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KISSA Skip to content Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de tarihî kişilerle olaylara dair yer alan haberler ve bunlardan bahseden ilim.
Sözlükte “bir kimsenin izini sürmek, ardınca gitmek; bir kimseye bir haber veya sözü bildirmek” gibi mânalara gelen kıssa kelimesi bir kimse yahut bir şeye ait hadiselerin adım adım, nokta nokta takip edilerek anlatılması / hikâye edilmesi ve bu niteliği taşıyan hikâyeyi ifade eder. Kelimenin bu etimolojik anlamı, kıssa türü hikâyede olayın adım adım izlenecek nitelikte önemli ve ilginç olmasıyla doğru ve gerçekçi olması niteliklerini ön plana çıkarır. Kıssanın hikâyeden farkı da bu nitelikleri dolayısıyladır. Çünkü asıl anlamı “nakil” olan hikâye gerçekçi-hayalî, önemli-önemsiz başkalarına aktarılıp anlatılabilecek her tür olayı kapsar. Kur’an’da yer alan kıssalar için hikâye kelimesinin kullanılmaması da bu ayırıma dayanır. Zira Kur’an kıssaları ibret alınacak olan, tarihî doğruluk ve gerçeklik niteliği taşıyan olaylardır. Bunların dışında kıssa kelimesi “söz (hadis), haber, mevzu, mesele, hal (şan, emr)” anlamlarına geldiği gibi muahhar Arapça’da “hikâye” (daha çok dinî ve ahlâkî), “tarih” (daha çok Endülüs Arapçası’nda) ve “dilekçe / hak talebi yazısı” mânalarını da ifade eder. Arap edebiyatında hikâye yerine kıssa kullanılır. Son devir Arap edebiyatında ise kıssa hikâye ve romanı da kapsayan bir türdür. Bugünkü Arap edebiyatında hikâye karşılığı olarak kıssadan başka “kıssa kasîra, uksûsa” kelimeleri de yer almaktadır (bk. HİKÂYE ).
Kur’an’da kıssa kelimesi geçmez. Ancak isim olarak “hikâye”, masdar olarak da “hikâye etmek” anlamında kasas ile (Âl-i İmrân 3/62; el-A‘râf 7/176; Yûsuf 12/3; el-Kasas 28/25) aynı kökten türeyen fiiller kullanılır. Kassa fiili iki yerde (el-Kehf 18/64; el-Kasas 28/11) “bir kimsenin izini sürüp ardınca gitmek”, diğer birçok yerde ise “peygamberlerin hikâyelerini anlatmak, haber nakletmek, hakkı, âyeti, rüyayı açıklamak, anlatmak” gibi anlamlarda kullanılmıştır (en-Nisâ 4/164; el-En‘âm 6/57, 130; el-A‘râf 7/7, 35, 101; Hûd 11/100, 120; Yûsuf 12/35; en-Nahl 16/118; el-Kehf 18/13; Tâhâ 20/99; en-Neml 27/76; el-Mü’min 40/78). Aynı kökten gelen kısâs kelimesinin asıl anlamı iki kişiden her birinin diğerinin izini takip etmesidir. Bir fiil ve cezanın iki taraf için de geçerli (izlenmiş) olması sebebiyle bir terim anlamı kazanmış olup Kur’an’da dört yerde geçmektedir (el-Bakara 2/178, 179, 194; el-Mâide 5/45).
Kasas kelimesi ve türevleri dışında Kur’an’da bu anlamda nebe’, enbâ’, hadîs kelimeleri de geçmektedir. Sözlükte “önemli, yararlı ve büyük haber” mânasına gelen nebe’ ve çoğulu enbâ’ ile bu kökten türeyen birçok fiil Kur’an’da yer almaktadır. Hz. Âdem’in iki oğlu, Nûh, İbrâhim, Mûsâ ve Firavun, Âd, Semûd kıssalarıyla kıyamet ve gayb (âhiret) haberleri için nebe’ ve enbâ’ kelimeleri kullanılmıştır (bk. M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem , “nbʾe” md.). “Yeni söz, hâdise” anlamına gelen hadis de bazı âyetlerde “kıssa, hâdise, haber” mânasında geçmektedir. Hz. İbrâhim’in konukları (ez-Zâriyât 51/24), Mûsâ (Tâhâ 20/9; en-Nâziât 79/15), Cünûd, Firavun, Semûd (el-Burûc 85/17), kıyamet (el-Gāşiye 88/1) kıssa ve haberleri için hadis kelimesi kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca mesel de “kıssa, hikâye, destan” anlamında olmakla birlikte darbımesellerde geçen kıssalar, bir hususu örnekleyerek çarpıcı ve etkili bir biçimde dile getirmek amacıyla genelde temsilî ve farazî nitelikte bulunur; tarihî gerçeklik ifade eden birer hadise ve hikâye olmaları şart değildir. Kur’an’daki kıssalarla emsali birbirinden ayıran en önemli nokta budur. Kur’an meselleri içinde her iki kategoriye giren örnekler vardır. Âdem ve Îsâ’nın yaratılışının temsili, Ashâbü’l-karye ve İbn Meryem’in meselleriyle Nûh, Lût ve Firavun’un eşlerinin temsilleri (Âl-i İmrân 3/59; el-En‘âm 6/10, 11; Yâsîn 36/13) tarihî gerçeklik ifade ederken çölde ateş yakan adam, sağanağa tutulmuş kimse, su sanılan aldatıcı serap, sivrisinek, örümcek, karasinek, şiddetli rüzgârın savurduğu kül, âciz köle, efendilerin çekiştiği köle vb. temsiller (bk. M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem , “ms̱l” md.) sembolik ve farazî niteliktedir.
Mahiyetleri itibariyle Kur’an kıssaları üçe ayrılır. 1. Tarihî kıssalar. Âdem ve iki oğlu, Nûh, Hûd, Sâlih, Lût, İbrâhim, İsmâil, İshak, Ya‘kūb, Yûsuf, Şuayb, Mûsâ, Dâvûd, Süleyman, Eyyûb, Yûnus, Zekeriyyâ, Yahyâ ve Îsâ gibi peygamberlerin kıssalarıdır. Bunlardan özellikle Yûsuf, Âdem, Mûsâ ve Îsâ’ya ait olanlar geniş yer tutar. Bazı şahsiyetlerle hadiselere dair kıssalar da bu kategoriye girer. Üzeyir, Lokmân, Zülkarneyn, Firavun, Nemrûd, Kārûn, Ashâb-ı Kehf, Ashâbü’l-karye, Ashâbü’l-fîl, Ashâbü’l-uhdûd gibi. 2. Kur’an’ın nüzûlü sırasında meydana gelen olaylar. Kur’an’da bu olaylar da kıssa formunda anlatılmıştır: İsrâ, mi‘rac, hicret, Ahzâb, Bedir, Uhud, Hendek, Huneyn, Hamrâü’l-esed, Tebük savaşları ve seferleri, Bey‘atürrıdvân ve Hudeybiye Antlaşması gibi. 3. Gaybî kıssalar. Bunlar yedi ayrı sûrede anlatılan Âdem’in yaratılışı kıssasıyla kıyamet sahneleri, âhiret, cennet, cehennem, buralara girecek olanların durumu ve haberleri olup ibret için kıssa formunda anlatılmıştır.
Kıssalar uzun ve kısa olarak da iki gruba ayrılır. Uzun kıssalar Kur’an’da geniş yer tutar. Bir sûreyi baştan sona kaplayan Yûsuf kıssasıyla Nûh, Hûd, İbrâhim, Mûsâ ve Îsâ kıssaları gibi. Kısa olanlar ya başka yerde uzunca anlatıldığı için kısa tutulmuştur -Mûsâ kıssasının Tâhâ, Kasas ve A‘râf sûrelerinde uzun, Nâziât’ta kısa olarak geçmesi gibi- veya Kur’an’ın indirilişi sırasında meydana gelmesi sebebiyle mâlûm olduğundan bir ibret hatırlatması kabilinden kısaca zikredilmiştir, fîl ve uhdûd kıssaları gibi. İbret için ardarda zikredilen kıssalar da kısa formdadır. Fecr sûresinde Âd, Semûd ve Firavun, Kamer sûresinde Nûh ve kavmi, Âd, Semûd, Lût ve Firavun kıssaları böyledir.
Kur’an kıssalarında gözetilen amaçlar Kur’an’ın indiriliş amaçlarıyla örtüşür. Bu bakımdan A‘râf, Hûd, Enbiyâ ve Şuarâ gibi sûrelerde anlatılan peygamber kıssaları Allah’ın birliği, O’na itaat ve kulluk ana fikrinde odaklanmıştır. Ashâbü’l-karye, Ashâb-ı Kehf, harap olmuş kasabaya uğrayan kişiye ait (el-Bakara 2/259) kıssalarda âhiret inancı, cennet ve cehennem hayatı işlenmiştir. Bütün peygamberlerin İslâm dinini tebliğ ettiğini, bu sebeple hepsinin de Allah’ın birliği ve âhiret inancı ile iyiliği emir, kötülükten nehiy gibi temel hedeflerde birleştiğini göstermek de kıssaların ana gayelerindendir. A‘râf, Hûd, Enbiyâ sûrelerinde peygamber kıssalarının ardarda sıralanışında bu amacın gözetildiği görülür. Hz. Muhammed’in peygamber, Kur’an’ın vahiy mahsulü olduğunu ispat etmek de bu hedefler arasındadır. Çünkü Hz. Muhammed ümmî olduğu halde getirdiği kitapta hiç kimsenin -en azından Kur’an’ın ilk muhatapları olan Mekkeliler’in- bilmediği haber ve kıssaların (enbâü’l-gayb: Hûd 11/49; Yûsuf 12/102; el-Kasas 28/44-46) yer alması bu gerçeği kanıtlar.
Bazı kıssaların sonunda bildirildiği üzere ibret ve ders alınmasını sağlamak da kıssaların temel hedeflerindendir. Bu bakımdan eski kavimlerin başına gelen felâketler anlatılarak onlar gibi davrananların da aynı âkıbete uğrayacakları vurgusu Kur’an kıssalarında geniş yer tutar. Bu bağlamda kıssalarda iyi ve kötünün modelleri ortaya konarak erdemlere ve ahlâkî olgunluğa teşvikle kötülüklerden sakındırma amacı güdülmüştür. Bu teşvik ve caydırmalar teşbih, temsil, mecaz, istiare gibi edebî sanatlar ve tasvirlerle somutlaştırılmış resim tabloları halinde gözler önüne serilerek tesirin tonu edebiyat ve sanat boyutuyla da desteklenmiştir. Yine peygamber kıssalarında yer alan bazı mûcizelerde ilmî gelişmeyi teşvik işaretleri bulmak da kıssalardan çıkarılabilecek dersler arasındadır. Hz. Süleyman’ın rüzgârla bir günde iki aylık yol alması havanın gücünü ve aerodinamik kanunlarını hatırlatmakta, yine Dâvûd için demirin yumuşatılması, Süleyman için bakırın eritilip akışkan kıvama getirilmesi madenlerin bulunup çıkarılması ve işletilmesi konusunda, Hz. Îsâ’nın hastaları iyileştirmesi ve ölüleri diriltmesi tıbbî gelişmeler hususunda, Sebe melikesinin tahtının göz açıp kapama süresi içinde getirilmesi cisimlerin nakil hızı konusunda önemli işaret ve teşvikler içermektedir.
Kur’an kıssalarında gözetilen amaçlar arasında Hz. Peygamber’in ve müminlerin felâket ve sıkıntılara karşı dayanma gücünü arttırmak (Hûd 11/102), onları teselli etmek, dua, sabır ve tevekküle teşvik, Allah’ın peygamberlerine ve seçkin kullarına ihsan ettiği nimetleri hatırlatmak (Âdem-İblîs kıssasında olduğu gibi), Âdemoğulları’nı şeytandan sakındırmak gibi hususlar görülür. Ayrıca kıssalarda din olgusunun Hz. Âdem’den beri süregelen değişmez tarihî gerçekliği de özet olarak ortaya konmuştur. Kur’an kıssalarında parlak bir edebî üslûp ve estetik ifade ile anlatılmış tarihî gerçeklerin içerisine bu nevi dinî mesajlar mükemmel bir uyumla yerleştirilmiştir.
Kıssaların anlatımında yöntem bakımından da bazı özellikler görülür. Kıssalarda temel amaç tarihî olayları ayrıntılarıyla ortaya koymak değil ibret ve derslerle dinî mesaj vermek olduğundan olayın bizzat kendisine önem atfedilmiş, bu sebeple ibret gayesine hizmet etmeyen, irşad hedefini gölgede bırakacak olayın şahısları, kahramanları, zaman ve mekânı, olayların kronolojik sıralaması gibi hususlar önemsenmemiştir. Bundan dolayı Kur’an kıssalarının anlatım yönteminde üç temel özellik göze çarpar: Tekrar, olayların sadece maksada (dinî mesaj / ibret) yetecek kadarının anlatılması, kıssaların arasında ibret alınacak husus ve noktaların ne olduğunun belirtilmesi.
Âdem, Nûh, Mûsâ kıssalarında görüldüğü gibi Kur’an kıssalarının birçoğu, her defasında bağlama göre değişen ayrıntılarla ve farklı üslûplarla, dinî amacın, tebliğ ve mesajın gerektirdiği ilâve ve yeniliklerle tekrarlanmıştır. Bu durum anlamsız tekrar değil Kur’an’ın i‘câzının gereklerinden, onun meydan okumasının sırlarından biridir. Kıssanın bütünüyle tekrarı nâdirdir. Meselâ en çok tekrar edilmiş olan Mûsâ kıssasında farklı nüanslar taşıyan tekrarlar birleştirilirse kıssanın tamamı ortaya çıkar. Bu bakımdan meseleye yüzeysel bakan bazı kimselerle şarkiyatçıların çoğunun kıssa tekrarlarını bir kusur olarak görmesi doğru değildir.
Genellikle kıssaların tebliğ, ibret ve irşad maksadına yetecek kadarı zikredildiğinden kronolojik sıralama ve ayrıntı maksatlı olarak terkedilmiştir. Bunun izlenen yöntem gereği olduğu ve olayların ayrıntılarıyla bilinmemesinden kaynaklanmadığı bizzat Hz. Peygamber’in yaşadığı isrâ, mi‘rac, Bedir, Uhud gibi kıssalarda da aynı yöntemin takip edilmiş olmasından, ayrıca ayrıntılarıyla ve kronolojik sıraya göre anlatılan bir kıssanın (Yûsuf kıssası) Kur’an’da yer almasından anlaşılmaktadır. Aynı şekilde bazı kıssalarda önemsiz gibi görülebilecek ayrıntılara girilmesi de bu yöntemin gereğidir. Meselâ İsrâiloğulları’nın kesmesi gereken bakaranın özellikleri konusunda ayrıntıya girilmesi, ziraata dayalı bir çağda bakaraya tapma sapıklığını -dikkatleri onda yoğunlaştırmak suretiyle- yıkma amacına yöneliktir.
Kur’an kıssalarının temel edebî özellikleri arasında değişik üslûplara sahip çarpıcı girizgâhlarla temsil ve tasvir anlatımları görülür. Kıssaların çoğu ondaki en çarpıcı tablo sahnelenerek başlar. Bu suretle muhatabın dikkati celbedildikten sonra kıssanın ayrıntılarına geçilir; Mûsâ kıssasında olduğu gibi. Bazan kıssanın en ibret verici yerleri bir özet halinde girişte anlatılır, ardından kıssa yeniden ele alınır; Ashâb-ı Kehf kıssasında olduğu gibi. Bazan da kıssaya onda bildirilecek olayların hikmet ve sebebi açıklanarak başlanır; Kasas sûresinde olduğu gibi. Ayrıca Kur’an kıssalarında önemli görülen sahneler temsilî bir anlatımla ortaya konur; gerisi ve bağlantılar muhatabın muhayyilesine bırakılır. Kıssalarda görülen edebî özelliklerden biri de hadiselerin kuru ve yavan tarihî anlatım yöntemiyle değil edebî bir üslûpla, somut sûret, portre ve tablolar halinde canlı ve etkin bir anlatımla haber verilmesidir.
Bazı şarkiyatçılar Kur’an kıssalarının Tevrat ve İncil’den alındığını iddia ederler. Halbuki Resûl-i Ekrem ümmî olduğu gibi Tevrat VIII. yüzyılda, İncil ise en erken IX. yüzyılda Arapça’ya çevrilmiştir. Gerçekte vahiy menşeli olmaları sebebiyle bu üç kitapta genellikle aynı kıssalar yer almakla birlikte temel vurgu, muhteva ve üslûp bakımından Kur’an kıssaları onlardan çok farklıdır. Çünkü Tevrat kıssalarında ana tema yahudilerin Tanrı’nın seçilmiş kavmi olduğu düşüncesidir. Onda tarihî olaylar ayrıntılarıyla ve yavan bir üslûpla dile getirilmiştir. Bu kıssalarda Allah’ın Nûh tûfanını yaratmasından ve Tâlût’u kral yapmasından dolayı pişman olduğu iddiası (Tekvîn, 8/20-22; 9/11-17; Samuel, 15/10-11), peygamberlere zina yapma, puta tapma isnadı gibi İslâm’ın Allah ve peygamber anlayışıyla bağdaşmayan hususlar ve tutarsızlıklarla mitolojik unsurlar yer almaktadır. Hz. Îsâ’nın hayat hikâyesini anlatan İncil’de vurgulanan üçlü tanrı inancı (teslîs), Îsâ’nın Allah’ın oğlu olduğu, onun çarmıha gerildiği gibi hususlar da Kur’an’la çelişmektedir. Kur’an kıssalarında tarihî bilgiler ön planda değildir; şahıslar, zaman ve mekân gibi ayrıntılara girilmez; kıssanın mesaj ve ibret yönü önemsenmiş olup canlı bir tasvir-temsil üslûbu hâkimdir. Bununla birlikte Tevrat ve İncil’de Kur’an verileriyle örtüşen, tahrife uğramamış bilgiler de mevcuttur.
Kur’an’da çok geniş bir yer tutan kıssalar, çağımızda edebiyat araştırmalarının gelişmesine paralel olarak eskiden görülmemiş bir ilgiye mazhar olmuş, muhtelif makale ve eserlerde çeşitli yönlerden incelenmiştir. Kıssaları geniş ve ayrıntılı biçimde anlatan eserlerin birçoğuna İsrâiliyat karıştırılmıştır. Taberî, İbn Kesîr, Hâzin ve Sa‘lebî tefsirleri, Taberî tarihiyle İbnü’l-Esîr’in el-Kâmil ’i gibi kitaplarla Sa‘lebî’nin ʿArâʾisü’l-mecâlis ’i ve İbn Kesîr’in Ḳaṣaṣü’l-enbiyâʾ ı, çağdaş âlimlerden Ni‘metullah el-Cezâirî’nin en-Nûrü’l-mübîn ’i gibi eserler bu türdendir. Kıssalardan ders çıkarmak amacıyla yazılan eserlerin bir kısmı kıssaların tamamını ele almaktadır. M. Ahmed Câdelmevlâ ve arkadaşlarının Ḳaṣaṣü’l-Ḳurʾân , Abdülvehhâb en-Neccâr’ın Ḳaṣaṣü’l-enbiyâʾ , Muhammed el-Meczûb’un Ḳaṣaṣ ve ʿiber , M. Tayyib en-Neccâr’ın Târîḫu’l-enbiyâʾ , M. Fethî Hâfız Kûre’nin el-Ḳurʾân ve enbâʾü’l-enbiyâʾ , Afîf Abdülfettâh Tabbâre’nin Maʿa’l-enbiyâʾ fi’l-Ḳurʾâni’l-Kerîm , N. Mehmet Solmaz – İsmail L. Çakan’ın Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’e Göre Peygamberler ve Tevhid Mücadelesi , M. Dikmen – Bünyamin Ateş’in Peygamberler Târihi , M. Faruk Gürtunca’nın Peygamberler Târihi bu gruba girer. Sadece bir kıssayı anlatan veya birkaç kıssayı ele alan eserler arasında İbrâhim Ali Ebü’l-Haşeb’in Yûsuf , Ahmed el-Cibâlî’nin Ḳıṣṣatü Mûsâ , Mahmûd Zehrâ’nın Ḳaṣaṣ mine’l-Ḳurʾân , Behî el-Hûlî’nin Âdem , A. Abdülfettâh Tabbâre’nin el-Yehûd fi’l-Ḳurʾân (trc. M. Aydın, Kur’ân’da Yahudiler ), Atıyye A. Zâhide’nin Aṣḥâbü’l-Kehf , M. Hayr Ramazan Yûsuf’un Ẕülḳarneyn , Sırrı Paşa’nın Ahsenü’l-kasas , Osman Cilâcı’nın Kur’an Işığında Üç Peygamber , Necati Kara’nın Kur’ân’a Göre Hz. Mûsa, Firavun ve Yahudiler adlı eserleri anılabilir. Belli bir konuyu ele alan eserlerden de Rebî‘ el-Medhalî’nin Menhecü’l-enbiyâʾ fi’d-daʿve , Abdülvehhâb ed-Deylemî’nin Meʿâlimü’d-daʿve fî ḳaṣaṣi’l-Ḳurʾân ’ı sayılabilir. Kur’an kıssalarının çocuklar için basit bir üslûpla kaleme alındığı eserler içinde Seyyid Kutub – Abdülhamîd Cevdet es-Sahhâr’ın Silsile mine’l-ḳaṣaṣi’l-Ḳurʾânî , M. Ahmed Berânik’in Mecmûʿatü ḳaṣaṣi’l-enbiyâʾ , Nedvî’nin Ḳaṣaṣü’n-nebî li’l-eṭfâl ’i anılabilir. Bu türden Türkçe eserler de mevcuttur. Kur’an kıssalarının ilmî bir yaklaşımla incelendiği eserler arasında şunlar zikredilebilir: Seyyid Abdülhafîz Abdürabbih, Buḥûs̱ fî ḳaṣaṣi’l-Ḳurʾân ; Abdülkerîm el-Hatîb, el-Ḳaṣaṣü’l-Ḳurʾânî fî manṭûḳıhî ve mefhûmih ; Muhammed Şerkāvî, el-Enbiyâʾ fi’l-Ḳurʾân ; Ebü’l-Hasan en-Nedvî, en-Nübüvve ve’l-enbiyâʾ fî ḍavʾi’l-Ḳurʾân ; Râşid el-Berâvî, el-Ḳaṣaṣü’l-Ḳurʾânî ; Tâhâ A. Mukallid, el-Ḳaṣaṣü’l-Ḳurʾânî ; Kasabî Mahmûd Zelat, Ḳażâya’t-tekrâr fi’l-ḳaṣaṣi’l-Ḳurʾânî ; Muhammed Şedîd, Menhecü’l-ḳıṣṣa fi’l-Ḳurʾân ; Abdülazîz Kâmil, el-Ḳurʾân ve’t-târîḫ ; Muhammed Beyyûmî Mehrân, Dirâsât târîḫiyye mine’l-Ḳurʾâni’l-Kerîm ; Tihâmî Nakra, Sîkolojiyyetü’l-ḳıṣṣa fi’l-Ḳurʾân ; İdris Şengül, Kur’an’ın Temel Prensipleri Işığında Kıssaların Tahlil ve Değerlendirilmesi (doktora tezi), Kur’an Kıssalarının Anlam ve Değeri (Ankara 1998, IV. Kur’an Haftası Kur’an Sempozyumu Bildirileri). Seyyid Kutub’un et-Taṣvîrü’l-fennî fi’l-Ḳurʾân ’ı, Muhammed el-Gazâlî’nin Naẓarât fi’l-Ḳurʾân ’ı, Muhammed Kutub’un Dirâsât fi’l-Ḳurʾân ’ının konuyla ilgili bölümleri de bu yönteme göre hazırlanmıştır. Suat Yıldırım’ın “Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de Kıssalar” başlıklı makalesi de bu türdendir (bk. bibl.).
Kur’an kıssalarının edebî yönünü inceleyen eserler de bu gruba girer. Muhammed Ahmed Halefullah’ın el-Fennü’l-ḳaṣaṣî fi’l-Ḳurʾân (Kahire 1947) adlı doktora tezinden sonra bu nevi çalışmalar yoğunluk kazanmıştır. Kur’an kıssalarında mükemmel bir edebî kurgu ile psiko-sosyal boyutun ön planda olduğu, bu sebeple kıssaların tarihî gerçekliğinin bu bağlamda önemi olmadığı, doğru veya yanlış olması, hatta halk arasında yaygın şekliyle zikredilmiş bulunmasının mümkün olduğu hususunun vurgulandığı tez üniversitede reddedildiği gibi parlamentoya da aksetmesi yüzünden tezi yöneten hoca (Emîn el-Hûlî) ve hazırlayan kişi üniversiteden uzaklaştırılmıştır. Halefullah iddialarını kısmen yumuşattıktan sonra eserini Cemal Abdünnâsır zamanında bastırabilmiştir. Kur’an kıssalarının edebî yönünü inceleyen diğer eserler arasında Servet Abaza’nın es-Serdü’l-ḳaṣaṣî fi’l-Ḳurʾân , Muhammed Kâmil Hasan el-Muhâmî’nin el-Ḳurʾân ve’l-ḳıṣṣatü’l-ḥadîs̱e , M. S. Hasan Mustafa’nın Ravâʾiʿu’l-iʿcâz fi’l-ḳaṣaṣi’l-Ḳurʾânî ile el-İʿcâzü’l-luġavî fi’l-ḳıṣṣati’l-Ḳurʾâniyye , Abdülcevâd Muhsin’in el-Ḳıṣṣa fi’l-Ḳurʾâni’l-Kerîm beyne ḥaḳāʾiḳi’l-iʿcâz ve ebâṭîli’l-ḫuṣûm (doktora tezi) adlı eserleri sayılabilir.
Dinî ve ahlâkî erdemlere ve cihada teşvik gayesiyle camilerde halka kıssa anlatan kimselere kāss (çoğulu kussâs ) denilmiştir. İslâm’ın ilk zamanlarından itibaren ortaya çıkan ve iki asır kadar devam eden bu hikâyeciler, malzeme olarak Kur’an ve peygamber kıssaları yanında hurafî ve hayalî hikâyelerle İsrâiliyat’ı da kullanıyorlardı. Özellikle Hz. Ömer devrinden sonra Hz. Osman – Hz. Ali ihtilâfı ve fitnesi zamanında çoğalan bu hikâyecileri Hz. Ali mescidlerden uzaklaştırmıştır. Bu kıssacılar hakkında olumlu veya olumsuz hükümler içeren birçok hadis bulunmaktadır (bk. Wensinck, el-Muʿcem , “ḳṣṣ” md.; ayrıca bk. KUSSÂS ).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Wensinck, el-Muʿcem , “ḳṣṣ” md.
M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem , “nbʾe”, “ms̱l” md.leri.
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Abdülazîz Abdülmecîd, “A Survey of the Terms Used in Arabic For Narrative and ‘Story’”, IQ , I (1954), s. 195-204.
Münîr el-Kādî, “el-Ḳıṣṣa fi’l-Ḳurʾâni’l-Kerîm”, MMİIr. , IX (1962), s. 3-26.
Suat Yıldırım, “Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de Kıssalar”, İİFD , sy. 3 (1979), s. 37-63.
D. B. Macdonald, “Ḳıṣṣa”, EI2 (İng.) , VI, 185-187.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2002 yılında Ankara’da basılan 25. cildinde, 498-501 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.