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KILICARSLAN I Skip to content (ö. 500/1107)
Anadolu Selçuklu sultanı (1092-1107).
Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti’nin kurucusu Süleyman Şah’ın oğludur. Urfalı Mateos onun 1085’te dünyaya geldiğini kaydeder (Urfalı Mateos Vekayi-nâmesi , s. 164). Ancak 1107’de öldüğünde on bir yaşında bir çocuğu bulunduğu (İbnü’l-Esîr, X, 344; Ebü’l-Ferec, II, 346) dikkate alınarak daha önceki bir tarihte doğduğu söylenebilir. Adı Bizans kaynaklarında Klitziasthlas (Anna Komnene, II, 79), Latin kroniklerinde babasının adıyla (Soliman) zikredilir (Tyrensis, s. 29; Carnotensis, s. 83). Kaynaklarda Kılıcarslan’a dair ilk bilgi, babası Süleyman Şah’ın 477’deki (1084) Antakya seferi sırasında onun yanında bulunduğudur. Babasının 479 Rebîülevvelinde (Haziran 1086) Tutuş ile yaptığı savaşta ölümünden sonra Kılıcarslan, Vezir Hasan b. Tâhir’in koruması altında Antakya’da kaldı. 480 (1087) ilkbaharında Antakya’ya gelen Sultan Melikşah tarafından İsfahan’a gönderilerek göz hapsinde tutuldu.
Sultan Melikşah’ın 485’te (1092) vefatı üzerine kardeşi Kulanarslan ile birlikte Sultan Berkyaruk’un izniyle İsfahan’dan Anadolu’ya dönmek için yola çıkan Kılıcarslan, eskiden babası Süleyman Şah’a tâbi olan Orta Anadolu’dan büyükçe bir kuvvet toplayarak 485 sonlarında (1092 sonları, 1093 başları) İznik’e geldi. Bu sırada İznik’te idareyi elinde tutan Ebülgazi’nin iktidarı kendisine teslim etmesiyle de Anadolu Selçuklu tahtına çıktı. Babasının ölümünün ardından kumandanları kendilerine teslim edilmiş olan şehirlerde bağımsız hareket etmeye başlamışlardı, bu yüzden devletin birliği dağılmıştı. Başlangıçtaki hâkimiyet alanı sadece İznik ve civarıyla sınırlı görünen Kılıcarslan ilk iş olarak dağılmış bulunan devletin birliğini kurmaya çalıştı. Yıllardan beri Bizans ile savaşan İzmir Beyi Çaka’nın kızıyla evlenerek Bizans’a karşı Çaka ile birlikte hareket etmeye başladı. Bu durumdan endişeye kapılan İmparator Aleksios, Kılıcarslan’ı Çaka’nın aleyhine tahrik ederek ikisinin arasını bozmaya uğraştı. Esasen Kılıcarslan da Çaka’nın gittikçe güçlenmesini kendi hâkimiyeti açısından tehdit edici bir gelişme olarak görmekteydi. Bu etkenler Kılıcarslan’ın Çaka’yı öldürtmesine sebep oldu (488/1095 [?]). Kılıcarslan, imparatorun Balkanlar’da Kumanlar’la yaptığı savaşlardan yararlanarak Bithynia bölgesinde İzmit ve çevresine akınlar düzenlemeye başladı. İmparator da Kumanlar’la savaşı bitirdikten sonra Türk akınlarına karşı Sapanca gölünün güneyinden İzmit körfezine uzanan bir kanal kazdırıp içini su ile doldurarak Türkler’in İzmit çevresine girmesini engellemek istedi.
Bu sırada başlayan Haçlı seferinin öncüsü durumunda olan Keşiş Pierre l’Ermite’in idaresinde Anadolu’ya gelen ilk Haçlı ordusu İznik üzerine yürürken Kılıcarslan tarafından Drakon vadisinde pusuya düşürüldü ve hemen tamamı imha edildi (1 Zilkade 489 / 21 Ekim 1096). Kazandığı bu başarı Kılıcarslan’ın Haçlılar’ı küçümsemesine yol açtı. Bu yüzden Avrupa’dan yola çıkan yeni Haçlı ordularının sayısını ve gücünü doğru dürüst öğrenmeden ve olaya gereken önemi vermeden, ülkesinin doğusunda Dânişmendliler’in de ele geçirmek istedikleri Ermeni Gabriel’in hâkimiyetinde bulunan Malatya şehrini zaptetmek üzere 490 (1097) yılı kış aylarında bütün ordusunu yanına alıp İznik’ten ayrıldı ve Malatya önüne gelerek şehri kuşattı.
Bu sırada askerî gücü çok yüksek büyük Haçlı ordularının İstanbul’dan Anadolu’ya geçerek Pelekanon’da toplandıkları ve hedeflerinin İznik’i zaptetmek olduğu haberini aldı. Ordusunun bir kısmını İznik’e gönderen Kılıcarslan kuşatmayı kaldırarak hemen yola çıktı. Fakat çok geç kalınmıştı. I. Haçlı Seferi ordularının şehri kuşatmasından (21 Cemâziyelevvel 490 / 6 Mayıs 1097) sonra İznik’e ulaşabildi. Kılıcarslan, şehre girişi sağlayabilmek için güney surları karşısında yerleşmiş olan Kont Raymond de Saint-Gilles’in ordusuna hücum etti. Savaş bütün gün sürdü. Türk ordusu Haçlılar’ın sayıca üstünlüğü yüzünden kuşatmayı yaramadı. Gece olunca sultan ordusunu daha fazla yıpratmadan geri çekmeye karar verdi. 6 Receb 490’da (19 Haziran 1097) Haçlılar’ın genel hücuma hazırlandığı belli olunca Türkler bir gece önce şehri Bizans kuvvetleri kumandanı Butumites’e teslim ettiler. Kılıcarslan’ın hanımı ve çocukları İstanbul’a götürüldü.
Ordusuyla İznik önünden çekildikten sonra Haçlılar’ın yolunu kesmek amacıyla yeni bir savaşa hazırlanan Kılıcarslan, Haçlılar’ın Eskişehir’e doğru ilerlediğini haber alınca bölgeye gidip ordusunu Sarısu (Bathys) ovasının yamaçlarına yerleştirdi. Türkler 30 Haziran 1097 tarihinde hücuma geçip Haçlı karargâhını kuşattılar. Bu sırada arkadan gelen II. Haçlı ordusu karşısında şaşıran Türkler iki ordunun birleşmesini önleyemediler. Haçlılar saldırıya geçince Kılıcarslan fazla kayıp vermemek için ordusunu hızla geri çekti (1 Temmuz 1097).
Bu olayın ardından Kılıcarslan, kendilerinden çok fazla olan Haçlı ordularına karşı doğrudan savaşa tutuşmak yerine engelleme taktiği uygulamanın daha yararlı olacağına karar verdi. Anadolu’da yürüyüşlerini zorlaştırmak için geçecekleri yol üzerindeki bütün su kaynakları kullanılmaz hale getirildiği gibi her türlü yiyecek maddesi de yok edildi. Haçlılar, iki gün sonra Eskişehir’den hareket ederek Akşehir (Philomelion) üzerinden Konya’ya (Ikonion) yürüdüler. Türkler, bütün yol boyunca uzanan bölgedeki yerleşim mahalleri gibi Konya’yı da boşaltmışlardı. Haçlılar, tahrip edilmeden kalan Meram’da birkaç gün dinlendikten sonra Ereğli’ye doğru yola devam ettiler. Kılıcarslan, Dânişmendli Beyi Gümüştegin Gazi ve Kayseri Beyi Hasan ile birlikte Ereğli yakınında Haçlılar’ın önünü kesmeye çalıştıysa da sonuç alamadı.
I. Haçlı Seferi orduları, Kılıcarslan’ın dört yıldan beri yeniden kurup genişletmeye çalıştığı Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti’nin gelişmesine büyük darbe vurdu; sadece başşehir İznik değil Ege ve Marmara kıyılarına kadar ulaşan topraklar da kaybedildi. Türkler, Menderes vadisinden Bolvadin ve Akşehir’e kadar doğuya çekildiler. Böylece Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti’nin batı sınırı Eskişehir-Antalya hattına kadar geriledi. Çukurova’nın kaybı Toros dağlarında oturan Ermeniler’in bölgeye yerleşmesine imkân verdi. Ayrıca Haçlı seferinin ürünü olarak Urfa’da ve Antakya’da birer Haçlı devleti kuruldu (491/1098). Kılıcarslan, bir taraftan Haçlılar’ın ülkesine verdikleri zararları gidermeye çalışırken bir taraftan da Bizans kuvvetlerine karşı batı sınırlarını savunmak ve Avrupa’dan akıp gelen küçüklü büyüklü Haçlı gruplarına karşı mücadele etmek zorunda kaldı. Bu durum, Selçuklular’ın Orta Anadolu’da bütünleşerek daha kısa bir sürede kendilerini toparlayıp güçlenmeleri sonucunu doğurdu. İznik yerine Konya başşehir yapıldı ve Anadolu’nun ortasında köklü bir yerleşme ve gelişme süreci başladı.
Dânişmendli Gümüştegin Malatya üzerine yürüyünce şehrin hâkimi Ermeni Gabriel, Antakya Haçlı Prinkepsi Bohemund’u yardımına çağırdı. Malatya’ya gelen Bohemund, Gümüştegin tarafından esir alınıp Niksar’da hapse atıldı (Şevval 493 / Ağustos 1100). Anadolu’da bu olaylar cereyan ederken Antakya’yı ele geçiren I. Haçlı Seferi orduları, Suriye üzerinden güneye inerek Kudüs’ü zaptedip (23 Şâban 492 / 15 Temmuz 1099) burada Kudüs Haçlı Krallığı’nı kurmuşlardı. Bu başarının Avrupa’da yarattığı heyecanla I. Haçlı Seferi’nden sayıca daha büyük yeni bir Haçlı seferi düzenlendi. Lombardlar, Fransızlar ve Almanlar’dan oluşan bu Haçlı ordusunun sayısı yüzbinlerle ifade edilmektedir. 1101 ilkbaharında İstanbul’a gelen bu ordu, İmparator Aleksios tarafından Anadolu yakasına geçirilerek İzmit yöresindeki karargâhlara yerleştirildi. Lombardlar, hem kendi reisleri kabul ettikleri Bohemund’u esaretten kurtarmak hem de Anadolu’nun bu bölgelerini zaptetmek amacıyla harekete geçtiler. Kılıcarslan’ın böyle bir orduya karşı sadece kendi kuvvetleriyle savaşması mümkün değildi. Gümüştegin’i durumdan haberdar ederek yeni Haçlı tehlikesine karşı uyardı. Gümüştegin de Selçuklu ordusuyla birleşti. Harran Beyi Karaca, Artuklu Belek b. Behrâm ve Halep Selçuklu Meliki Rıdvân da yardıma geldi. Bütün Türk kuvvetleri Çankırı’da toplandı. Kılıcarslan, Ankara’yı boşaltarak ve bölgeyi tahrip ederek Haçlılar’ın önü sıra geri çekilip Çankırı’ya ulaştı. Haçlılar, Ankara’yı Bizans imparatorunun adamına teslim ettikten sonra 2 Temmuz’da Çankırı önüne geldiler. Türk kuvvetlerinin Çankırı’da toplandığını görünce savaşa girişmeden kuzeye yönelip Bizans’a ait topraklardan Amasya bölgesine ilerlemek istediler. Kılıcarslan’ın taktiği, Haçlılar’ı yol boyunca âni baskınlarla yıpratıp kendi bölgelerine çektikten sonra savaşa girişmekti. Bunda da başarılı oldu ve Haçlılar’ı ağustos ayı başlarında Merzifon yakınlarında büyük bir yenilgiye uğrattı. Kont II. Guillaume de Nevers idaresindeki II. Haçlı ordusunu da ağustos ayı ortalarında Konya yakınında imha etti. Kılıcarslan Nevers ordusuyla uğraştığı sırada Akitanya Kontu Guillaume ve Bavyera Dükü IV. Welf’in idaresindeki III. Haçlı ordusu da İznik-Akşehir üzerinden ilerleyerek Selçuklu topraklarına girmişti. Kılıcarslan, Gümüştegin ve diğer Türk beyleriyle birlikte bu orduyu da Ereğli suyu kıyısında yok etti. 494 (1101) yılında üç ayrı Haçlı ordusuna karşı kazanılan bu başarılar Türkler’i Anadolu’dan söküp atmayı hedefleyen Haçlı hareketini durdurdu. İstanbul’dan Suriye’ye giden yol hem Bizans hem de Batı dünyasının Haçlı ordularına kapanmış oldu.
Dânişmendli Gümüştegin’in Malatya’yı zaptetmesi (3 Zilhicce 495 / 18 Eylül 1102) Kılıcarslan’ı endişelendirdi. Ancak Dânişmendliler’le mücadeleye girmeden önce Bohemund’un Niksar’da hapiste bulunmasından yararlanarak Antakya üzerine yürümeye karar verdi. Halep Meliki Rıdvân ile anlaşıp 496 (1103) yılı yaz aylarında harekete geçen Kılıcarslan, Maraş yakınlarına geldiği sırada Gümüştegin’in para karşılığında Bohemund’u serbest bıraktığını öğrenince seferi yarıda kesip Gümüştegin’in üzerine yürüdü ve Dânişmendli ordusunu yenilgiye uğrattı (İbnü’l-Kalânisî, Târîḫu Dımaşḳ , s. 143). Bohemund’un serbest bırakılması, hem Antakya seferinin sonuçsuz kalmasına hem de iki Türk hükümdarının arasının bozulmasına sebep oldu. Ayrıca Bohemund’un Antakya’ya dönüşüyle cesaret bulan Haçlılar yeniden Halep bölgesine şiddetli saldırılar düzenlemeye başladılar.
Gümüştegin’in ölümünden sonra Kılıcarslan iki ayı aşkın bir kuşatmanın ardından Malatya’yı ele geçirdi (1 Muharrem 500 / 2 Eylül 1106). Bu başarı ona hem rakibi Dânişmendliler’in nüfuzunu kırma, hem de sınırlarını Güneydoğu Anadolu’ya doğru genişletme imkânını verdi. Bizanslılar, bu sıralarda Balkanlar’da yeniden Normanlar’la savaşa tutuştuğu için batı sınırı da güvenlikteydi. Bu durumu değerlendirip doğuya yönelen Kılıcarslan’ı bölgeye hâkim olan ve hepsi de Büyük Selçuklu Devleti’ne tâbi bulunan Türk beyleri memnuniyetle karşıladı. Kılıcarslan önce Meyyâfârikīn’a gitti ve burada hüküm süren Ziyâeddin’e Elbistan’ı iktâ olarak verip onu kendisine vezir yaptı. Bundan sonra Saltuklular ve Ahlatşahlar dışında bölgedeki bütün beyler Sultan Kılıcarslan’a itaatlerini arzettiler ve kendisiyle birlikte Haçlılar’a karşı mücadele edeceklerini bildirdiler.
Kılıcarslan 499 (1106) yılında Urfa Haçlı Kontluğu üzerine yürüyüp Urfa’yı kuşattı. Ancak şehrin sağlam surlarını aşmak mümkün olmadı. Bu sırada Musul Valisi Çökürmüş’ün Harran’daki adamları şehirlerini teslim etmek üzere kendisini çağırdılar. Kuşatmayı kaldıran Kılıcarslan Harran’a gidip şehri teslim aldı. Burada iken hastalanarak bir süre için Malatya’ya döndü. Bu arada Büyük Selçuklu Sultanı Muhammed Tapar, Kılıcarslan’ın Güneydoğu Anadolu’daki ilerlemesinin sadece Haçlılar’a karşı olmadığını, onun dedesi Kutalmış’tan beri süregelen Büyük Selçuklu tahtını ele geçirme çabası içinde bulunduğunu anlamıştı. Musul Valisi Çökürmüş’ün de Kılıcarslan’la gizli bir anlaşma içinde olduğunu düşünüyordu. Bu sebeple 499’da (1106) Diyarbekir, el-Cezîre ve Musul’un idaresini Çavlı’ya vererek Çökürmüş’ten kurtulmak istedi. Çavlı yapılan savaşta Çökürmüş’ü yendi, fakat Musul halkı şehri Çavlı’ya teslim etmedi. Kılıcarslan’a haber gönderip Musul’a gelmesini ve idareyi eline almasını istedi. Kılıcarslan da hemen Malatya’dan Musul’a doğru yola çıktı. Bu arada Musul ileri gelenleri Nusaybin’de kendisine bağlılıklarını bildirdiler. Heyetle birlikte Musul’a giden Kılıcarslan 25 Receb 500 (22 Mart 1107) Cuma günü halkın sevgi gösterileri arasında şehre girdi ve ilk iş olarak Sultan Muhammed Tapar adına okunan hutbeyi kendi adına okutmaya başladı. Böylece Büyük Selçuklu sultanlığına adaylığını açıkça ilân etmiş oluyordu.
Kılıcarslan’ın el-Cezîre ve Kuzey Suriye’de hâkimiyet kurmasından rahatsızlık duyan Mardin Artuklu Beyi Necmeddin İlgazi ile Halep Meliki Rıdvân ona karşı Çavlı ile birleşerek Kılıcarslan’ın hâkimiyetini kabul etmiş olan Rahbe’yi ele geçirdiler (24 Ramazan 500 / 19 Mayıs 1107). Bunu haber alan Kılıcarslan, Çavlı üzerine yürümeye karar verdi. Oğlu Melikşah’ı melik ilân edip Musul’da kendisine vekâlet etmekle görevlendirdi; Emîr Bozmış’ı da ona atabeg tayin etti. Hanımı Ayşe Hatun ve en küçük oğlu Tuğrul Arslan Musul’da kaldı. Çavlı’ya karşı savaşa karar vermesine rağmen bütün ordusu yanında değildi. Balkanlar’da Bohemund ile savaşan İmparator Aleksios Komnenos’a yardım için gönderdiği birlikler henüz geri dönmemişti. Yine de Anadolu’dan kendisine takviye birlikleri yollanmasını istedi. Ancak bu birliklerin gelmesini beklemeden Habur suyu kenarında savaşa karar verdi. Kılıcarslan’ın yanındaki beyler Çavlı’nın askerlerinin çokluğunu farkedince savaşı göze alamayıp çekildiler. Kılıcarslan’ın kuvvetinin iyice azalmasından yararlanan Çavlı hemen saldırıyı başlattı (20 Zilkade 500 / 13 Temmuz 1107). Kılıcarslan, sayılarının azlığından dolayı daha savaşın başında moralleri bozulan askerlerinin savaş alanından kaçmaya başlamaları üzerine artık başarıya ulaşmanın mümkün olmadığını anladı. Esir düşmemek için karşı kıyıya geçmek amacıyla atını Habur suyuna sürdü. Fakat zırhlı olduğu için Habur’u geçemeyip atıyla birlikte sulara gömüldü. Cesedi birkaç gün sonra Habur’un Şemsâniye köyü yakınlarında bulundu. Cenazesi Meyyâfârikīn’a götürüldü. Atabegi Humartaş burada onun için “Kubbetü’s-sultan” adıyla meşhur olan bir türbe yaptırdı. Oğlu Sultan I. Mesud 538 (1143-44) yılında babasının mezarını Konya’ya nakletmek istemişse de bu gerçekleşmemiştir.
Kılıcarslan’ın genç yaşta beklenmedik ölümüyle Güneydoğu Anadolu’da ve Kuzey Suriye’de Haçlılar’a karşı yürütülen mücadele ve Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti’nin siyasî birliği zaafa uğradı. Dânişmendliler, durumdan faydalanarak Anadolu’da siyasî güçlerini arttırma ve topraklarını genişletme imkânını buldular. Bizans da Ege bölgesine doğru yayılmaya başlamış olan Türkler’i Batı Anadolu’dan tekrar geriye itme fırsatını yakaladı.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2002 yılında Ankara’da basılan 25. cildinde, 396-399 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.