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KİTÂB-ı BAHRİYYE Skip to content Pîrî Reis’in (ö. 960/1553) Ege ve Akdeniz kıyılarını tasvir eden coğrafî eseri.
Osmanlı coğrafyacısı ve kaptanı Pîrî Reis tarafından hazırlanmış olan Kitâb-ı Bahriyye , Osmanlı coğrafya ve haritacılık tarihinin en önemli örneğini oluşturduğu gibi farklı ilimlerin de başlıca kaynak eseri özelliği taşır, bu açıdan Batı’daki benzerleriyle kıyaslanmayacak ölçüde şöhret kazanmıştır. Eserin mensur ve kısmen manzum olmak üzere iki telifi vardır. Ege ve Akdeniz’in tam bir portolan atlası olan Kitâb-ı Bahriyye ’deki haritalar, hem gemicilerin kullanımı hem model alınarak yenilerinin yapımı amacıyla uzun süre muteber tutulmuştur.
Eserin birinci telifinin tamamlama tarihi 927’dir (1521). Kitabın adı mukaddimede Cezâir-i Bahr-i Sefîd Eşkâli, Eşkâl-i Cezâir ve Sevâhil-i Bahr-i Sefîd şeklinde gösterilirken çeşitli yazmalarında olduğu gibi Kâtib Çelebi’den Bursalı Mehmed Tâhir’e kadar pek çok Osmanlı müellifi eseri Bahriyye ismiyle belirtir. Pîrî Reis eseri, Kemal Reis ve onun arkadaşlarıyla çıktıkları seferlerde topladığı malzemeleri değerlendirmek ve bunları “armağan” bırakmak için kaleme aldığını yazar. Tahta yeni çıkan Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman’a (1520) sunulmak maksadıyla yazılan, ancak ona takdim edilemeyen bu ilk telif eser Gelibolu’da düzenlenmiştir. Kitabın kaleme alınış usulünü, “Evvel şerhleri yazılıp bâdehû ol mahalleri ve şekilleri resmolundu” şeklinde açıklayan Pîrî Reis (Süleymaniye Ktp., Hüsrev Paşa, nr. 272, vr. 2b ) Bozcaada’dan itibaren tasvirlere başlamaktadır. Bütünüyle mensur olan bu telife ait 120-134 haritalı nüshalar bugüne ulaşmıştır. Hem birinci ve ikinci telif nüshalar hem de yalnız harita ve yalnız metin başlıklarıyla tasnifi yapılanlar olmak üzere yurt içinde ve dışında tesbit edilebilen yaklaşık altmış yazma arasından yirmi beşi birinci telif nüshasıdır. İkinci telifin manzum kısımları Seyyid Murâdî tarafından yazıldığı için bu ilk telif Kitâb-ı Bahriyye doğrudan Pîrî Reis’in kaleminden çıkmış olması dolayısıyla önemlidir.
Pîrî Reis, Mısır’a gidişi sırasında (1524-1525) kılavuz olarak yanında bulunduğu Sadrazam Makbul İbrâhim Paşa’dan Kitâb-ı Bahriyye ’yi temize çekerek padişaha sunması teklifini alınca eseri yeniden düzenledi. Manzum kısımlar Gazavât-ı Hayreddin Paşa adlı kitabın da yazarı olan Seyyid Murâdî tarafından hazırlandı ve eser İbrâhim Paşa aracılığı ile Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman’a sunuldu. 932’de (1526) tamamlanan bu telifte yine asıl malzeme Pîrî Reis’e ait olmakla beraber eserin son şeklini alıncaya kadar bir tekâmül seyri geçirmiş olduğu anlaşılmaktadır (Yurdaydın, DTCFD , X/1-2 [1952], s. 143-146).
Epeyce tâdil gören Kitâb-ı Bahriyye ’nin bu ikinci telifinde dua cümleleri, telif ve takdim meselesi, Kemal Reis ve kendi hayatıyla ilgili bilgilerin ardından fırtınalar, rüzgârlar, pusula ve haritanın açıklanması, denizler, Kristof Kolomb’un keşifleri yirmi üç fasıl, 972 beyitlik manzum bölümde yer almaktadır. 209 fasıl olan asıl mensur metin, Sultâniye ve Kilitbahir ile Çanakkale Boğazı ve önündeki adaların anlatımıyla başlar. Pîrî Reis’in kuzeyden bakıldığında sağ yönü izleyerek Ege ve Akdeniz’i anlattığı görülür. Çanakkale Boğazı’nın karşı sahilleri, Selânik körfezi, Eğriboz adası ve Tesalya kıyıları, karşı yakadaki Midilli adası ve yakın sahilinden sonra Marmaris’in anlatımıyla devam eden eserde Mora yarımadası, Adriyatik denizi, Katalan adaları ve kıyılar izlenerek Sebte Boğazı’ndan Kuzey Afrika’ya geçilmiş, oradan Mısır ve Nil’e, Şam, Kıbrıs, Karaman, Antalya ve tekrar Marmaris’e dönülerek Akdeniz havzası tamamlanmıştır. Daha sonra Kerpe ve Girit adalarıyla yazılmayan diğer Ege adaları tasvir edilmiş ve tekrar Çanakkale Boğazı civarına, Saroz körfezine gelinerek asıl metin sona erdirilmiştir. Doksan bir beyitlik manzum hâtimede ise İbrâhim Paşa ile Mısır yolculuğu ve eserin takdim edilmesi olayı anlatılır. Tasvirli haritalarda önemli binaların resimlerine de yer verilmiştir. Coğrafî ve tarihî bilgiler, sığ yerler, kumsallar, güvenli limanlar, kayalıklar, seyre uygun mevsim ve istikametler, su kaynaklarıyla yerleşim yerleri tıpkı portolanlarda olduğu gibi özenle belirtilmiştir. Pîrî Reîs’in, “Kimesne bu misalde müfid yâdigâr eylememiştir” sözleriyle işaret ettiği gibi bütün ayrıntıların haritalarda belirtilemeyeceği düşüncesi eserin telif sebepleri arasındadır ve bu yönüyle Bahriyye ilk Osmanlı portolan atlası olarak görülebilir. İkinci telifin bazı nüshalarının sonunda ilk telifteki gibi Marmara adaları haritaları yer almaktadır.
İlk telifte olmayan manzum bölümler ve hâtime ile “Der beyân-ı sebeb-i nesir” gibi metinlerin ilâvesi, birinci telif nüshalarında en çok 134 olan harita sayısının ikincisinde 223’e ulaşması, son telifin padişaha takdimi, ilk telifteki tasvirlerin Bozcaada’dan başlayıp Kızıladalar’da son bulurken ikincisinin Sultâniye ve Kilitbahir’den başlayıp Saroz körfeziyle bitmesi, önce Kemal Reis’in “hemşîrezâde”si olarak kendini tanıtan müellifin dünya haritalarının açıklama kısımlarında söz ettiği gibi ikinci telifte onun “birâderzâde”si olduğunu belirtmesi, haritalarda yeni ayrıntılara yer vermesi iki telif arasındaki temel farklar içinde sıralanabilir. Pîrî Reis’in metinlerinden ilk telifte Akdeniz’de bir gemicinin, ikincisinde ise Osmanlı hizmetinde bir kaptanın bakışı hâkimdir. Tasvirli şehir haritalarının hem Avrupa prototipini ve hem Pîrî Reis’in bakışını yansıttığı üzerinde de durulmaktadır.
Askerî ihtiyaçların ön plana alındığı ve haritalarda bu tür yapıların mutlaka gösterildiği Bahriyye , Ege ve Akdeniz’deki Osmanlı kuvvetinin somutlaşmış bir görünümüdür ve fethedilmemiş Kıbrıs ve Girit gibi adalar hakkında sıralanan notlar bu yerlere ait resmî bilgilerin seviyesini de yansıtmaktadır. Eserde Kemal Reis’in ve dolaylı olarak Barboros kardeşlerin korsanlık maceraları da yer alır. Kullanılan arkaik Türkçe kelimeler sebebiyle de değerli olan Kitâb-ı Bahriyye gemi türleri ve denizcilik terminolojisi için kaynak eserler arasında gösterilir. Asıl önemlisi Amerika’nın keşfinin bildirilmesinde, Akdeniz’deki yer adlarının Türkçe’lerinin öğrenilmesinde ve dünyanın küre şeklinde olduğunun duyurulmasında da öncü bir eserdir. Bu son bahiste Portekizli bir papaz tarafından yapılmış olan bir yerküreyi gördüğünü belirten Pîrî Reis, muhtemelen Nürnbergli Martin Behaim’in 1492 tarihli yer küresinin bir modelini incelemiştir.
Kitâb-ı Bahriyye ’nin kaynakları üzerinde yapılan araştırmalarda Akdeniz’de elden ele dolaşan bazı İtalyan, Katalan ve Portekiz portolanlarıyla XV. yüzyıl ortalarına ait İtalyan ada kitaplarının (isolario) kullanılmış olabileceği ihtimali öne sürülür. Ege denizi adaları için Bartolommeo’nun isolariosu (Venedik 1484-1486), stil benzerlikleri dolayısıyla C. Boundelmonti’nin başlayıp B. Bartolommeo dalli Sonetti ile B. Bordone’nin geliştirdiği çalışmalar, muhtemel kaydıyla bu kaynaklar arasında belirtilir. Burada özellikle Adriyatik denizi, İtalyan yarımadası, Sicilya ve Fransa kıyıları söz konusudur (Soucek, The History of Cartography , s. 277-279).
Eserin bütün yazmalarındaki minyatürlü haritalarda hangi nakkaşların imzasının bulunduğu, eserin aslında olmayıp bazı nüshalarının sonunda rastlanan ve gerçekçi bulunan İstanbul harita-planlarının kaynakları, bunların ne ölçüde Pîrî Reis’i yansıttığı üzerindeki incelemeler henüz tamamlanmamıştır. İkinci telif yazmalarında harita sayısı genelde 210 adettir. Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman’a sunulması kuvvetle muhtemel olan nüsha ise 215 haritalıdır ve Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Kütüphanesi’nde bulunmaktadır (Hazine, nr. 642). Aynı kütüphanede yer alan (Revan Köşkü, nr. 1633) ve kılavuzda 233 haritalı olduğu belirtilen nüshada bugün 205 kadar harita kalmıştır (Goodrich, Imago Mundi , sy. 45 [1993], s. 132). Bu bakımdan sayılar verilirken eserin yazmalarındaki haritaların gün geçtikçe eksildiği gerçeği de göz önüne alınmalıdır. Kitâb-ı Bahriyye yazmalarında müstensihlerin veya mukabelecilerin ilâveleri de göze çarpar.
Kitâb-ı Bahriyye ’nin ikinci telifine ait olan ve neşredenlerce “en tam ve mükemmeli” görülmesi sebebiyle seçildiği belirtilen Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’ndeki (Ayasofya, nr. 2612) 218 haritalı 753 sayfalık harekeli nüsha iki defa yayımlanmıştır (Piri Reis, Kitabı Bahriye , Türk Tarihi Araştırma Kurumu Yayını, nr. 2, İstanbul 1935; Pîrî Reis, Kitab-ı Bahriye , I-IV, ed. Ertuğrul Z. Ökte Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı-Tarih Araştırmaları Vakfı, Ankara 1988-1991; sadeleştirme: Kitâb-ı Bahriyye Denizcilik Kitabı Pîrî Reis , haz. Yavuz Senemoğlu, I-II, İstanbul 1974).
Hemen hemen Akdeniz’deki bütün ülkelerin dillerinde tam veya kısmî çevirileri bulunan Kitâb-ı Bahriyye ’nin Bologna ve Dresden’deki ilk telife ait nüshalarını Almanca’ya çevirip yayımlayan Paul Ernst Kahle ilk kısımdan sonraki bahislerin çevirisinde ikinci telifi esas almıştır (bk. bibl.). Eserin Fransızca’ya özet çevirisi ise erken bir tarihte, 1756 yılında D. D. Cardonne tarafından Le Flambeau de la Méditerranée adıyla yapılmış, ancak yazma halinde kalmıştır (Bibliothéque Nationale, F. F., nr. 22279). D. Loupis ise yakın zamanda Ege deniziyle ilgili bölümleri Yunanca’ya çevirmiştir (Athens 2000).
Pîrî Reis’in Kitâb-ı Bahriyye ’si Kâtib Çelebi’nin Tuhfetü’l-kibâr ve Cihannümâ adlı eserlerine, Evliyâ Çelebi’nin Seyahatnâme ’sine, Bartınlı İbrâhim Hamdi’nin Atlas ’ına ve daha pek çok Osmanlı tarihî coğrafya eserine kaynaklık etmiş, özellikle haritaları birtakım değişikliklerle çeşitli deniz haritaları için model oluşturmuştur. Bunlardan biri olan Seyyid Nuh’un Deniz Kitâbı (Kitâbu bahri’l-esved ve’l-ebyad) , Bahriyye ’nin âdeta üçüncü versiyonu olarak kabul edilir. Karadeniz’in de anlatıldığı Deniz Kitabı ’nın Bologna Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi’ndeki nüshası (Biblioteca Universitaria, MS, nr. 3609) tıpkıbasım olarak yayımlanmıştır (Hans J. Kissling, Der See-Atlas des Sejjid Nûh , München 1966). 1648-1650 yılları arasında meydana getirildiği tahmin edilen Seyyid Nuh’un çalışması Karadeniz ve Akdeniz limanlarının kaleler dikkate alınarak resmedilmiş 204 portolan haritasını ihtiva etmektedir. Kitâb-ı Bahriyye ’nin ikinci telifini yansıtan metinsiz anonim bir çalışmaya ise Harîta-ı Ekālîm adı verilmiştir ve 188 haritalıdır (TSMK, Bağdat Köşkü, nr. 338). Pîrî Reis’in eserindeki haritaların esas alınarak basit karalamalar ve küçük değişikliklerle meydana getirilmiş başka portolan örnekleri de bulunmaktadır (Svat Soucek, Piri Reis and Turkish Mapmaking after Columbus: The Khalili Portolan Atlas , Oxford 19962 ).
Kâtib Çelebi’nin Müntehab-ı Bahriyye adlı eseri ise ilk telif Kitâb-ı Bahriyye dikkate alınarak kaleme alınan ve müellifin çizimleriyle pek çok haritası bulunan bir çalışmadır. Kâtib Çelebi’nin her iki telif hakkında kısa bilgiler vermesine ve eserini bu iki teliften hareketle kaleme aldığını (1055/1645 sonları) bildirmesine rağmen metinlerde ilk telif Bahriyye ’nin ağırlıkta olduğu ve çalışmanın bir zeyil seviyesine ulaştığı görülmektedir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Piri Re’īs, Baḥrīje: Das türkisches Segelhandbuch für das Mittelländische Meer vom Jahre 1521 (trc. P. Kahle), I-II, Berlin-Leipzig 1926-1927.
Kâtib Çelebi, Tuhfetü’l-kibâr , s. 8 vd.
a.mlf., Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 227.
a.mlf., Cihannümâ , s. 4, 60 vd.
Cevdet Türkay, İstanbul Kütübhanelerinde Osmanlı’lar Devrine Aid Türkçe-Arabca-Farsça Yazma ve Basma Coğrafya Eserleri Bibliyografyası , İstanbul 1958, tür.yer.
F. Mitsuhash, “Study of the ‘Çin Deniz’ in the ‘Kitâb-i Bahriye’ Compiled by Pîrî Reis”, İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı’ya Armağan , Ankara 1976, s. 365-374.
Adıvar, Osmanlı Türklerinde İlim (Kazancıgil) , s. 74-83.
A. Afetinan, Pirî Reis’in Hayatı ve Eserleri: Amerika’nın En Eski Haritaları , Ankara 1983, s. 17-26, 72-73.
Emel Esin, “La description des côtes algériennes de Pîrî Re’îs”, Studies on Turkish-Arab Relations , İstanbul 1986, s. 47-60.
K. Kreiser, “Pīrī Re’is”, Lexikon zur Geschichte der Kartographie (ed. I. Kretschmer v.dğr.), Wien 1986, II, 607-609.
Reprint of Studies on the Ottoman Cartographers Pīrī Re’īs (d. 1554) and Ḥağğī Aḥmad (d. about 1560) (ed. Fuat Sezgin), Frankfurt 1992.
Günsel Renda, “Representations of Towns in Ottoman Sea Charts of the Sixteenth Century and Their Relation to Mediterranean Cartography”, Recontres de l’école du Louvre Soliman Le Magnifique et son temps (ed. G. Veinstein), Paris 1992, s. 280-282.
J. M. Rogers, “Itineraries and Town Views in Ottoman Histories”, The History of Cartography, II/1, Cartography in the Traditional Islamic and South Asian Societies (ed. J. B. Harley – D. Woodward), Chicago-London 1992, s. 231-234.
S. Soucek, “Islamic Charting in the Mediterranean”, a.e. , s. 272-279.
a.mlf., Pīrī Reis and Turkish Mapmaking after Columbus: The Khalili Portolan Atlas , Oxford 1996.
a.mlf., “Tunisia in the Kitāb-i Bahriye by Pīrī Reis”, Ar.Ott. , V (1973), s. 129-296.
Kemal Özdemir, Piri Reis , İstanbul 1994, tür.yer.
Mine E. Özen, Pirî Reis and His Charts (ed. N. Refioğlu), İstanbul 1998, s. 20-22.
D. Loupis, “Ottoman Nautical Charting and Miniature Painting: Technology and Aesthetics”, M. Uğur Derman Armağanı: Altmışbeşinci Yaşı Münasebetiyle Sunulmuş Tebliğler , İstanbul 2000, s. 382-383, 388-390.
Hüseyin Gazi Yurdaydın, “Kitâb-ı Bahriyye’nin Telifi Meselesi”, DTCFD , X/1-2 (1952), s. 143-146.
a.mlf., “Murâdî ve Eserleri”, TTK Belleten , XXVII/107 (1963), s. 453-466.
Cengiz Orhonlu, “XVIII. Yüzyılda Osmanlılarda Coğrafya ve Bartınlı İbrahim Hamdi’nin Atlası”, TD , XIV/19 (1964), s. 129.
a.mlf., “Hint Kapdanlığı ve Pîrî Reis”, TTK Belleten , XXXIV/134 (1970), s. 235-254.
E. H. van de Waal, “Manuscript Maps in the Topkapı Saray Library, Istanbul”, Imago Mundi , sy. 23, Berlin 1969, s. 83-84.
A. Bausani, “L’Italia nel Kitab-ı Bahriyye di Piri Reis”, Il Veltro , XXII/2-4, Roma 1979, s. 173-196.
R. Mantran, “La description des côtes méditerranéennes de la France dans le Kitāb-ı Bahriyye de Pīrī Reis”, Revue de l’occident musulman et de la Méditerranée , sy. 39, Aix-en-Provence 1985, s. 69-78.
İdris Bostan, “Pîrî Reis’in Kitâb-ı Bahriye’sinde Bulunan Tersâne-i Âmire Plânları”, STAD , I/2 (1988), s. 67-68.
Th. D. Goodrich, “Old Maps in the Library of Topkapı Palace in Istanbul”, Imago Mundi , sy. 45 (1993), s. 125-126, 132.
a.mlf., “Supplemental Maps in the Kitab-ı Bahriyye of Piri Reis”, Ar.Ott. , XIII (1994), s. 117-141.
Fuad Ezgü, “Pîrî Reis”, İA , IX, 561-563.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2002 yılında Ankara’da basılan 26. cildinde, 72-75 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.