmparatorluğu’na sığınmışlar, Nestûrîlik İran hıristiyanları arasında yayılmış, Doğu kilisesinin doğu kısmının önemli bir bölümü, özellikle de daha ilk yüzyıllarda hıristiyan olan Keldânîler, Efes Konsili’ni (431) kabul etmeyerek Nestûrîliğe girmiştir. 451 Kadıköy Konsili sonrasında Batı Süryânîleri’nin monofizit oluşu neticesinde Antakya patrikliğinin kalan kısmıyla da irtibat kesilmiş, Seleucia Konsili’nde (486) Pers kilisesi resmen Nestûrîliği benimsemiş, 497 ve 544 konsilleri de bu kararı teyit etmiştir. 637’de bölge müslümanlarca fethedilmiş, Abbâsîler’in Bağdat’ı başşehir yapmaları üzerine 762 yılında katolikosluk Bağdat’a nakledilmiş, Nestûrî Katolikosu I. Timotheus, Abbâsî Halifesi Mehdî-Billâh ile dinî konularda fikir alışverişinde bulunmuştur.
Haçlı seferleri esnasında Batılı misyonerlerin faaliyetleri sonucunda Doğu ve Batı kiliseleri arasında temaslar başlamış, Keldânî topluluğunun papalıkla münasebetleri de bu dönemde ortaya çıkmıştır. Roma ile temasa geçen ilk Nestûrî patriği 1226-1257 yıllarında görev yapan V. Sabrişo (İbnü’l-Mesîhî) olmuştur. Kıbrıs Nestûrî başpiskoposu ve beraberindeki Nestûrîler 1445’te Katolikliği benimsemişler, ancak Keldânîler’in Katolikliği kabul ederek Roma’ya bağlanmaları çok daha sonra XVI. yüzyılda gerçekleşmiştir. 1552’de seçilen yeni patrik VII. (VIII. [?]) Şimon (Şemun) Bar-Mama’yı tanımayan bazı Nestûrîler patrik olarak Yuhanna Sulaka’yı seçmişler, Roma’ya giden Sulaka Katolikliği kabul etmiş ve 20 Şubat 1553’te Papa III. Julius tarafından VIII. Şimon adıyla patrik ilân edilmiş, böylece Keldânî Katolik kilisesi resmen kurulmuştur. Sulaka 12 Kasım 1553’te patriklik merkezi olan Diyarbekir’e dönmüş, aralık ayında sultandan Keldânî milletinin başı olduğuna dair beratı almış, 1555’te öldürülmüştür. Diyarbekir, Mardin ve Siirt bölgesi Roma ile birleşme hareketinin merkeziydi. Urmiye, Salamas ve Hakkâri bölgesinin Batı misyonerleriyle irtibatı yoktu. Rabban Hormizd Manastırı’nı da kapsayan Ninevâ bölgesiyle Musul ovasının yerleşim merkezleri ise bu iki akımın çatışma alanını teşkil ediyordu. Roma’nın Doğu kilisesine nüfuzu ve doğrudan kendisine bağlı Katolik Keldânî grupların ortaya çıkması Doğu kilisesini büyük bir kaosun içine sürüklemiş, patriklerden bazıları Katoliklik’le Nestûrîlik arasında gidip gelmiştir.
Sulaka ile birlikte Keldânîler arasında biri Katolik Sulaka’nın, diğeri Nestûrî Şimon VII. Bar-Mama’nın halefleri olmak üzere iki patriklik varlığını sürdürmüştür. Sulaka’nın ardından patriklik merkezi Abdişo IV. Mârûn ve IV. Mar Yabalaha dönemlerinde Siirt, IX. Mar Şimon Denha döneminde Urmiye, X. Şimon ve XI. Şimon zamanında Salamas, XII. Şimon döneminde ise tekrar Urmiye olmuştur. 1662’de patrik olan XIII. Şimon Denha, Katolikliği terkederek Nestûrîliğe dönmüş ve piskoposluk merkezini Koçanis’e (Hakkâri’nin 6 km. kuzeyinde şimdiki Konak) taşımıştır. Günümüz Nestûrî kilisesi patrikliği bu yolla devam etmiş, XIII. Şimon’dan sonra Şimon ortak adını taşıyan ve XIV. Şimon’dan XXI. Şimon’a kadar devam eden diğer patrikler görev yapmışlardır. Günümüz Doğu Asurî (Nestûrî) kilisesi patriği Chicago’da ikamet eden IV. Mar Denha’dır.
Öte yandan Diyarbekir Nestûrî Başpiskoposu I. Yûsuf’un 1672’de Katolikliğe girmesi ve 1681’de Papa XI. Innocent’ten patrik unvanı almasıyla Sulaka silsilesi Katolikliği devam etmiş ve kendisi Diyarbekir Keldânîleri’nin katolikosu olmuştur. Halefi II. Yûsuf ise Papa XI. Clement’ten Babilonya patriği unvanını kullanma yetkisini almıştır. Yûsuf adını taşıyan beş patrik 1828 yılına kadar Diyarbekir’de görev yapmıştır.
1828’de papalık o zamana kadar devam eden iki patrikliğin doğru olmadığını belirterek Babilonya patrikliği unvanını taşıyan tek patriklik ve patriklik merkezinin de Musul olacağını belirtmiş, Diyarbekir patrikliğini ilga etmiş, Rabban Hormizd Nestûrî Katolikosu XIII. Elias’ın yeğeni olup 1778’de Katolik olan Musul Piskoposu Yohannan VII. Hormizd (Hormez), 1830’da Papa VIII. Pius tarafından patriklik merkezi Musul olmak üzere Keldânî Katolikleri’nin patriği olarak tayin edilmiştir. 1947’de patrik olan VII. Yûsuf Ganima ile patriklik merkezi Bağdat’a intikal etmiştir. Günümüzde 1989’da patrik olan I. Raphael BeDaweed bu görevi sürdürmektedir (Janin, s. 573-576; New Catholic Encyclopedia, II, 4-5; X, 347).
Hıristiyanlık’ta Bizans İmparatorluğu’ndan ayrılan çeşitli kiliseler ibadet hayatlarını kendileri organize etmişlerdir, bu ise farklı ibadet usullerinin (rit) ortaya çıkmasına yol açmıştır. Katolik kilisesince kanonik sayılan on sekiz ritten biri de Keldânî ritidir. Bu âyin usulü Nestûrî ve Katolik Keldânîler arasında ortaktır ve Doğu kiliselerindeki diğer âyin usullerine göre daha sadedir. İbadet dili Ârâmîce’dir (Doğu Süryânîcesi). Yedi dinî sır (sakrament) kabul edilir. Din adamları sınıfı diyakon (şemmâs/şemaşa), papaz (qasisa, abuna) ve piskopostan (matran) oluşmaktadır.
Günümüzde Keldânî Katolik kilisesi mensuplarının sayısı 1-1,5 milyon civarındadır; bunlar Irak, Suriye, İran, Türkiye, Mısır, Amerika ve Gürcistan’da yaşamaktadır. 150.000 Keldânî ise Amerika’dadır, bunların da 100.000’i Detroit’te bulunmaktadır. Türkiye’deki Keldânîler’in sayısı oldukça azdır (500 ile 1000 arasında) ve genellikle Diyarbakır, Mardin, Mersin ve İstanbul’da yaşamaktadırlar. Keldânî Katolik kilisesinin sekiz başpiskoposluğu ve altı piskoposluğu vardır. Diyarbakır Başpiskoposu Paul Karataş’tır ve ikamet yeri İstanbul’dadır (Nestûrî Keldânîler için bk. NESTÛRÎLİK ).
Keldânîler’den İslâmî kaynaklar da bahsetmektedir. İbnü’n-Nedîm eski Keldânîler’in ilk Bâbil dönemi halkından olduklarını belirtmekte, fakat el-Fihrist adlı eserinin Harranlı putperestlerden bahsettiği dokuzuncu bölümüne Harrânî Keldânîler (Harranlı Sâbiîler veya Keldânî Sâbiîler) ve Keldânî düalistler adını vermektedir (s. 302, 383). Diğer taraftan İbn Vahşiyye el-Keldânî ve onun Kitâbü Meẕâhibi’l-Keldâniyyîn fi’l-eṣnâm adlı eserinden (el-Fihrist, s. 372), Mes‘ûdî de Keldâniyyûn diye bilinen Bâbil krallarından bahsetmektedir (Mürûcü’ẕ-ẕeheb, I, 215). İbn Haldûn, Keldânîler’in sihir ve büyü ile meşguliyetlerine temas etmektedir (Mukaddime, II, 1143, 1179-1180, 1183).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Mes‘ûdî, Mürûcü’ẕ-ẕeheb (Abdülhamîd), I, 215. İbnü’n-Nedîm, el-Fihrist (Teceddüd), s. 302, 372, 383. İbn Haldûn, Mukaddime (trc. Süleyman Uludağ), İstanbul 1983, II, 1143, 1179-1180, 1183. R. Janin, Les eglises orientales et les rites orientaux, Paris 1922, s. 573-576.NDB , s. 125. E. Dhorme, Les religions de Babylonie et d’Assyrie, Paris 1945, s. 54, 178, 258, 282. A. L. Oppenheim, “Chaldea”, IDB , I, 549-550. A. S. Atiya, A History of Eastern Christianity, London 1968, s. 279, 284-287. G. C. Anawati, The Roman Catholic Church and Churches in Communion with Rome, Cambridge 1969, I, 380-387.Kadir Albayrak, Keldanîler ve Nasturîler, Ankara 1997 . J. A. Devenny, “Babylon of the Chaldeans, Patriarchate of”, New Catholic Encyclopedia, Washington 1967, II, 4-5. R. Rabban, “Chaldean Rite”, a.e. , III, 427-430. C. K. Von Euw, “Chaldean Rite, Liturgy of”, a.e. , III, 431-432. J. B. Wheaton, “Chaldeans (in the Bible)”, a.e. , III, 432. M. J. Costelloe, “Nestorian Church”, a.e. , X, 343-346. P. T. Camelot, “Nestorianism”, a.e. , X, 346-347. A. Rainey, “Chaldea, Chaldeans”, EJd. , V, 330-331. M. Moosa, “Nestorian Church”, ER , X, 369-372. Ali M. Dinçol, “Ârâmîler”, DİA , III, 268-270. M. Dandamayev, “Chaldeans”, EIr. , V, 353-354.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2002 yılında Ankara’da basılan 25. cildinde, 207-210 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.