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KETTÂNÎ, Muhammed Abdülhay Skip to content Muhammed Abdülhay b. Abdilkebîr b. Muhammed el-Hasenî el-İdrîsî el-Kettânî (1886-1962)
Hadis âlimi ve mutasavvıf.
1303’te (1886) doğdu. İdrîsî şeriflerinden olup hadis âlimi, edip ve fakihler yetiştiren Kettânî ailesine mensuptur. İlk eğitimini babasından aldı. Birçok ilim adamının gelip gittiği Fas’taki zâviyelerinde babasından Münâvî’nin Şerḥu’ş-Şemâʾil ’i ile diğer hadis kitaplarını, Begavî, İbn Kesîr ve Âlûsî tefsirlerini, Süyûtî’nin ed-Dürrü’l-mens̱ûr ’unu, İḥyâʾü ʿulûmi’d-dîn , Ḳūtü’l-ḳulûb , ʿAvârifü’l-maʿârif , el-Fütûḥâtü’l-Mekkiyye , Füṣûṣü’l-ḥikem ve el-İbrîz gibi tasavvufî kitapları okudu. Daha sonra Fas’ın tanınmış âlimlerinin derslerini takip etti. Dayısı Ca‘fer b. İdrîs el-Kettânî’den hadis, fıkıh, tasavvuf, tarih ve ensâba dair eğitim görerek 1318’de (1900) ondan icâzet aldı. Ağabeyi ve Kettâniyye tarikatının kurucusu Muhammed b. Abdülkebîr el-Kettânî’den Ṣaḥîḥ-i Buḫârî , eş-Şifâʾ , Sünenü’n-Nesâʾî , el-Mevâhibü’l-ledüniyye , eş-Şemâʾil , el-Fütûḥâtü’l-Mekkiyye , Ḳūtü’l-ḳulûb ile İḥyâʾ ın büyük bir kısmını ve ayrıca kelâm, dayısının oğlu Muhammed b. Ca‘fer el-Kettânî’den Ṣaḥîḥayn , el-Muvaṭṭaʾ , Sünenü Ebî Davûd , el-Elfiyye , Halîl b. İshak el-Cündî’nin el-Muḫtaṣar ’ı ve Cemʿu’l-cevâmiʿ gibi eserleri okudu. Ebü’l-Abbas İbnü’l-Hayyât, Ebû Abdullah Muhammed b. Kāsım el-Kādirî, Ebû Abdullah Muhammed b. Abdüsselâm Kennûn, Ebü’l-Abbas Ahmed b. Tâlib b. Sûde ve Ebû Abdullah Muhammed b. Fudayl ez-Zerhûnî’den ders aldı. Zerhûnî’nin Ṣaḥîḥ-i Buḫârî şerhi olan el-Fecrü’s-sâṭıʿ ı ondan yalnız Kettânî rivayet etmiştir.
Bizzat ders okuduğu hocaları yanında İslâm dünyasının çeşitli yerlerindeki hadis âlimleriyle de yazışarak mükâtebe yoluyla icâzet alan Kettânî, 1905’te yaptığı Mısır ve Hicaz yolculuğu sırasında Mısır’da Abdurrahman eş-Şirbînî, Selîm el-Bişrî, Ahmed er-Rifâî’den; Hicaz’da Hüseyin el-Habeşî el-Bâ Alevî, Fâlih ez-Zâhirî, Ahmed b. İsmâil el-Berzencî’den; Şam’da Abdullah es-Sükkerî, Muhammed Emîn el-Baytâr, Abdürrezzâk el-Baytâr gibi âlimlerden icâzet aldı. Beyrut’ta Yûsuf en-Nebhânî ile birbirlerine icâzet verdiler. Bu seyahati esnasında Medine’de Harem-i şerif’te Tirmizî’nin eş-Şemâʾil ’ini ve Ṣaḥîḥ-i Müslim ’in mukaddimesini, Cennetü’l-bakī’da İmam Mâlik’in türbesinde el-Muvaṭṭaʾ ı, Remle’de Nesâî’nin türbesinde onun es-Sünen ’ini, Şam’da İbnü’l-Arabî’nin türbesinde el-Fütûḥâtü’l-Mekkiyye ’yi ve Kudüs’te İbn Ebü’d-Dünyâ’nın el-Ferec baʿde’ş-şidde ’sini okuttu.
1906’da ülkesine dönünce burada başlıyan ıslahat ve uyanış hareketlerine katılarak idarî, iktisadî ve siyasî konularda görüşler ortaya koydu. Sömürgeci güçlere ve yönetimde İslâmî ıslahat yapacağına söz verdiği halde bunları gerçekleştirmeye yanaşmayan Fas Kralı Abdülhafîz el-Alevî’ye karşı verdiği mücadelede ağabeyinin yanında yer aldı. 1909’da ağabeyi, babası ve bazı aile fertleriyle birlikte hapse atıldı. Ağabeyinin aynı yıl hapiste işkence sonucu ölümünden bir süre sonra serbest bırakıldı. Karaviyyîn Üniversitesi’nde hocalık ve kütüphane yöneticiliği yaptı. Karaviyyîn Kütüphanesi’nin tanzimi ve ilk katalogunun hazırlanmasında (1915) önemli katkıları oldu. Üniversitenin ıslahı meselesinde mücadele verdi. 1915’te babası vefat edince Kettâniyye tarikatının başına geçti. 1921’de Cezayir, Tunus ve Kayrevan’a gitti. Kayrevan’da İbn Ebû Zeyd el-Kayrevânî’nin türbesinde onun er-Risâle ve en-Nevâdir ’ini, Kābisî’nin türbesinde el-Mülaḫḫaṣ ’ını ve Sahnûn’un türbesinde el-Müdevvenetü’l-kübrâ ’yı okuttu.
Kötü yönetimi ve Batı etkisi altında İslâmî esaslardan ayrılması sebebiyle Kral Abdülhafîz ile ilişkileri bozulan Kettânî tarikatlarına ait zâviyelerin kapatılması, ağabeyinin öldürülmesi ve kendi hayatının da tehdit altında bulunması gibi gerekçelerle kral ailesine ve yönetim kadrosuna karşı yürüttüğü mücadelede 1920’lerden itibaren Fransızlar’la yakınlık kurmaya ve onların desteğini sağlamaya çalıştı. Bu yüzden ağır tenkitlere muhatap oldu. Ailesinin İslâmî ilimlerdeki geleneğini devam ettirmesi yanında bir İdrîsî şerifi olarak bu dönemde Fas’ta hüküm süren Alevî hânedanına karşı şiddetli bir muhalefet sürdürdü ve 1953 yılında Kral V. Muhammed’in tahttan uzaklaştırılıp sürgüne gönderilmesine yol açan hareketlerde önemli rol oynadı. Daha sonra V. Muhammed geri dönüp Fas bağımsızlığını kazanınca (1956) Kettânî de Fransa’da yaşamak zorunda kaldı ve 28 Eylül 1962’de Paris’te vefat etti.
Kettânî özellikle hadis ilminde derinleşti. Kendisinden icâzet aldığı hocalarıyla diğer birçok âlim onu asrın muhaddis ve hâfızı, asrın müsnidi gibi vasıflarla anmışlardır. İslâm tarihi, tasavvuf, ensâb, tabakat ve fıkıh konularında da bilgi sahibiydi. Batı İslâm dünyasının en büyük özel kütüphanesine sahipti. Birçok nâdide yazmayı da ihtiva eden Kettâniyye Kütüphanesi bugün Rabat Umumi Kütüphanesi içinde ayrı bir bölüm olarak bulunmaktadır.
Eserleri. Kettânî, bir kısmı risâle şeklinde olan çeşitli ilimlere dair 130 kadar eser kaleme almış olup bunlardan bazıları şunlardır:
1. et-Terâtîbü’l-idâriyye (Niẓâmü’l-ḥükûmeti’n-nebeviyye) . Tam adı et-Terâtîbü’l-idâriyye ve’l-ʿamâlât ve’ṣ-ṣınâʿât ve’l-metâcir ve’l-ḥâletü’l-ʿilmiyye elletî kânet ʿalâ ʿahdi teʾsîsi’l-medeniyyeti’l-İslâmiyye fi’l-Medîneti’l-münevvereti’l-ʿaliyye ’dir. İslâm medeniyetinin orijinal olmayıp diğer medeniyetlerden alındığını ileri sürebilmek için bazı araştırmacıların Kur’an ve Sünnet’e dayanan köklerini göz ardı ederek İslâm medeniyetini Abbâsîler’den başlattıklarını belirten Kettânî, Emevî ve Abbâsîler’den itibaren İslâm tarihi boyunca kurulan müslüman devletlerdeki siyasî, idarî, askerî, adlî, ilmî ve iktisadî kurumların bir şekilde Hz. Peygamber zamanında mevcut olduğunu, İslâm uygarlığının temellerinin Resûl-i Ekrem ve ilk müslüman nesil zamanında atılmış bulunduğunu ortaya koymak için bu eseri kaleme almıştır. Kitapta Ali b. Muhammed el-Huzâî’nin (ö. 789/1387) Taḫrîcü’d-delâlâti’s-semʿiyye ʿalâ mâ kâne fî ʿahdi Resûlillâh mine’l-ḥiref ve’ṣ-ṣanâʾiʿ ve’l-ʿamâlâti’ş-şerʿiyye adlı çalışması esas alınmış ve yeni konuların ilâvesiyle genişletilmiştir. Huzâî’nin eserindeki tertibe uygun olarak kitabını on bölüme ayıran Kettânî, elde edebildiği Taḫrîcü’d-delâlâti’s-semʿiyye nüshasında son bölüm mevcut olmadığından bu kısa bölümün yerine Hz. Peygamber zamanındaki ilmî ve içtimaî durumu ele alan ve bütün eserin yaklaşık üçte birini oluşturan bir bölüm eklemiştir. Kettânî eserini klasik tarzda kaleme almış, iktibasta bulunduğu yaklaşık 500 kaynağın cilt ve sayfa numaralarını genellikle göstermemiştir. İki cilt halinde Fas’ta basılan (1346-1347/1927-1928) ve birçok matbaa hatası yanında iktibaslarda yanlışlar bulunan eserin bugüne kadar ilmî bir neşri gerçekleştirilmemiştir. Abdullah el-Hâlidî tarafından yapılan tek ciltlik neşirde (Beyrut 1416/1996) eserin yeniden dizilmesi, birkaç önemsiz notun ilâvesi ve farkedilebilen bazı imlâ hatalarının tashihinden başka bir şey yapılmamış, ilk baskıdaki matbaa ve bilgi hataları tekrar edilmiştir. Asr-ı saâdet’te yönetim, yargı, ordu, diplomatik ilişkiler, dinî ve iktisadî hayatla ilgili düzenlemelerle düğün ve eğlenceye varıncaya kadar bütün bir sosyal hayat konusunda en önemli başvuru kitabı sayılan et-Terâtîbü’l-idâriyye , Ahmet Özel tarafından kaynaklarının tesbiti ve bir nevi edisyon kritiği yapılarak Türkçe’ye çevrilmiştir (et-Terâtîbü’l-İdâriyye: Hz. Peygamber’in Yönetiminde Sosyal Hayat ve Kurumlar , I-III, İstanbul 1990-1993).
2. Fihrisü’l-fehâris . Tam adı Fihrisü’l-fehâris ve’l-es̱bât ve muʿcemü’l-meʿâcim ve’l-meşyaḫât ve’l-müselselât ’tır. İbn Nâsırüddin ve Süyûtî’nin Ṭabaḳātü’l-ḥuffâẓ ’larının bir zeyli mahiyetinde olan ve IX. (XV.) yüzyılın ortalarından müellifin zamanına kadar hadis sahasında eser vermiş âlimlerin biyografilerini ihtiva eden eserde 1300 kadar fehrese zikredilmiş, 662 şahıs ve 563 kitap ayrı başlıklar halinde ele alınmıştır. İki cilt olarak Fas’ta basılan eseri (1346-1347/1927-1928) daha sonra İhsan Abbas neşretmiştir (I-III, Beyrut 1402/1982).
Kettânî’nin diğer bazı eserleri de şunlardır: Müfâkehetü ẕevi’n-nübl ve’l-icâde ḥażretü müdîri cerîdeti’s-Saʿâde (Fas 1326; çeşitli dillere tercüme edilmiştir), Telḫîṣü’n-Nefḥi’l-miskî fî şüyûḫi Aḥmed el-Mekkî (Fas 1325), Keşfü’l-lebs ʿan ḥadîs̱i vażʿi’l-yed ʿale’r-reʾs (Tanca 1326), Mâ ʿalleḳa bi’l-bâl eyyâme’l-iʿtiḳāl (Fas 1327), Münyetü’s-sâʾil (İḫtiṣārü’ş-Şemâʾil , Fas 1331), Teblîġu’l-emâne fî mażârri’l-isrâf ve’t-teberrüc ve’l-kehâne (Fas 1352), el-İcâzetü’ṣ-ṣuġrâ , el-Yevâḳītü’s̱-s̱emîne fi’l-eḥâdîs̱i’l-ḳāḍiye bi-ẓuhûri sikketi’l-ḥadîd ve vüṣûlihâ ile’l-Medîne , Vesîletü’l-melhûf ilâ ceddihi’r-raḥîmi’l-ʿaṭûf , İnâretü’l-aġvâr ve’l-encâd bi-delîli muʿteḳadi vilâdeti’n-nebî mine’s-sebîli’l-muʿtâd (Tunus 1340), el-Beyânü’l-muʿrib ʿan meʿâni baʿżi mâ verede fî ehli’l-Yemen ve’l-Maġrib (Fas 1331), er-Raḥmetü’l-mürsele fî şeʾni ḥadîs̱i’l-besmele (Bulak 1323; eserlerinin bir listesi için bk. Fihrisü’l-fehâris , I, 24-32; et-Terâtîbü’l-idâriyye , tercüme edenin girişi, I, s. XXIII).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Abdülhay el-Kettânî, Fihrisü’l-fehâris , I, 5-33; II, 1171, 1174.
a.mlf., et-Terâtîbü’l-idâriyye (Özel), tercüme edenin girişi, I, s. XI-XXIII.
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Brockelmann, GAL Suppl. , II, 891.
Ch. A. Julien, l’Afrique du nord en marche , Paris 1952, s. 143.
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Abdullah Laroui, Les origines sociales et culturelles du nationalisme marocaine (1830-1912) , Paris 1977, s. 381, 387-399, 404-406, 451.
Muhammed Beşîr el-İbrâhimî, ʿUyûnü’l-beṣâʾir , Cezayir 1978, s. 615-626.
J. M. Abun-Nasr, A History of the Maghrib , Cambridge 1980, s. 366, 368, 376.
Ziriklî, el-Aʿlâm (Fethullah) , VI, 187-188.
Kehhâle, Muʿcemü muṣannifi’l-kütübi’l-ʿArabiyye , Beyrut 1406/1986, s. 506.
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Muhammed el-Menûnî, el-Meṣâdirü’l-ʿArabiyye li-târîḫi’l-Maġrib , Muhammediye 1410/1989, I-II, bk. İndeks.
Muhammed b. Abdullah et-Telîdî, Türâs̱ü’l-Meġāribe fi’l-ḥadîs̱i’n-nebevî , Beyrut 1416/1995, bk. İndeks.
“el-Mektebâtü’l-ḫâṣṣatü’l-kebîre: 1. Mektebetü’l-Kettânî”, MMMA (Kahire) , V/1 (1959), s. 174-190.
Mustafa Fayda, “el-Huzâî’nin Tahrîc’inin Neşredilmeyen Son Bölümü”, AÜİFD , XX (1975), s. 173-177.
A. Faure, “al-Kattānī”, EI2 (İng.) , IV, 774-775.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2002 yılında Ankara’da basılan 25. cildinde, 335-336 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.