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KIRAT Skip to content Sikke, ecza ve kıymetli taşların ölçümünde kullanılan eski bir ağırlık ölçüsü birimi.
Sözlükte “keçi boynuzu çekirdeği” anlamına gelmekte olup Ârâmîce’de gêrâ , Akkadca ve Asurca’da girû şeklinde söylenen kelime İbrânîce’de girah (m$frac{1}{20}$ veya m$frac{1}{24}$ şekel), Süryânîce’de ḳāraṭâ , Arapça’da ḳīrâṭ , Grekçe’de keration olarak yer almıştır (v. Soden, I, 291; Gesenius, s. 176). Aynı zamanda ceratium , cerates biçiminde Grekçe’den Latince’ye, doğrudan Arapça’dan yahut Türkçe aracılığıyla da Avrupa dillerine geçmiştir (carat/karat, carato, quirate/quilate…). Ayrıca Akkadca’sı harûb, harubu , Ârâmîce ve Arapça’sı ḥarrûb /ḥarnûb (tekili ḥarrûbe /ḥarnûbe ), Süryânîce’si ḥarob, ḥarôbâ olan “keçi boynuzu” mânasındaki kelime Grekçe’ye (kharrouba ), Latince’ye (carrubium ) ve Avrupa dillerine girmiştir.
I ve II. (VII ve VIII.) yüzyıllarda Mısır cam vezinlerinde (sence) bakır paranın ağırlığını gösteren harrûbe tabirine sık rastlanır. İyi korunmuş cam vezinler incelendiğinde harrûbe ortalama 0,196 gr. olarak hesaplanmaktadır (İA , V, 301). Kaynaklar 3 habbelik (kamha) Mısır harrûbesinin (kırat) karşılığını m$frac{1}{24}$ miskal = m$frac{1}{18}$ dirhem olarak vermektedir (İbn Fazlullah el-Ömerî, s. 80; Kalkaşendî, III, 436; Makrîzî, I, 75). Buna göre söz konusu birim, “Firavun miskali” de denen Mısır-Roma sicilicusunun (= 14,166 gr.) üçte biri ağırlığında olup Arap miskali diye bilinen 96 habbelik dacicusun (= 4,722 gr.) yirmi dörtte birine tekabül eden harrûbe olabilir. Arap miskalinin yirmide birine denk gelen harrûbe ise 0,23611 gramdır. Bu kelime Tunus’ta son zamanlara kadar bir bakır sikkenin adı olarak kullanılmıştır. Kırat Irak’ta miskalin/dinarın yirmide biri iken Mekke, Mısır ve Suriye’de yirmi dörtte biridir (İbnü’l-Esîr, IV, 42; M. Emîn el-Muhibbî, II, 376).
Müslümanlar Suriye ve Mısır’ı fethettiklerinde yürürlükte olan aşağıdaki klasik dönem Konstantin (Bizans) ölçü sistemini aynen korumuşlardır:
Sextula / miskal 1 4,5333 gr. Drachma / dirhem 1m$frac{1}{3}$ 1 3,4 gr. Obulus / dânek 8 6 1 0,5666 gr. Siliqua / kırat 24 18 3 1 0,1888 gr. Granum / habbe 96 72 24 4 1 0,047222 gr.
Halife Abdülmelik b. Mervân devrinde yapılan ölçü ve para reformuyla aşağıdaki sistem benimsenmiştir:
Miskal-dinar 1 4,25 gr. Dirhem 1m$frac{1}{3}$ 1 3,1875 gr. Dânek 8 6 1 0,53125 gr. Kırat (Bağdat) 20 15 2,5 1 0,2125 gr. Habbe (Bağdat) 60 45 7,5 3 1 0,070833 gr.
veya
Miskal-dinar 1 4,25 gr. Dirhem 1m$frac{1}{3}$ 1 3,1875 gr. Dânek 8 6 1 0,53125 gr. Kırat (Fâris) 24 18 3 1 0,1770833 gr. Habbe (Fâris) 72 54 9 3 1 0,0590277 gr.
Matematikçi Ebü’l-Vefâ el-Bûzcânî’nin (ö. 388/998) verdiği şu eşitlik yukarıdaki tabloları açıklamaktadır: 1 dinar = 20 Bağdat kıratı = 24 Basra, Fâris, Ahvaz kıratı = 60 Bağdat habbesi = 72 Basra ve Fâris habbesi (Kitâbü Menâzili’s-sebʿ , s. 331). Şer‘î miskal::şer‘î dirhem orantısının 10::7 şeklinde olduğuna dair rivayetleri esas alan Abdülmelik b. Mervân, para birimi olan dirhemi 3,1875 gr. yerine 4,25 × 7 ÷ 10 = 2,975 gr. (= 14 Bağdat kıratı) olarak kestirmiştir. Buna göre piyasalarda tedavül edegelen ve örfî dirhem olarak da anılan 3,4 gramlık Bizans drahmisi her biri 0,2125 gramlık 16 Bağdat kıratına denk gelmektedir.
Mâlikîler 1 şer‘î miskal = 24 kırat = 72 arpa; 1 şer‘î dirhem = 16,8 kırat = 50,4 arpa eşitliklerini benimsemişlerdir. Buna göre miskal 4,25 gr., dirhem 2,975 gr., kırat 0,1770833 gr. ve arpa 0,0590277 gr. olur. Hanefîler ise şu eşitlikleri esas alırlar: 1 miskal = 20 kırat = 72 arpa; 1 dirhem = 14 kırat = 50,4 arpa. Böylece miskal, dirhem ve arpa yukarıdakilerle aynı değerleri taşırken kıratın 0,2125 gr. olduğu görülür. Bazı kaynakların verdiği 1 kırat = m$frac{1}{2}$ dânek = m$frac{1}{12}$ dirhem = 4 (veya 5) habbe şeklindeki eşitlik (Cevherî, eṣ-Ṣıḥâḥ , “mkk” md.; Ahterî, I, 317; II, 844-845; Kustâ b. Lûkā, vr. 70b ), 2,833 gramlık dirhem, 0,4722 gramlık dânek ve 0,0590277 (veya 0,04722) gramlık habbe esas alındığında doğrulanmaktadır. İbnü’l-Hümâm, Semerkant kıratının 1m$frac{1}{5}$ tassûca, yani 4m$frac{4}{5}$ arpaya eşit olduğunu bildirmektedir. Bu bilgi 0,044270833 gramlık arpa esas alındığında doğrulanmaktadır. Ayrıca Semerkant tassûcu 0,1770833 gramlık kırata denk düşmektedir (Fetḥu’l-ḳadîr , II, 211-212).
955 (1548) tarihli Şam Vilâyeti Kanunnâmesi’nde miskalin 24 kırata, 1081 (1670) tarihli Kandiye Kanunu’nda da şer‘î dirhemin 14 kırata, kıratın ise 5 arpaya denk olduğu kaydedilmektedir (Barkan, s. 220, 352). Darphâne usulünce 4 buğdaylık (= 5 vasat arpa) Osmanlı kıratının şer‘î kıratın aynı olduğu kabul edilir. XVIII-XIX. yüzyıllarda 32 kıt‘alık İstanbul kıratı dirhemin on altıda birine (200,46015625 miligram) eşitti (SA , III, 1561). 26 Eylül 1869 tarihli kanunnâmeye göre şu değerler benimsenmiştir: 1 kırat = 4 buğday = 16 fitil = 32 nakīr = 64 kıtmîr = 128 zerre = m$frac{1}{4}$ denk = m$frac{1}{16}$ dirhem = m$frac{1}{24}$ miskal = 0,20046015625 gr. Muhammed b. Ahmed ed-Desûkī (ö. 1230/1815), şer‘î dinar ve dirhemin sırasıyla 21m$frac{3}{14}$ ve 14,85 harrûbeye eşit olduğunu söylemektedir. İlgili harrûbe için yukarıdaki Osmanlı kıratı esas alındığında kabaca 4,25 gramlık dinar ve 2,975 gramlık dirheme ulaşılır. Dolayısıyla Desûkī’nin sözünü ettiği harrûbe Osmanlı kıratıdır (Ḥâşiye , II, 201). Mustafa ez-Zehebî’nin verdiği bilgilerden, XIX. yüzyılın sonlarında 1 Mısır miskali = 24 kırat (harrûbe) = 1,5 dirhem; 1 şer‘î miskal = 22m$frac{6}{7}$ kırat eşitlikleri elde edilir; ikinci birim 4,25 gramdır; buradan birincisi 4,4625 gr. olarak bulunur. Söz konusu miskal, dirhem ve kırat sırasıyla 4,4625 gr., 2,975 ve 0,1859375 gr. demektir. Zehebî ayrıca şer‘î miskali = 72 arpa, şer‘î dirhemi 16 kırat = 50,4 arpa, kıratı da 3,15 arpa veya 4 buğday (kamha) olarak vermektedir ki bu hesabın sağlaması ancak 0,1859375 gramlık harrûbe, 0,0590277 gramlık arpa ve 0,046484375 gramlık buğdayla yapılabilir (Taḥrîr , s. 85-86). XIX. yüzyılda Halep’te kullanılan ağırlık dirheminin 3,167 gr. olduğu bildirilmektedir. Hasan b. İbrâhim el-Cebertî’nin verdiği 600 Şam dirheminin 592,5 Mısır dirhemine tekabül ettiğine dair bilgi de yukarıdaki mâlûmatla birlikte değerlendirildiğinde Suriye dirheminin (3,2073625 × 592,5 ÷ 600 =) 3,16727 grama denk düştüğü anlaşılır. Ayrıca Şeyzerî’nin kaydettiği verilerden 1 Şam miskali = 1m$frac{5}{12}$ dirhem = 24 kırat = 85 habbe; 1 Şam dirhemi = 60 habbe şeklindeki eşitliklere ulaşılmaktadır (Nihâyetü’r-rütbe , s. 16-17). Buradan (1m$frac{5}{12}$ × 3,16727 =) 4,48696 gramlık Suriye miskali elde edilir. Yine 100 Şam miskalinin 98,75 Mısır miskaline denk geldiğine dair veriden hareketle yaklaşık 4,54 gramlık Mısır miskali ve onun kıratı bulunur.
1910 yılında Paris’te toplanan Beynelmilel Evzan ve Mesâha Komisyonu, değerli taşların tartılmasında kullanılan kıratın (karat) küsuratı atılarak tam 200 miligram sayılmasını kararlaştırmıştır. Kırat günümüzde elmas ve inci gibi değerli taşlar için ağırlık birimi, altın içinse saflık ayarı olarak kullanılmaktadır. Eskiden altın Doğu’da miskalle alınıp satıldığından bu uygulamanın bir uzantısı olarak altın külçe veya eşyanın meselâ 21 kırat ayarında olduğunu söylemek, onun içerdiği madenî karışımın 1 miskallik yani 24 kıratlık miktarında 21 kırat (% 87,5) saf altın bulunduğu anlamına gelir (Devlet-i Aliyye-i Osmâniyye Salnâmesi , s. 398-399).
Kırat ve harrûbe bazı bölgelerde hacim ölçüsü olarak da kullanılırdı. 1892’de yürürlüğe giren 28 Nisan 1891 tarihli genelge ile tevhid edilen Mısır ölçü sisteminde kadehin otuz ikide biri değerindeki kırat 0,064453125 litreye, harrûbe onun iki katına (0,12890625 litreye) eşitlendi (Système des mesures , s. 19-20). Halbuki piyasalarda kullanımda olan kırat 0,072, harrûbe ise 0,141 litrelik bir hacme sahipti (Hinz, s. 38, 50; Mahmoud Beg, I [1873], s. 83, 85).
Kahire kumaş arşını, Mısır demir arşını ve tüccar arşını gibi bazı uzunluk ölçülerinin yirmi dörtte birine de kırat adı verilirdi. Ancak zirâu’l-amel 32 kırata, el arşını ise 21 kırata tekabül ederdi (Kalkaşendî, IV, 181, 216). Mısır kıratı XIX. yüzyılda (54,04 ÷ 24 =) 2,25166 santimetreye eşitti (Mahmoud Beg, I [1873], s. 89).
26 Eylül 1869 tarihli Osmanlı kanunnâmesine göre girah çarşı arşını ve endâzenin on altıda birine, yani sırasıyla (68 ÷ 16 =) 4,25 ve (65 ÷ 16 =) 4,0625 santimetreye eşittir. 24 Eylül 1881 tarihli ölçü reformuyla benimsenen 1 arşın = 10 girah = 100 parmak = 1000 hat = 10.000 nokta eşitliğindeki yeni girah metrik sistemdeki santimetreye karşılık gelmektedir (Fî 29 Şevval , s. 4-5; Système des mesures , s. 4). Farsça girih ise İran arşını zer‘in on altıda birine, yani (104 ÷ 16 =) 6,5 santimetreye denk düşmektedir (Hinz, s. 62; Dihhudâ, XXIII, 262).
Kırat ve harrûbe bazı bölgelerde alan ölçüsü olarak da kullanılırdı; meselâ Mısır’da feddânın yirmi dörtte birine eşitti (Kalkaşendî, III, 442). 28 Nisan 1891 tarihli kararnâmeyle benimsenen metrik sistemde 175,034722 m2 ’ye tekabül ediyordu (Hinz, s. 66). XVIII-XIX. yüzyıllarda Tunus’ta harrûbe mercâ‘ adlı ölçünün on altıda birine karşılık gelirdi. Mercâ‘ da yöreden yöreye farklılık gösterdiğinden alanı 16 m2 , 39 m2 , 40 m2 , 54 m2 , 100 m2 vb. olan çeşitli harrûbeler vardı (Mahmûd Ferve, sy. 7-8 [1993], s. 245).
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2002 yılında Ankara’da basılan 25. cildinde, 437-439 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.