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KIPTÎLER Skip to content Mısır’ın yerli ve hıristiyan halkı için kullanılan isim.
Kıbt , Grekler’in Mısırlılar veya Nil deltası sakinleri için kullandığı aigyptos kelimesinin kökünü teşkil eden gypt ın Arapça karşılığıdır. Gypt kökü Batı dillerindeki egypt ve copt un da aslını oluşturmaktadır. Aigyptos kelimesinin Memphis şehrinin sıfatı olan Hia-Kua-Ptah (ilâh Ptah’ın evi) adından geldiği ileri sürülmüştür. Kıbt kelimesinin ayrıca, Hz. Nûh’un torunlarından biri olduğu rivayet edilen Kuftaim’in isminden veya Antik Mısır’daki Koptos şehrinin adından türetildiği söylenmişse de yaygın kabule göre kıbt Grekçe’den gelmektedir. Bu kelime Mısırlılar veya Nil deltası sakinleri için kullanılmakta iken Hıristiyanlığın Mısır’a girmesinden sonra Hıristiyanlık Kıptîler’in dini olmuş, Kıptîler’le Hıristiyanlık özdeşleşmiş, böylece Kıptî ismi Mısır’daki hıristiyan halkı ifade etmeye başlamıştır. Nitekim VII. yüzyılda müslümanlar Mısır’ı fethettiklerinde burayı Dârülkıbt olarak tanımlamışlardır.
Hıristiyanlığın ortaya çıktığı dönemlerde Filistin, Mısır ve Anadolu gibi bölgeler Roma İmparatorluğu’nun hâkimiyeti altında bulunuyordu. Havâriler devrinde bu dinin Antakya, Tarsus ve Efes yoluyla Roma’ya kadar götürüldüğü bilinirken Mısır’a giriş tarihi tartışmalıdır. Hıristiyanlığın Mısır’da yayılış tarihini Kıptîler’in İncil yazarı Markos’a dayandırma gayretleri monofizit olmayan Batılı hıristiyan yazarlar tarafından uygun görülmemiştir (Leroy, II, 895). Ancak II. yüzyılda Hıristiyanlığın Mısır’da, özellikle de İskenderiye’de yer ettiği kabul edilmektedir. Roma imparatorları I. Konstantinos ile Licinius’un 313 yılında Milan fermanını yayımlayarak Roma İmparatorluğu topraklarında Hıristiyanlığa serbestlik tanımalarına kadar Mısır’da da hıristiyanlar baskı altında yaşadılar. Bu dönemlerde Mısır’da İskenderiyeli Clement ve Origene gibi önemli hıristiyan teologlar yetişmiştir. Zühde dayalı bir hayat tarzı, mistik düşünce, meditasyon gibi Hıristiyanlık öncesi dönemdeki uygulamalar, başta çeşitli gnostik gruplar olmak üzere Ortadoğu’nun birçok dinî geleneğinde mevcut olmakla birlikte münzevi hıristiyan keşişliğinin 270’lerde Mısır’da çöle çekilerek zâhidâne bir hayatı tercih eden Aziz Antony ile (Saint Antoine) başladığı kabul edilir. Manastır hayatına dayalı keşişliğin ise 320 yıllarında yine Mısır’da Pachomius (Pacôme) tarafından başlatıldığı ileri sürülür. Keşişlik Mısır’dan Sînâ yarımadasına, Filistin ve Suriye’ye de yayılmıştır. Mısır’da Pachomius’un kız kardeşi Mary’nin öncülüğünde kadınların da manastır hayatı yaşadığı ve bunun o dönemden itibaren yaygınlık kazandığı bilinmektedir. Bu manastırların çoğu zamanla yıkılmış olmakla birlikte Kahire’de Ebû Seyfeyn ve Aziz George manastırları günümüze intikal etmiştir.
Hıristiyanlık her şeyden önce Îsâ Mesîh anlayışı üzerine temellendirilen bir inanca sahip olduğu için Îsâ’nın kimliğiyle insanî ve ilâhî tabiatı meselesi ilk devirlerden itibaren asıl tartışma konusunu teşkil etmiş, bu alanda farklı görüşler, Ariusçuluk, Nestûrîlik ve monofizitlik gibi i‘tizâlî hareketler ortaya çıkmıştır. İlk dönemde kilisedeki yahudi kaynaklı Tanrı inancı, I. yüzyılın sonuna doğru Yeni Eflâtuncu felsefenin etkisi ve yahudilerin yaşadığı toprakların dışında kalan Yunan-Roma kökenli insanları hıristiyanlaştırma amacı sonunda değişikliğe uğramaya başlamıştır. Tanrı kavramı biri teslîs, diğeri Tanrı’nın enkarnasyonu olmak üzere Îsâ figürü ile ilişkilendirilmiş, bu gelişmeler Îsâ’nın yeryüzünde yaşarken bedene bürünmesinin insanî özelliğinin mi yoksa ilâhî özelliğinin mi ağır bastığı tartışmalarını gündeme getirmiştir.
Ancak Hıristiyanlık tarihinde akîde ile ve bilhassa Îsâ’nın tabiatıyla ilgili olarak uzun müddet sürecek olan tartışmalar IV. yüzyılda ortaya çıkmıştır. Antakya ekolünün takipçisi olup Kitâb-ı Mukaddes’i literal olarak yorumlayan Arius’un Mesîh’in Tanrı ile aynı özü taşımadığı ve O’nun oğlu olmadığı, sadece bir insan ve Tanrı ile insanlar arasında bir aracı olduğu şeklinde özetlenebilecek olan görüşleri, IV. yüzyılın Doğu Roma topraklarındaki bütün kiliseleri etkisi altına alarak dinî birliği bozma yönünde ciddi bir tehdit unsuru haline gelmiştir. Bundan dolayı İznik Konsili’nce (325) Arius’un görüşleri reddedilerek kendisi aforoz edilmiş ve Mesîh’in Tanrı ile aynı özden olduğu şeklindeki klasik Ortodoks telakki temel akîde olarak benimsenmiştir (bk. İZNİK KONSİLİ ).
Ariusçuluk’tan sonra Nestûrîlik olarak bilinen yeni bir mezhep yüzünden kilise tekrar tartışma ortamına girmiştir. V. yüzyılda ortaya çıkan bu mezhebin kurucusu İstanbul Patriği Nestorius, Îsâ’da tanrılık ve insanlık unsurlarının birbirine karışmadan bulunduğunu ve yeryüzünde yaşarken Îsâ’da baskın olan unsurun insanlık olduğunu ileri sürmüştür. Meryem’i de Theotokos (tanrı taşıyan) değil Christokos (Mesîh taşıyan) olarak nitelendirmiştir. Ancak İskenderiyeli Cyril, Ortodoks akîdeye aykırı kabul ettiği bu anlayışa karşı çıkmıştır. İmparator II. Theodosios’un emriyle düzenlenen Efes Konsili’nde (431) görüşlerine karşı çıkılan Nestorius aforoz edilmiştir (bk. NESTÛRÎLİK ).
Efes Konsili’ndeki etkinlikleri sebebiyle Mısır piskoposlarının itibarı yükselmişti. İskenderiye kilisesi Antakya kilisesiyle mücadelelerinde bedenleşmiş oğulun ilâhî tabiatı üzerinde fazlaca durmuş, böylece Îsâ’nın beşerî tabiatı geri planda kalmıştı. Cyril’in fikirlerinden kaynaklanan Îsâ’nın Tanrı’nın oğlu olduğu ve ilâhî tabiatının bulunduğu şeklindeki monofizizm yaygınlık kazanmaya başlamıştı. Hatta İstanbul’da Eutyches, Îsâ’nın beşerî tabiatının ilâhî tabiatı içinde tamamen eridiğini iddia edecek kadar ileri derecede bir monofizizmi savununca zamanın İstanbul piskoposu Flavian tarafından sapıklıkla itham edilmişti. Ancak Cyril’in ölümü üzerine yerine İskenderiye piskoposu olan Dioscorus, Eutyches’in görüşlerine destek vermiştir. 449 yılında Efes’te gerçekleştirilen bir sinodda Dioscorus ve İskenderiyeli bazı din adamları monofizizmi kabul etmiş, Papa I. Leon da bu konsili “Haydutlar Konsili” olarak nitelendirmiştir. 451’de düzenlenen Kadıköy Konsili’nde de Îsâ’da insanlık ve ilâhlık unsurlarının eş oranda bulunduğu şeklindeki Ortodoks anlayış teyit edilmiş, İskenderiye Piskoposu Dioscorus papa tarafından görevden alınmış, imparatorluk ve Doğu kiliseleri içinde İstanbul’un üstünlük kazanması Kıptîler’in monofizizmi millî bir kimlik unsuru olarak benimsemelerine yol açmıştır. I. Leon, Zenon, Basilikos, I. Anastasios ve I. Iustinos gibi imparatorlar söz konusu akîde ihtilâflarını ortadan kaldırarak bir uzlaşma sağlamaya gayret etmişlerse de bunlar Kıptîler için baskı ve zulme dönüşmüş, onlar yine Doğu kiliseleri içinde monofizist inanca sahip özerk kilise statülerini korumaya devam etmişlerdir.
Mısır’ın müslümanlar tarafından fethi 639-642 yılları arasında tamamlanıncaya kadar ülke Bizans İmparatorluğu’nun valileri tarafından müstemleke statüsünde yönetiliyordu. Gördükleri baskı, ödemek zorunda bırakıldıkları ağır vergiler sebebiyle Kıptîler müslümanları kurtarıcı gibi benimsemişlerdir. Fetihten sonra müslümanlar, Mısır’da Rum idareci ve askerlerinden oluşan Melkitler ile Kıptîler, Habeşliler ve diğer hıristiyan topluluklar olmak üzere iki ayrı grupla karşılaşmışlardır. Kıptîler, ehl-i zimme statüsünde müslüman olmayanların verdikleri cizye ile yükümlü tutulmuşlar, canları ve malları müslümanlarca korunmuş, müslümanlarla beraber savaşa katılmaktan muaf tutulmuş olmakla birlikte yine de Rumlar’a karşı Amr b. Âs’a yardımcı olmuşlardır.
Hz. Ömer veya Hârûnürreşîd zamanında çıkarılan bir emirnâme gereği hıristiyanlar müslümanlardan ayırt edilebilmeleri için farklı renkte elbise giyip farklı sarık sarmışlar, “gıyâr” denilen bir bez ve zünnar kullanmışlardır. Zamanla değişikliğe uğrayan bu uygulama Mısır Valisi Mehmed Ali Paşa tarafından 1807’de yürürlükten kaldırılmış, 1816-1817’de tekrar uygulanmak istenmişse de başarılı olunamamıştır. Ancak Kıptî keşişleri siyah sarık kullanma âdetlerini günümüzde de sürdürmektedirler.
Kıptîler’in kilise ve manastır yaptırmalarının Hz. Ömer tarafından yasaklandığı şeklinde bazı iddialar bulunsa da kilise ve manastır binalarının tamir edildiği gibi yenilerinin de yaptırıldığı, hatta bu konuda devlet imkânlarından faydalanıldığı bilinmektedir. Melkitler tarafından önceleri Kıptîler’in elinden alınan kiliseleri daha sonra kendilerine iade edilmiştir. Öte yandan müslümanların fetihten itibaren ibadetlerini yerine getirebilmek için bazı kiliselerden yararlandıkları da olmuştur.
Emevîler ve Abbâsîler döneminde Kıptîler din hürriyetine sahip olmuşlar, piskoposlar ruhanî meclislerini toplamışlar, valiler sadece patrik seçimine nezaret etmişlerdir. Ancak devlete zarar verme ihtimalinden dolayı Kıptî din adamlarının başka devletlerle ilişkiye girmelerine müsamaha gösterilmemiştir. Mervân b. Hakem’in Mısır’da Hulvân şehrini inşa ettiği, maliyeyi de oraya naklederek Kıptîler’i bu işte görevlendirdiği belirtilmektedir.
Eyyûbîler devrinde Haçlı seferlerinin de etkisiyle Kıptîler’e karşı zaman zaman olumsuz davranışlarda bulunulduğu, hükümdarların artık onların bayramlarına katılmadığı, Selâhaddîn-i Eyyûbî’nin kâtiplik ve tabiplik yapmalarına müsaade etmediği bilinmekle beraber yine de bu dönemde bazı mâbedlerini tamir ettirebilmişlerdir.
Memlükler devrine gelindiğinde Kıptîler’in Mısır toplumundaki konumları giderek zayıflamış, mâbedleri bakımsızlıktan harap olduğu gibi sayıları azalmış, Kıptîce yok olmaya yüz tutmuştur. Devlet işlerinde çalışan az sayıdaki Kıptîler’e karşı müslümanların tepkisini bertaraf etmek için bunlar görevlerinden sık sık alınıyor ve tekrar iade ediliyordu. Yöneticiler patriğe karşı saygılı davranmakla birlikte Habeşliler’le gizli münasebetlerini de engellemeye çalışıyorlardı.
Osmanlılar’ın 1517’de Mısır’ın idaresini ele geçirmelerinden itibaren bilhassa malî işlerde önemli sayıda Kıptî görev almıştır. Bu dönemde Kıptîler bayramlarını müslümanların katılımıyla kutlamışlar, eski kiliselerini tamir etme ve yenilerini yapma imkânını elde etmişlerdir. Öte yandan devlete karşı sorumluluklarını yerine getirmedikleri takdirde kiliselerinin kapatılması da söz konusu olmuştur.
1798 yılında Mısır’ı işgal eden Napolyon Bonaparte Kıptîler’e özel muamele göstermişse de kısa bir süre sonra Fransız ordusunun çekilmesi üzerine bu defa Kıptîler müslümanların olumsuz davranışlarından kurtulamamışlardır. Ancak Mısır valisi vergi toplama işinde ve diğer malî hususlarda onlardan yararlanıyordu. XIX. yüzyılda hidivlik idaresi altında herkese tanınan dinî hürriyetten Kıptîler de istifade edince kiliselerinde bir canlanma görülmüştür.
1882’de Mısır’ı işgal eden İngilizler müslümanlarla Kıptîler’i birbirine karşı tahrik edince iki toplum karşılıklı saldırılarda bulunmaya kadar varan bazı problemler yaşamıştır. Bunun üzerine bazı Kıptîler Mısır’ı terkederek Kanada, Avustralya ve Amerika’ya göç etmiştir. Mısır’da genelde çiftçilik ve ticaretle uğraşan Kıptîler arasında eğitim görenler hukuk, basın ve tıp alanlarında faaliyet göstermişlerdir.
Mısır’ın müslümanlar tarafından fethinden sonra Kıptîler Grekçe’yi büyük ölçüde terkederek Kıptîce’yi canlı tutmuşlardır. Hatta Grekçe olan mezar kitâbeleri VI. yüzyıldan itibaren Kıptîce yazılmıştır. Vali Abdullah b. Abdülmelik zamanında Arapça resmî yazı dili olarak kabul edilmiştir. 720 yılına kadar bazı papirüslerde Grekçe ve Arapça yazılara birlikte rastlanılmış, 780’de Grekçe yazılan papirüsler görülmüştür. Öte yandan halkın büyük çoğunluğu Kıptîce’yi kullanmaya devam etmiştir. Nitekim Halife Me’mûn Mısır’da kaldığı sırada yanında tercüman bulundurmuştur. Arapça’nın resmî dil olarak kullanılması ve ihtidâ hareketleri sonucunda müslüman olanların Kur’an dilini öğrenmeye yönelmeleri üzerine Kıptîce birkaç asır içinde günlük hayattan kalkmış, yalnız kiliselerde ibadet dili olarak varlığını sürdürmüş, XII. yüzyıldan sonra da halk tarafından anlaşılamayan bir dil haline gelmiştir.
Müslümanların Kıptîler’e tanıdığı din ve dil hürriyeti onların sayısının giderek azalmasını önleyememiştir. Bunun sebebi Kıptîler’in çoğunluğunun Müslümanlığı tercih etmesidir. Hıristiyan araştırmacılar, fetihten iki yüzyıl sonra (IX. yüzyılda) hıristiyanların çoğunluğu kaybetmeye başladığını, XIV. yüzyılda ise bugün olduğu gibi nüfusun onda birini teşkil ettiğini belirtmektedir. Ayrıca bu araştırmacılar, Bizanslılar’ın zulmüne karşı direnen Kıptîler’in müslüman idaresinde zulüm görmedikleri halde din değiştirmelerinin çeşitli sebepleri üzerinde durmuş ve en önemli sebebin onlara yüklenen ağır vergiler olduğunu iddia etmişlerdir (İA , VI, 727). Mısır’da kurulan İslâm devletlerinin idaresi altında zaman zaman değişik muamelelere tâbi tutulmuş olsalar da Kıptîler’in din hürriyetine sahip bulundukları, din değiştirmelerini gerektirecek bir baskıya mâruz kalmadıkları bilinmektedir. Devlete ve topluma ait sorumluluklarını ihmal etmeleri durumunda ise sıkı takiple karşılaştıkları görülmektedir. Dolayısıyla Mısır hıristiyanları iddiaların aksine zulüm ve baskıdan kurtulmak için müslüman olmuş değildir (a.g.e. , a.y.).
Nüfusları hakkında 3 milyondan 8 milyona kadar farklı rakamlar verilen günümüz Kıptîler’i merkezi Kahire’de olan, başında bir patriğin bulunduğu bağımsız bir kiliseye sahiptir. Kahire’deki patrik eski İskenderiye başpispokosluğunun unvanını taşımaktadır. Halen Mısır’da otuz bir, Sudan’da iki, Kudüs ve Doğu Afrika’da birer piskopos Kıptî kilisesine bağlıdır. Piskoposlar patrik tarafından tayin edilir. Bugün Mısır’da erkek keşişler için dokuz, kadın keşişler için sekiz manastır faal durumdadır. Son yıllarda Fransa, İngiltere, İtalya, Avusturya ve Almanya gibi ülkelerde Kıptî kiliselerinin açıldığı bilinmektedir. İstanbul’da yaşayan az sayıdaki Kıptî cemaati Beyoğlu Saint Antoine Latin Katolik Kilisesi’nde Arapça ve Türkçe olarak ibadetlerini yerine getirmektedir.
Günümüz Kıptîler’i genelde monofizist inancı taşımakla birlikte 1898 yılından itibaren Roma kilisesine bağlı bir patriklik haline gelen 100-200.000 civarında Katolik cemaati bulunmaktadır. Ayrıca XIX. yüzyıldan başlayarak Amerikan misyonerlerinin gayretiyle Katolikler’den daha az sayıda bir Kıptî Protestanlar cemaati meydana gelmiştir. Bunların dışında Mısır’da Ermeni, Keldânî ve Mârûnî kileselerine bağlı yaklaşık 160.000 Kıptî hıristiyan vardır.
Batı hıristiyan dünyası Kıptî kilisesiyle bütünleşme yolunda çeşitli çabalar sarfetmiş, 1964’te Illionis’teki Dünya Kiliseler Birliği toplantılarına Kıptî kilisesi de davet edilmiştir. Bu tarihten itibaren Kıptîler bu tür toplantılara katılmaktadır. Kıptîler, Bizanslı Diocletianus’un katliamına uğradıkları milâdî 284 yılının başlangıç kabul edildiği özel bir takvim kullanmaktadır. Diğerlerine nisbetle Kıptî kiliseleri daha basit ve sade yapılar olup içlerinde heykel bulunmamaktadır. Önceleri kiliselere kadınların alınmadığı söylenirse de günümüzde âyinlere kadınlar da iştirak etmektedir.
Kıptî kilisesi vaftiz, Evharistiya, kuvvetlendirme, tövbe, evlilik, ruhbanlık ve hasta yağlanmasından ibaret olan yedi temel sakramenti kabul etmektedir. Kitâb-ı Mukaddes’te Aden bahçesinin Doğu’da olduğu (Tekvîn, 2/8) ve Îsâ’nın tekrar gelişinin bu yönden olacağı (Matta, 24/27) belirtildiğinden ibadetlerde ayakta bu istikamete dönülmektedir. Günde yedi defa dua yapılmakta, yılda toplam 151 gün oruç ve doksan üç perhiz bulunmaktadır. Cumartesi ve pazar günleri oruç tutulmaz. Bütün hıristiyanlar için olduğu gibi Kıptîler için de Kudüs önemli bir ziyaret ve hac yeridir. Ayrıca Mısır’da Kıptîler için kutsal sayılan ellinin üzerinde ziyaret merkezi vardır. Kıptî kilisesinde hıristiyan mezheplerinin çoğunun kabul ettiği Noel ve Paskalya bayramları yanında Hz. Îsâ’nın Meryem’e müjdelenmesi, göğe yükselmesi, 6 Ocak yortusu olan Epiphani gibi Îsâ ile ilgili yedi adet birinci ve yedi adet ikinci derecede, Meryem ile ilgili olarak da çok sayıda bayram kutlanmaktadır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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A. S. Atiya, A History of Eastern Christianity , London 1967, s. 13-145.
a.mlf., “Ḳıbṭ”, EI2 (İng.) , V, 90-95.
J. Leroy, “L’Eglise Copte”, Histoire des religions (ed. Heri-Charles Puech), Belgique 1972, II, 895.
Fr. Lebrun, Les grandes dates: du christianisme , Paris 1989, s. 176-178.
A. Brissaud, Islam & Chrétienté: Treize siècles de cohabitation , Paris 1991, s. 103-135.
Mustafa Erdem, “Kıptî Kilisesi Üzerine Bir Araştırma”, AÜİFD , XXXVI (1997), s. 143-178.
G. Wiet, “Kıptîler”, İA , VI, 716-733.
R. Janin, “Eglises orientales”, Catholicisme , III, 1468-1471.
“Copts”, Encyclopedia of African Peoples (ed. B. Giles), London 2000, s. 63-64.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2002 yılında Ankara’da basılan 25. cildinde, 424-426 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.