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KEVÂKİBÎ, Abdurrahman b. Ahmed Skip to content Seyyid Abdurrahmân b. Ahmed b. Mes‘ûd el-Kevâkibî (1854-1902)
Osmanlı yönetimine karşı reformcu düşünceleriyle tanınan gazeteci ve yazar.
Halep’te dünyaya geldi. Doğumuyla ilgili olarak 1848-1855 yılları arasında çeşitli tarihler kaydedilmekle birlikte kaynakların çoğunda verilen tarih 1854’tür. Küçük yaşta annesini kaybettiği için çocukluk yıllarının bir kısmını Antakya’daki teyzesinin yanında geçirdi. Türkçe’yi burada öğrenmeye başladı. 1865’te Halep’e dönerek Kevâkibî ailesi tarafından kurulmuş olan, o yıllarda müdürlüğünü babasının yaptığı el-Medresetü’l-Kevâkibiyye’de öğrenimine devam etti. Türkçe ve Arapça’nın yanı sıra Farsça öğrendi. 1872-1876 yıllarında Halep vilâyeti resmî yayını olan ve Arapça-Türkçe çıkan Fırat gazetesinde muharrir olarak çalıştı. 1877’de Hâşim Attâr ile birlikte Halep’in ilk özel Arapça gazetesi olan haftalık eş-Şehbâ ’yı çıkardı. Reform yanlısı bir tavır takınan ve zaman zaman Halep Valisi Kâmil Paşa’nın uygulamalarını eleştiren gazete on altı sayı yayımlandıktan sonra vilâyet emriyle kapatıldı. Bunun üzerine Kevâkibî, Temmuz 1879’da yine haftalık olarak Türkçe ve Arapça İ‘tidal gazetesini çıkarmaya başladı. Bu gazete de 6. sayısında Mıṣır ve Cennet gazetelerinden naklettiği, Tunuslu Hayreddin Paşa’nın sadâretten istifası hakkında Avrupa’da neşredilen bazı gazetelerdeki haberlerden oluşan eleştirel yazı üzerine Ekim 1879’da kapatıldı. Kevâkibî’nin adı geçen gazetelerdeki makaleleri John Daye tarafından Ṣıḥâfetü’l-Kevâkibî adıyla kitap haline getirilmiştir (Beyrut 1984).
Kevâkibî gazetecilikten vazgeçerek 1880’li yılların başından 1898’e kadar Halep vilâyetinde Menâfi Sandığı vekilliği, Ticaret Mahkemesi üyeliği, Ticaret Odası reisliği, Belediye reisliği, Mahkeme-i Şer‘iyye başkâtipliği gibi görevlerde bulundu. Resmî görevleri sırasında vilâyet üst düzey yöneticileriyle hep ters düştü, onların icraatlarını eleştirdi. Bir ara valinin hayatına kastettirmek suçundan birkaç ay hapsedildi. Zaman zaman serbest mesleğe atılan Kevâkibî tütün ticaretinde ve hukuk bürosu çalıştırma denemelerinde başarısız oldu. 1892 yılında, Vali Ârif Paşa’yı zor duruma düşürmek maksadıyla bir kısım müslüman gençleri organize ederek Fransa, İngiltere ve İtalya konsolosluklarını taşlatmakla suçlanmış, bunun üzerine Sultan Abdülhamid, Kevâkibî hakkında soruşturma başlatılmasını istemiştir. 1895’te ise Şeyhülislâm Hâlidefendizâde Cemâleddin Efendi tarafından Kevâkibîzade Abdurrahman Efendi’ye dördüncü rütbeden Mecîdî nişanı verilmesi teklif edilmiştir. Sultanla doğrudan görüşebilen Halepli Şeyh Ebü’l-Hüdâ es-Sayyâdî aracılığı ile kadılığa tayinini isteyen Kevâkibî, bundan bir sonuç alamayınca Osmanlı yönetimiyle ilişkisini keserek Kahire’ye gitmek üzere Halep’ten ayrıldı (1898).
1897-1898 kışında Kahire’ye gelen M. Reşîd Rızâ vasıtasıyla reformcu çevrelerle görüşen Kevâkibî Halep’te iken yazdığı, ancak muhtevasından dolayı yayımlamadığı yazılarını bir hayli genişleterek neşretti. Bunlardan ilki Seyyid Furâtî takma adıyla basılan Ümmü’l-ḳurâ adlı kitabıydı. Eser el-Menâr ’da Nisan 1902 – Şubat 1903 tarihleri arasında tefrika edilmesiyle geniş okuyucu kitlesine ulaştı. İkinci eseri Ṭabâʾiʿu’l-istibdâd ve meṣâriʿu’l-istiʿbâd ise önce Rehhâle K. takma adıyla el-Müʾeyyed gazetesinde tefrika edildi (1900), ardından kitap haline getirildi. Kevâkibî bu yazılarıyla Hidiv Abbas Hilmi’nin dikkatini çekti. XIX. yüzyılın sonlarına doğru Mısır’ı II. Abdülhamid muhaliflerinin bir nevi sığınağı haline getiren Abbas Hilmi, Abdülhamid rejimine karşı olan Kevâkibî ile ilgilendi. Hatta yaygın bir söylentiye göre kendi propagandasını yaptırmak amacıyla Kevâkibî’ye aylık 50 Mısır lirası maaş bağladı; 1901 yılında onu Kuzey Afrika, Arap yarımadası ve Hindistan’ı içeren bir seyahate gönderdi. Kevâkibî bu seyahatten Kahire’ye döndükten birkaç ay sonra vefat etti (Haziran 1902). Kardeşi Mes‘ûd Kevâkibî, II. Meşrutiyet’in ilânından sonra oluşturulan mecliste Halep mebusu olarak görev yaptı.
Kevâkibî yönetim aleyhtarı tavırlarıyla, özellikle de Osmanlı ve Abdülhamid karşıtı fikirleriyle tanınmaktadır. Ümmü’l-ḳurâ adlı eserindeki hilâfet karşıtı fikirlerinden dolayı Abdülhamid çok endişelenmiş, kitabın Osmanlı Devleti dahilinde dağıtımını yasaklamanın ötesinde Şeyh Ebü’l-Hüdâ aracılığı ile Kevâkibî’yi İstanbul’a getirterek pasifize etmeye çalışmıştır. Ancak Kevâkibî, sultanın yönetimiyle bağlarını tamamen kopararak doğrudan Abdülhamid’in şahsî idaresini konu alan Ṭabâʾiʿu’l-istibdâd ’ı yayımlamıştır. Kitabın ismi dahi muhaliflerinin müstebitlikle suçladığı Abdülhamid’in endişelerini arttırmaya yetmiştir. Başlangıçta dar bir çevreye ulaşabilen Kevâkibî’nin eserleri, onun XX. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında Arap milliyetçilerinin fikirlerine itibar ettiği önemli isimlerden biri haline gelmesiyle birçok defa basılmış ve önce Muhammed İmâre tarafından el-Aʿmâlü’l-kâmile li-ʿAbdirraḥmân el-Kevâkibî adıyla (Kahire 1970), daha sonra gazete yazılarını da içeren bütün çalışmaları Muhammed Cemâl Tahhân tarafından el-Aʿmâlü’l-kâmile li’l-Kevâkibî başlığıyla (Beyrut 1995) neşredilmiştir.
Muhteva bakımından W. Scawen Blunt’ın, Muhammed Abduh ve çevresinin fikirlerinden etkilenerek hazırladığı The Future of Islam adlı eseriyle benzerlikler taşıyan Ümmü’l-ḳurâ , mühtedi bir İngiliz’in de aralarında bulunduğu yeryüzündeki farklı müslüman toplumları temsil eden hayal mahsulü yirmi iki delegenin 1899 hac mevsiminde Mekke’de Mü’temerü’n-nehdati’l-İslâmiyye adlı on iki oturumluk bir toplantıya katılarak İslâm dünyasının içinde bulunduğu şartlar, geri kalış sebepleri ve gelecekte yapılması gerekenler konusunda gerçekleştirdikleri müzakereleri ve aldıkları kararları ihtiva etmektedir. Eserdeki fikirler aslında sadece Kevâkibî’ye ait değildir. Reşîd Rızâ’nın kendi ifadesine göre (el-Menâr , XXXII/2, s. 114) Kevâkibî Kahire’ye geldikten sonra Reşîd Rızâ ve çevresi tarafından kitabın orijinal metni üzerinde uzun müzakereler yapılmış ve eser bir bakıma reformcu çevrenin tasvip ve katkısını içeren bir metin haline getirilmiştir.
Kevâkibî müslümanların ve özellikle Araplar’ın geri kalmasından Osmanlılar’ı sorumlu tutar. Ona göre Osmanlılar en güçlü oldukları dönemde bile İslâm’a hizmet etmemişler, aksine Abbâsî hilâfetine son vererek ve Araplar’ın eserlerini yok ederek dine büyük zarar vermişlerdir. Kevâkibî’nin düşüncesinde Osmanlı karşıtlığı o kadar merkezî bir yere sahiptir ki İspanya’nın, Hindistan’ın ve Orta Asya’nın gayri müslimlerin yönetimine girmesinden de Osmanlılar’ı sorumlu tutar. Kevâkibî’nin Türkler’e karşı ön yargısı Türkler’in Araplar’ı sevmediği varsayımına dayanmaktadır. Buna delil olarak da Türkler’in İslâmiyet’i kabul etmelerine rağmen Arapça’yı ve Arap kültürünü benimsememelerini gösterir. Zira ona göre Araplık ve İslâm birbirinden ayrılmaz. Yazılarında Araplığa vurgu yapmakta ve İslâmî uyanışın ancak Araplar’ca sağlanabileceğini söylemektedir. Türkler’i uyguladıkları merkeziyetçi politikadan dolayı da eleştiren Kevâkibî, adem-i merkeziyetçi yönetim anlayışının hâkim kılınmasını ve Osmanlı Devleti’nde Türkler’le Araplar’ın hak ve sorumluluklar bakımından eşit olmasını savunmaktadır.
İslâmî uyanışın sağlanabilmesi için Araplar’a çok merkezî bir yer atfeden Kevâkibî, hilâfetin Kureyş kabilesine mensup bir Arap’a verilmesini ve hilâfet merkezinin de Mekke olmasını açıkça teklif eden ilk Arap olma özelliğini taşımaktadır. Halife, müslüman toplumlardan seçilecek üyelerden oluşacak bir hey’et-i şûrâ tarafından belirlenecektir. Belli bir süre için seçilen halifenin siyasî ve idarî anlamda otoritesi Hicaz’la sınırlı kalacak, ancak hey’et-i şûrâ vasıtasıyla bütün İslâm dünyasının dinî işleriyle ilgilenebilecektir.
Muhteva ve tertip bakımından Vittorio Alfieri’nin Della Tirannide adlı eserinden belirgin şekilde etkilenmiş olan Ṭabâʾiʿu’l-istibdâd isim vermeden Abdülhamid rejimini hedef alan bir eserdir. Bir bakıma Ümmü’l-ḳurâ ’yı tamamlayıcı nitelikte olan bu kitabında Kevâkibî istibdadı din, bilim, eğitim, ahlâkî değerler, refah ve ilerleme gibi konular açısından inceler. İslâm dünyasının en önemli probleminin cehalet olduğunu, cehaletin ise siyasî istibdattan kaynaklandığını, istibdadın bilginin yayılmasını engellediğini, dinî prensipleri tahrif ederek ahlâkî değerleri bozduğunu, insanların kendi menfaatlerini düşünerek müstebit idarecilere itaat ettiklerini ileri sürmektedir. İstibdat korkunun hâkim olduğu öyle bir ortam hazırlar ki bundan müstebit dahil kimse kurtulamaz. Korku ise cehaletin bir sonucudur. Kevâkibî, Hz. Peygamber ve Hulefâ-yi Râşidîn dönemlerinde siyasî hürriyet anlayışına dayalı demokratik yönetimler kurulduğunu, zira Kur’an’ın adalete, eşitliğe ve şûraya önem verdiğini, daha sonra İslâm devletlerinde saltanat anlayışının hâkim olduğunu, bunun ise kişisel yetenekleri körelttiği için müslümanların geri kalmasına sebep olduğunu vurgulamaktadır.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2002 yılında Ankara’da basılan 25. cildinde, 339-340 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.