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KEMALİYE Skip to content Erzincan iline bağlı bir ilçe merkezi.
Doğu Anadolu bölgesinin batı ucunda Munzur dağlarının batı ucu ile onun batısındaki Sarıçiçek dağları arasına derin bir biçimde gömülmüş olan Fırat (Karasu) nehrinin sağ (batı) kıyısında kurulmuştur. Bu kesimde vadinin doğu (sol) yamacı Fırat vadisine (günümüzde Keban Barajı’nın kuzeye doğru uzanan dar körfezi) dik bir şekilde indiği halde vadinin batısındaki Hotar dağı (Sarıçiçek dağlarının doğu ucu) kademeler halinde ve nisbeten hafif bir eğimle gerileyerek burada küçük bir kasabanın kuruluş yeri için elverişli coğrafî şartları hazırlamıştır. Sözü edilen yerde kasabanın yüksek kesimlerinden çıkan Kadıgölü adlı, suyu gür bir kaynağın varlığı da yerleşmeyi kolaylaştıran ikinci bir coğrafî unsurdur. Zira bu gür kaynak yüzyıllar boyunca buradaki yerleşme biriminin hayat kaynağı olmuştur. Kemaliye’nin eski adı olan Eğin de “kaynak” (pınar) anlamına gelen “agn” (akn) kelimesinden türemiştir.
Ne zaman ve nasıl kurulduğu bilinmeyen, Eskiçağ’larda bir ara İran (Pers) ve Pontus hâkimiyetinde bulunan Eğin’in yer aldığı bölge, Pompeius’un Mithradates’i yenilgiye uğratması üzerine de Roma hâkimiyetine girdi (Serdaroğlu, s. 14). Fakat Eğin ve çevresinin coğrafî durumu burayı yönetenlerin de kolaylıkla ulaşamayacağı bir yapıda olduğundan yöre zaman zaman başına buyruk hareket eden mahallî idarecilerin elinde kaldı. Roma İmparatorluğu’nun ikiye ayrılışından sonra Doğu Roma’nın (Bizans) egemenliğine geçen topraklar Bizans döneminde müslüman Araplar’ın hücumuna uğradı. Ardından Anadolu Selçuklu, İlhanlı ve Akkoyunlular’ın eline geçti. Anadolu’da Selçuklu Devleti’nin kuruluşundan önce ve bu devletin zayıflamasını izleyen dönemlerde mahallî yönetimler kısa süreli olarak Eğin ve çevresini ellerinde tuttular. Bu arada merkezi Harput olan kısa ömürlü Çubukoğulları Beyliği’nin sınırları içine de girmiş olduğu anlaşılmaktadır (Bezer, LXI/230 [1997], s. 83). Timur istilâsının ardından Çelebi Sultan Mehmed döneminde Osmanlı topraklarına katıldıysa da kesin hâkimiyet Yavuz Sultan Selim devrinde Çaldıran Savaşı sonrası kuruldu. 924’te (1518) Eğin, Diyarbekir eyaletinin Arapkir livâsı sınırları içinde bir köy durumunda bulunuyordu. 937 (1530) tarihli kayıtlara göre Eğin, Arapkir kazasının Arapkir’den sonraki en büyük yerleşim yeriydi. Bu sıralarda 200 hâne, yetmiş yedi mücerred (bekâr) olmak üzere 1000-1200 dolayında nüfusu vardı. Bunun yarısından daha az bir kısmını hıristiyanlar oluşturuyordu (doksan iki hâne, yaklaşık 400-450 kişi). Eğin XVI. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren bir kasaba özelliği kazandı. XVII. yüzyılda Kâtib Çelebi’nin Cihannümâ ’sı ile Evliya Çelebi’nin Seyahatnâme ’si Eğin’den çok miktarda meyve üreten bağlık ve bahçelik bir kasaba olarak söz eder. Evliya Çelebi ayrıca kalesinde ve kalenin altındaki aşağı şehirde üstü toprakla örtülü 1000 kadar bakımlı evleri bulunduğunu ve Eğin yaylarının meşhur yaylar olduğunu, çarşısında baştan başa yaycıların sıralandığını ilâve eder.
XVIII. yüzyıla ait belgeler, bu yüzyılın ikinci yarısında kasabanın on üç mahalleden oluştuğunu (Tapur, Eskici Ahî, Erigi/Ariki, Manya, Mahallebaşı, Konzuşoğlu, Mahmud Paşa, Serdanoğlu, Kazgancı, Pencik, İlli, Arzuman ve Eskici mahalleleri) ortaya koyar (Taş, XI [1996], s. 138). Bu yüzyılda Eğin’in zaman zaman yerli voyvodalar tarafından idare edildiği de bilinmektedir. XVIII. yüzyılın sonlarında Osmanlı Devleti’nin Avusturya ve Rusya ile giriştiği savaşlar esnasında Eğin’den asker, iâşe ve erzak temini isteğinde bulunulduğu ve bunların nakli için deve istendiği görülmektedir (günümüzde Kemaliye’de deve bulunmadığından bu belgeler, yörenin bugünü ile geçmişi arasında ekonomik coğrafya farklılaşmasını göstermesi açısından ilgi çekicidir). XVIII. yüzyılın sonlarına doğru Deli Haliloğulları’nın isyanından etkilenen Eğin, XIX. yüzyılın ilk yarısında Diyarbekir vilâyeti Harput sancağı içinde bir kaza merkezi durumundaydı. 1839 Nisanında buraya uğrayan Alman Mareşali Moltke, Eğin’i Amasya ile karşılaştırarak güzel bir şehir olduğunu, Amasya’ya göre daha azametli, dağının daha heybetli, nehrinin daha önemli bulunduğunu kaydeder. Yine aynı yıllarda Eğin’e gelen Charles Texier, çeşitli mahallelere dağılmış bulunan kasabada 2000’i müslümanlara, 700’ü hıristiyanlara (Ermeni) ait olmak üzere 2700 kadar ev bulunduğunu yazar. Bu yüzyılda Eğin’de ince pamuklu bez, hamam takımları, ipekli dokumalar, yazma başörtüleri ve mendil üretimi çok yaygınlaşmıştı. Yüzyılın sonuna doğru halı dokumacılığı ve ticareti de gelişti. Halı ticaretinin gelişmesinde yöreyi Karadeniz kıyısında Giresun’a bağlayan ve buradan geçen güney-kuzey doğrultulu (Arapkir-Eğin-Kuruçay-Refahiye-Şebinkarahisar-Giresun) kervan yolunun etkisi büyük olmuştur. Ayrıca kasabanın batısında Sarıçiçek yaylası gibi önemli bir hayvancılık alanının bulunması da Eğin’de başka bir zanaat kolu olan dericiliğin gelişmesini sağlamıştı.
XIX. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında Eğin Ma‘mûretülazîz vilâyetine bağlandı (1878). Bu dönemde buraya uğrayan Batılı yazarlardan Yorke Eğin’in nüfusunu 15.000, Vital Cuinet ise 19.000 olarak tahmin etmektedirler. Cuinet bu nüfusun 12.000’inin Türk, 7000’inin Ermeni olduğunu yazar.
XX. yüzyıl başlarında imparatorluğun içine düştüğü durum ve özellikle I. Dünya Savaşı Eğin’in de sönükleşmesine, mahallî sanayi ve ticaretinin de gerilemesine, nüfusun azalmasına sebep oldu. 1918’de buradan geçen Kâzım Karabekir, daha öncekilerin değindiği gibi bakımlı ve düz damlı evlerden söz ederek bu damlarda dut ve pestil kurutulduğunu ve bunların ekonomik öneme sahip olduğunu vurgular (Erzincan ve Erzurum’un Kurtuluşu, Sarıkamış, Kars ve Ötesi , s. 42).
Millî Mücadele yıllarının sonuna doğru kasaba halkının isteği üzerine 21 Ekim 1922 tarihli Bakanlar Kurulu kararıyla Eğin adı Kemaliye’ye dönüştürüldü. Cumhuriyet’in başlarında önce Elazığ (Elaziz) vilâyetine bağlı bir kaza merkeziydi. 1926 yılında Malatya’ya, 11 Mayıs 1938 tarihli kanunla da Erzincan iline bağlandı. Cumhuriyet döneminin ilk nüfus sayımında (1927) nüfusu 3488 olarak belirlendi. Ziraî imkânları az bir yörenin merkezi durumunda olduğundan nüfusu hiçbir sayımda 4000’i bulmamış (en fazla 1935’te 3545), ardından devamlı gerileyerek 3000’in de altına düşmüş, 2000 yılı nüfus sayımının geçici sonuçlarına göre ise 2227 nüfus sayılmıştır. Erkek nüfusun büyük şehirlerde çalıştığı (geleneksel olarak kasap) “gurbetçilik”le tanınan bir kasaba oluşu bu nüfus azlığını açıklar.
Günümüzde on mahalleden oluşan (Ariki, Dörtyolağzı, Bahçe, Gençağa, Halilağa, Hacıyusuf, İshakpaşa, Naip, Sandıkbağı, Taşdibi) ve küçük derelerle (Koşan deresi, Ariki deresi gibi) birbirinden ayrılan Kemaliye’nin mahalleleri güney-kuzey doğrultusunda ve bazıları birbirinden ayrı olarak 10-12 kilometrelik yeşillik bir şerit halinde uzanır. Kemaliye’nin yerleştiği yerin topografik durumu sebebiyle şeridin eni dardır. Doğu-batı doğrultusunda en fazla genişlediği yer iş ve idarî merkezin yerleştiği Taşdibi, Gençağa ve Dörtyolağzı mahallelerinin bulunduğu kesimdedir. Burada kasaba 850 m. ile 1000 m. yükseklikler arasında yaygınlaşarak 600 metrelik bir genişlik kazanır. Nüfusun en sık olduğu kesimler de adı geçen bu mahallelerle bunlara komşu olan İshakpaşa mahallesidir. Ekonomik faaliyet olarak bugün Kemaliye büyük şehir marketlerine ve kuru yemişçilerine kendi adıyla anılan dut kurusu (Türkiye’nin başka yörelerinde bulunmayan Fırat dirseği içi ve yakın çevresinde yetişen çok küçük ve çekirdeksiz dut) göndermekte, eski önemini yitiren halıcılığa ise çok az devam etmektedir. Son yıllarda çevredeki kırsal kesim halkının ihtiyacını karşılamak üzere bir çuval fabrikası kurulmuştur. Zaman zaman çalışıp zaman zaman verimli olmayan balıkçılık üretim tesisleri de vardır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
998 Numaralı Muhasebe-i Vilâyet-i Diyâr-ı Bekr ve Arab ve Zülkadriyye Defteri: 937/1530 (haz. Ahmet Özkılıç v.dğr.), Ankara 1998, I, 93.
Kâtib Çelebi, Cihannümâ , s. 624.
Evliya Çelebi, Seyahatnâme , III, 214-215.
H. von Moltke, Türkiye Mektupları (trc. Hayrullah Örs), İstanbul 1969, s. 246-247.
Texier, Küçük Asya , III, 113.
Projet de construction de la route d’Erzindjian à Eguin, carte du trace de la route , Millet Ktp., Ali Emîrî Efendi, nr. 67 (Erzincan-Eğin yolu güzergâhını gösterir, muşamba üzerine 1883’te yapılmış 1:100.000 ölçekli harita).
Cuinet , II, 363 vd.
J. S. Martin, Mémoire sur l’Arménie , Paris 1919, I, 189.
Osman Turan, Doğu Anadolu Türk Devletleri Tarihi , İstanbul 1973, s. 162.
Osman Efe, Eğin Dedikleri , İstanbul 1975.
Tahir Erdoğan Şahin, Erzincan Tarihi , Erzincan 1985-87, I, 250; II, 240, 263, 276.
Berrin Alper, “Kemaliye Evlerinde Metal İşçiliği”, 4. Ulusal El Sanatları Sempozyumu Bildirileri (21-24 Kasım 1984) , İzmir 1985, s. 1-3.
a.mlf., “Kemaliye Evleri”, Fırat Havzası Sanat Tarihi Sempozyumu (20-21 Mayıs 1987) , Elazığ 1992, s. 95-97.
a.mlf., “Kemaliye (Eğin) Evlerinin Konut Mimarlığı İçindeki Yeri ve Önemi”, 9. Milletlerarası Türk Sanatları Kongresi , Ankara 1995, I, 129-143.
Kâzım Karabekir, Erzincan ve Erzurum’un Kurtuluşu Sarıkamış, Kars ve Ötesi , Erzurum 1990, s. 42.
Ümit Serdaroğlu, “Öntarihten İslâm Döneminin Başlangıcına Kadar Elazığ Kuzeyinde Kültürel Hareketler”, Fırat Havzası Sanat Tarihi Sempozyumu (20-21 Mayıs 1987) , Elazığ 1992, s. 14.
Erdal Karakaş, Merkezî Fonksiyonları Açısından Ağın-Arapkir ve Kemaliye İlçeleri (doktora tezi, 1996), Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
Her Yönüyle Kemaliye (Kemaliye Kaymakamlığı Yayını), İstanbul 1996.
Mehmet Şükrü Ertem, Eğin: Kemaliye , İstanbul 1996.
Nejat Göyünç, “Diyarbekir Beylerbeyiliği’nin İlk İdârî Taksimatı”, TD , sy. 23 (1969), s. 23-34.
Emrullah Güney, “XIX. Yüzyılda Eğin-XX. Yüzyılda Kemaliye ‘Ekonomik Gerilemeye Örnek Kent’”, Fırat Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi , I/1, Elazığ 1981, s. 122-129.
Kenan Ziya Taş, “1760-1817 Tarihli Eğin Şer’iyye Sicilindeki Asayişle İlgili Belgelerin Değerlendirilmesi”, Ege Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi , V, Bornova 1990, s. 273-275.
a.mlf., “1760-1817 Yılları Arasında Eğin (Kemaliye) Kazası”, a.e. , XI (1996), s. 137-146.
Gülay Öğün Bezer, “Harput’ta Bir Türkmen Beyliği Çubukoğulları”, TTK Belleten , LXI/230 (1997), s. 83.
Besim Darkot, “Eğin”, İA , IV, 194-196.
a.mlf., “Eğin”, EI2 (İng.) , II, 689.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2002 yılında Ankara’da basılan 25. cildinde, 236-237 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.