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KELÎLE ve DİMNE Skip to content Öğüt vermek amacını taşıyan Hint kökenli masal kitabı.
Eser Arapçalaşmış adını, ana kaynağını oluşturan ve muhtemelen III. yüzyılda Hint hükümdarlarından birinin oğullarını eğitmekle görevlendirdiği bir Vişnu rahibi tarafından şehzadeler için hazırlanan Pançatantra (beş düşündürücü nasihat kitabı) adlı eserdeki iki çakal kardeşten (Karataka ve Damanaka, Pehlevî dilinde Kelîleg ve Demneg) alır. Sâsânî Kisrâsı Hüsrev I. Enûşirvân zamanında (531-579) tabip Bürzûye’nin (Berzûye) Pançatantra ile birkaç Sanskritçe kaynaktan daha yararlanarak Pehlevî dilinde tercüme ve telif suretiyle meydana getirdiği eseri İbnü’l-Mukaffa‘ (ö. 142/759) bazı katkılarda bulunarak Arapça’ya çevirmiştir. Belli başlı dünya dillerine yapılan Kelîle ve Dimne çevirilerinin hemen tamamı İbnü’l-Mukaffa‘ın metnine dayanmaktadır.
Arapça Kelîle ve Dimne ’nin önsözüne göre Enûşirvân, tabip Bürzûye’yi Pançatantra ’yı (geniş bilgi için bk. Pancâkhyâna or Pancatantra , tercüme edenin girişi) elde etmesi için Hindistan’a göndermiş, o da birçok tehlikelerden sonra sarayın hazinesindeki kitabı diğer bazı eserlerle birlikte gizlice istinsah ederek İran’a getirip Pehlevî Farsçası’na çevirmiştir. Ebû Mansûr es-Seâlibî’nin Ġureru aḫbâri mülûki’l-Fürs adlı tarihinde ve Firdevsî’nin Şâhnâme ’sinde naklettikleri başka bir rivayete göre tabip Bürzûye, Hindistan’da ölüyü dirilten bir bitkinin yetiştiği bir dağ bulunduğunu öğrenir ve bu bitkiyi ele geçirmek ister. Enûşirvân, Hint padişahına ona bu işte yardımcı olması için mektup yazar. Bürzûye bitkiyi bulmakta çaresiz kalınca yaşlı bir Hintli bilgeye başvurur, bilge de, “Bu eskilerin remizli bir sözüdür; dağlardan maksat bilginler, ilâçtan maksat şifa veren söz, ölüden maksat bilginlerin nefesiyle canlanan cahillerdir” der ve bu hikmetlerin Hint padişahının hazinesinde bulunan Kelîle ve Dimne adlı kitapta yazılı bulunduğunu söyler. Bunun üzerine Bürzûye Hint padişahına başvurur; o da sadece kitabı kendi huzurunda okumasına izin verir. Eseri okuyan Bürzûye masalların mânalarını aklında tutar ve geri dönünce bunları yazıya döker. Böylece 560 yılı civarında Pehlevî diline aktarılarak yeni bir hüviyet kazanan eser, muhtemelen on yıl kadar sonra Bûd isimli bir hıristiyan tarafından Süryânîce’ye çevrilmiştir. Günümüze ulaşan bu metin birkaç defa yayımlanmıştır (meselâ bk. G. Bickell, Kalilag und Damnag , Leipzig 1876). Süryânîce tercümede eserin Arapça’sındaki önsözler bulunmamakta ve hikâyeler on bölümde sıralanmaktadır.
İbnü’l-Mukaffa‘ eseri, Bürzûye’nin bugün mevcut olmayan Pehlevî dilindeki telif-tercümesinden bir mukaddime ve bazı masalların ilâvesiyle Arapça’ya tercüme etmiştir. Tercümenin çok sayıdaki yazması oldukça yakın dönemlere aittir ve aralarında gerek mukaddimeler gerekse masallar açısından büyük farklılıklar bulunmaktadır. Eseri Silvestre de Sacy, Calila et Dimna ou Fables de Bidpai adıyla ilmî çevreleri tatmin etmeyen bir şekilde yayımlamıştır (Paris 1816). Daha sonra yapılan çeşitli neşirler içinde özellikle Luvîs Şeyho (Beyrut 1905), Abdülvehhâb Azzâm (Kahire 1360/1941) ve Mustafa Lutfî el-Menfelûtî’nin (Beyrut 1966) hazırladıkları önemlidir. Kaynaklardan eserin Arapça’ya birçok manzum tercümesinin yapıldığı da öğrenilmekte ve bunlardan İbnü’l-Hebbâriyye’nin (ö. 509/1115) Netâʾicü’l-fitne fî naẓmi Kelîle ve Dimne ’siyle (Bombay 1304, 1307; nşr. Hûrî Ni‘metullah el-Esmer, Lübnan 1900) Abdülmü’min b. Hasan es-Sâgānî’nin (640/1242’de) Dürrü’l-ḥikem fî ems̱âli’l-Hünûd ve’l-ʿAcem ’i (nüshası için bk. Flügel, I, 469) günümüze ulaşmış bulunmaktadır. İbnü’l-Mukaffa‘ın tercümesi, Sâmânî Hükümdarı Nasr b. Ahmed’in emriyle Ebü’l-Fazl Muhammed-i Bel‘amî tarafından Farsça’ya çevrilmiş ve bu çeviri Rûdekî tarafından yine aynı sultanın emriyle mesnevi formunda nazma çekilmiştir; bu mesneviden günümüze az sayıda beyit ulaşmıştır. Ebü’l-Meâlî Nasrullah-ı Şîrâzî, İbnü’l-Mukaffa‘ın tercümesini Gazneli Sultanı Behram Şah’ın isteğiyle tekrar Farsça’ya çevirmiş ve Kelîle ve Dimne-i Behrâm Şâh adıyla büyük ün kazanan bu çeviri (başlıca neşirleri için bk. Kitâb-ı Kelîle ve Dimne [nşr. Abdülazîm-i Karîb], Tahran 1316 hş.; Terceme-i Kelîle ve Dimne [nşr. Müctebâ Mînovî], Tahran 1343 hş.), Hüseyin Vâiz-i Kâşifî tarafından Herat’ta Emîr Ahmed Süheylî’ye ithafen yeni bir üslûpta ve bazı ilâvelerle tekrar kaleme alınmıştır. Envâr-ı Süheylî adı verilen bu çalışma Nasrullah-ı Şîrâzî’nin eserini gölgede bırakacak derecede ilgi görmüş ve XIX. yüzyılın başlarından itibaren özellikle Hindistan, İran ve Avrupa’da defalarca basılmıştır. Ayrıca pek çok mensur ve manzum Farsça tercümesi bulunan eserin ilki XIV. yüzyıla ait olmak üzere (bazıları manzum) birçok Türkçe çevirisi vardır. Bunların en ünlüsü, Vâsi‘ Alisi diye tanınan Alâeddin Ali Çelebi’nin Kâşifî’nin Farsça Envâr-ı Süheylî ’sinden Hümâyûnnâme adıyla yaptığı tercümedir. Müellifin Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman’a takdim ettiği çeviri büyük ilgi görmüştür (İstanbul 1835). XX. yüzyılda Ömer Rıza Doğrul’un tekrar Türkçe’ye kazandırdığı eser, son olarak Bekir Topaloğlu ve Hayreddin Karaman tarafından Arapça öğrenmek isteyenler için tam kelime karşılıklarıyla tercüme edilerek bir sayfa orijinal metin, bir sayfa Türkçe karşılığı şeklinde yayımlanmıştır (İstanbul 1978, 1990).
Kelîle ve Dimne , adı Arapça metinde Beydebâ (Far. Bîdpây, Pîlpây) şeklinde verilen bir filozofla Debşelim (Far. Dâbeşlîm) adındaki hükümdar arasında geçen konuşmalar şeklinde kaleme alınmıştır. Kitabı oluşturan masalların kahramanları hayvanlardır. Eserin ana kaynağı, bir hükümdarın oğullarını eğitmek amacıyla yazıldığı ve aynı şekilde genişletilmiş versiyonları da birtakım hükümdarların istekleriyle hazırlandığı için kitabın konusu daha çok ailevî ve siyasî terbiye üzerinedir; ancak yeri geldikçe ferdî ahlâka da göndermeler yapılır. Eser, Arapça neşirlerindeki yaygın tertibe göre Süryânîce tercümesinde bulunmayan, dolayısıyla kitaba sonraki asırlarda eklendiği anlaşılan dört mukaddime ile beş kitaptan meydana gelmekte, kitaplar da toplam on dört bölüme (Süryânîce metinde on) ayrılmaktadır. İbnü’l-Mukaffa‘ın telif-tercümesinde altmış sekiz (on ikisi mukaddimelerde), Nasrullah’ınkinde altmış (beşi mukaddimelerde) ve Kâşifî’ninkinde 108 (beşi mukaddimelerde) hikâye yer almaktadır. Bölüm başlıkları, olayların kahramanlarıyla verilenler Arapça metinden ve konu olarak verilenler Kâşifî’nin Farsça metninden olmak üzere şu şekildedir: 1. Aslan ve Öküz (dedikoducu ve arabozucu kişinin sözünden sakınmak); 2. Dimne’nin durumunu araştırma (kötü davranışlıların lâyık oldukları kişilerle karşılaşması ve sonlarının kötü olması); 3. Gerdanlıklı Güvercin (dostların anlaşmasının yararları ve yardımlaşmalarının faydaları); 4. Baykuş ve Kargalar (düşmanların durumlarını gözlemlemek ve onların hilesinden emin olmamak); 5. Maymun ve Kaplumbağa (gafletin zararı ve istenenin kaybedilmesi); 6. Zâhid ve Gelincik (acele etmenin âfeti ve zararları); 7. Fare ve Kedi (metin olma, tedbir alma ve düşmanların belâsından hileyle kurtulma); 8. Melik ve Kuş Fenze (kin sahiplerinden kaçınmak ve bunların dalkavukluğuna güvenmemek); 9. Aslan ve Çakal (hükümdarların en iyi sıfatı ve güçlülerin en güzel özelliği olan affetmenin fazileti); 10. Dişi Aslan, Okçu ve Çakal (davranışların aynı muameleyle karşılık bulması); 11. Îlâz, Belâz ve Îrâht (özellikle padişahlar için gerekli olan hilim, vakar, sükûnet ve kararlılığın fazileti); 12. Zâhid ve Misafir (kendi durumuna uygun olanları bırakarak başkasını istemenin zararları); 13. Gezgin ve Kuyumcu (hükümdarların gaddar ve hain kişilerin sözünden kaçınması gerektiği); 14. Şehzade ve Arkadaşları (zamanın/şartların değişmesine aldırmamak ve işleri kazâ ve kadere bağlamak). Ayrıca bazı Arapça yazmalarda Nasrullah ve Kâşifî’nin metinlerinde bulunmayan “Güvercin, Tilki ve Leylek”, “Fareler Kralı” ve “Balıkçıl Kuşu ile Ördek” hikâyeleri de yer almaktadır. Bunlardan “Fareler Kralı” Süryânîce metinde de vardır.
Mevlânâ Celâleddîn-i Rûmî’den La Fontaine’e kadar sayısız kişiye ve esere kaynaklık eden Kelîle ve Dimne , konusuyla ve hikâyeleriyle dünyada âdeta bir “Kelîle ve Dimne edebiyatı” oluştururken yazmalarındaki minyatürlerle de İslâm minyatür sanatında dikkat çekici bir geleneğin doğmasına yol açmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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a.mlf., “Kelile ve Dimne”, İA , VI, 552-558.
a.mlf., Kalīla wa-Dimna, EI2 (İng.) , IV, 503-506.
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Ömer Ferruh, Târîḫu’l-edeb , I, 51-59; II, 45-47.
Y. M. Nawabi, A Bibliography of Iran , Tehran 1987, VII, 934-938.
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Ali Şelak, Merâḥilu teṭavvüri’n-neşri’l-ʿArabî , Beyrut 1991, II, 30-58.
A. Christensen, Îrân der Zamân-ı Sâsâniyân (trc. Reşîd-i Yâsemî), Tahran 1373 hş., s. 554-555.
B. Gray, “Fourteenty-Century Illustrations of the Kalilah and Dimnah”, AI , VII (1940), s. 134-140.
N. A. Baloch, “The Origin of Kalillah-wa-Dimnah”, Sind University Research Journal , I, Hyderabad 1961, s. 16-21.
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J. Raby, “Between Sogdia and the Mamluks: A Note on the Earliest Illustrations to Kalīla wa Dimna”, OArt. , XXXIII/4 (1987), s. 381-398.
Ahmed Mehdevî-i Dâmgânî, “Yâddâşthâ-yi ber Kelîle ve Dimne”, Neşr-i Dâniş , VIII/4, Tahran 1367 hş., s. 22-31.
Ahmed Ateş, “İbnülmukaffâ”, İA , V/2, s. 865-866.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2002 yılında Ankara’da basılan 25. cildinde, 210-212 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.