Kitlesel Panik, Dayanışma, Çatışma ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet Ekseninde Afet Sosyolojisi

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 28, 181 – 200, 29.07.2024

Hasan Yeniçırak Betül Durmaz Yurt

https://doi.org/10.33207/trkede.1410022

Öz

Herhangi bir afet durumu söz konusu olduğunda afetler öncelikle fiziksel bir olgu olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Ancak, afetler fiziksel olgu olduğu kadar toplumsal bir olgudur. Afetlerin toplumsal bir olgu olması ise onun sosyolojik perspektiften incelenmesini gerekli kılmaktadır. Afetler, sosyoloji için adeta bir toplumsal laboratuvar niteliğine sahiptir. Bu gerçeklikten hareketle, bu çalışma afetleri belli başlı sosyolojik kavramlar eşliğinde incelemektedir. Çalışmada, kitlesel panik, dayanışma, çatışma ve toplumsal cinsiyet eksenindeki afet okumalarına yer verilmektedir. Kitlesel panik eksenindeki afet okuması, afetlerin hemen akabinde ortaya çıkan ilk tepkinin kitlesel panik ve şiddet olduğunu, bu durumun da toplumsal çözülmeye yol açtığını vurgulamaktadır. Dayanışma eksenindeki afet okuması, depremin hemen akabinde ortaya çıkan davranış örüntüsünün daha çok yardımlaşma olduğunu, afetlerin insanlarda güçlü özgecil normların ortaya çıkmasına yol açtığını vurgulamaktadır. Bunun karşısında ise afetlerin hemen akabinde ortaya çıkan davranış örüntülerinin dayanışma ekseninde değil, çatışma ekseninde şekillendiğini belirten bir sosyolojik okuma bulunmaktadır. Toplumsal cinsiyet eksenindeki afet okuması ise gelişmişlik-azgelişmişlik ile kırılganlığı ilişkilendirerek kırılgan gruplar içerisinde yer alan kadınların afetle ilişkisini toplumsal cinsiyet bağlamında ele almaktadır. Afetlere yönelik bu sosyolojik perspektifler, afetlerin tek bir boyutunun olmadığını, aynı anda birbirine tezatlık teşkil edebilecek durumlara nasıl yol açtığının bir açıklamasını sunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Afet, Kitlesel Panik, Dayanışma, Çatışma, Toplumsal Cinsiyet

Kaynakça

  • ALFIRDAUS, Laila Kholid, HIARIEJ, Eric, FARSIJANA, Adeney-Risakotta (2015), “Theories of Social Solidarity in the Situations of (Natural) Disasters”, Politika, 6.1, 26.
  • AYDINER, Tolgahan ve ÖZGÜR, Hüseyin (2014), “Yönetişim ve Doğal Afetler: Türkiye’de Doğal Afet Yönetişimi Ne Kadar ve Hangi Biçimde Mümkün?”, Kamu Yönetiminde Değişim Kayfor XII Bildiriler Kitabı, Ed. Fatma Neval Genç, 395-404.
  • BOZKURT, Veysel (2023), “Depremin Toplumsal Boyutu”, Avrasya Dosyası, 14.1, 77-99.
  • CANNON, Terry (2002), “Gender and Climate Hazards in Bangladesh”, Gender and Development, 10.2, 45-50.
  • COLLINS, Randall (2004), “Rituals of Solidarity and Security in the wake of Terrorist Attack”, Sociological Theory, 22.1, 53-87.
  • ÇAKI, Fahri (2020), “Afet Yönetişiminde Sivil toplum ve Güven Algıları”, Sosyal ve Kültürel Araştırmalar Dergisi (SKAD), 6.12, 1-45.
  • DRABEK, Thomas E (2017), “Sociology of Disaster”, KORGEN, Kathleen Odell, The Cambridge Handbook of Sociology: Specialty and Interdisciplinary Studies, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 139-147.
  • DRURY, John, COCKING, Chris, REICHER, Steve (2009), “Everyone for Themselves? A Comparative Study of Crowd Solidarity Among Emergency Survivors”, British Journal of Social Psychology, 48.3, 487-506.
  • DURKHEIM, Emile (2018), Toplumsal İşbölümü, Çev. Özer OZANKAYA, Cem Yayınevi, (3. Basım), İzmir.
  • DYNES, Russell R. (1988), “Cross-cultural International Research: Sociology and Disaster”, International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters, 6.2, 101-129.
  • DYNES, Russell R. (1997), “Introduction”, DYNES, Russell R, DE MARCHI, Bruna, PALENDA, Carlo, Sociology of Disasters: Contribution of Sociology to Disaster Research, Franco Angeli Libri, Italy, 13-31.
  • DYNES, Russell R. ve DRABEK, Thomas E. (1994), “The Structure of Disaster Research: Its Policy and Disciplinary Implications”, International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters, 12.1, 5-23.
  • DYNES, Russell R. (2000), “The Dialogue between Voltaire and Rousseau on the Lisbon Earthquake: The Emergence of a Social Science View”, International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters, 18, 97–115.
  • ENARSON, Elaine (1998), “Through Women’s Eyes: A Gendered Research Agenda for Disaster Social Science”, Disasters, 22.2, 157–173.
  • ENARSON, Elaine ve FORDHAM, Maureen H. (2001), “From Women's Needs to Women's Rights in Disasters”, Global Environmental Change Part B: Environmental Hazards, 3.3, 133-136.
  • ENARSON, Elaine ve MORROW Betty Hearn (1998), The Gendered Terrain of Disaster: Through Women’s Eyes, Greenwood Publications, Wesport, CT.
  • FORDHAM, Maureen H. (1998), “Making Women Visible in Disasters: Problematising The Private Domain”, Disasters, 22.2, 126–143.
  • FORTHERGILL, Alice (1996), “The Neglect of Gender in Disaster Work: An Overview of the Literature”, International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters, 14.1, 33–56.
  • FORTHERGILL, Alice (1998), “The Neglect of Gender in Disaster Work: An Overview of the Literature”, ENARSON, Elaine ve MORROW Betty Hearn, The Gendered Terrain of Disaster: Through Women’s Eyes, Praeger, Westport, CT, 11-25.
  • FORTHERGILL, Alice (2003), “The Stigma of Charity: Gender, Class, and Disaster Assistance”, The Sociological Quarterly, 44.4, 659-680.
  • FRITZ, Charles Edward (1961), “Disaster”, MERTON, Robert King ve NISBET, Robert A, Contemporary Social Problems, Harcourt, Brace and World, New York, 651-694.
  • FRITZ, Charles Edward ve WILLIAMS, Harry B. (1957), “The Human Being in Disasters: A Research Perspective”, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 309.1, 42-51.
  • FUREDI, Frank (2007), “The Changing Meaning of Disaster”, Area, 39.4, 482-489.
  • GAILLARD, Jean-Christophe, SANZ, Kristinne, BALGOS, Benigno C, DALISAY, Soledad Natalia M, GORMAN-MURRAY, Andrew, SMITH, Fagalua, TOELUPE, Vaiotoa (2017), “Beyond Men and Women: A Critical Perspective on Gender and Disaster”, Disasters, 41.3, 429-447.
  • GRAY, Peter, OLIVER, Kendrick (2001), “The Memory of Catastrophe”, History Today. (2024, 18 Nisan) Erişim Adresi: https://www.historytoday.com/archive/memory-catastrophe
  • GREEN, Penny (2005), “Disaster by Design: Corruption, Construction and Catastrophe”, British Journal of Criminology, 45.4, 528-546.
  • HAK İNİSİYATİFİ DERNEĞİ (HİD), (2023), 6 Şubat 2023 Kahramanmaraş Depremi: Malatya Gözlem, İnceleme ve Tespit Raporu, Ankara. (2024, 18 Nisan) Erişim Adresi: https://dspace.ceid.org.tr/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1/2293/Hak-%c4%b0 nisiyatifi-Malatya-Deprem-Raporu.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
  • HAWDON, James ve RYAN, John (2011), “Social Relations that Generate and Sustain Solidarity after A Mass Tragedy”, Social Forces, 89.4, 1363-1384.
  • IKEDA, Keiko (1995), “Gender Differences in Human Loss and Vulnerability in Natural Disasters: A Case Study from Bangladesh”, Indian Journal of Gender Studies, 2.2, 171-193.
  • ILGIN, Hicran Özlem ve KARAGÜL, Damla (2022), “Afet Süreçlerinde Kadınlara Yönelik Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitsizliğinde Sivil Toplum Kuruluşu Çalışanlarının Deneyimleri: Çanakkale İli Örneği”, Journal of Emerging Economies and Policy, 7.2, 85-103.
  • JALALI, Rita (2002), “Civil Society and the State: Turkey after the Earthquake”, Disasters, 26.2, 120-139. MACDONALD, Rhona (2005), “How Women Were Affected by the Tsunami: A Perspective from Oxfam”, PLOS Medicine, 2.6, 474-475.
  • MORROW, Betty Haern ve ENARSON, Elaine (1996), “Hurricane Andrew through Women’s Eyes: Issues and Recommendations”, International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters, 14.1, 5-22. NEUMAYER, Eric ve PLUMPER, Thomas (2007), “The Gendered Nature of Natural Disasters: The Impact of Catastrophic Events on the Gender Gap in Life Expectancy, 1981-2002”, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 97.3, 551-566.
  • O’KEEFE, Phil, WESTGATE, Ken, WISNER, Ben (1976), “Taking the Naturalness out of Natural Disasters”, Nature, 260.15, 566-567.
  • OLSON, Richard Stuart (2000), “Toward A Politics of Disaster: Losses, Values, Agendas, and Blame”, International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters, 18.2, 265-287.
  • OLSON, Richard Stuart ve DRURY, A Cooper (1997), “Un-therapeutic Communities: A Cross-national Analysis of Post-disaster Political Unrest”, International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters, 15.2, 221-238.
  • OXFAM, (2009), In The Wake of The Tsunami- An Evaluation of Oxfam Interantional’s Response to The 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, (2024, 25 Mayıs) Erişim Adresi: https://www-cdn.oxfam.org/s3fs-public/file_attachments/oxfam-international-tsunami-evaluation-summary_3.pdf
  • PINCHA, Chaman (2009), Toplumsal Cinsiyete Duyarlı Afet Yönetimi: Uygulamacılar İçin El Kitabı, Çev. Demirer D, KESKİN, Kocaeli Üniversitesi Yayınları, Kocaeli.
  • PRINCE, Samuel (1920), Castastrophetrophe and Social Change, Kind&Son, London.
  • QUARANTELLI, Enrico L. (1954), “The Nature and Conditions of Panic”, American Journal of Sociology, 60.3, 267-275.
  • QUARANTELLI, Enrico L. ve DYNESS, Russell R. (1976), “Community Conflict: Its Absence and Its Presence in Natural Disasters”, Mass Emergencies, 1.2, 139-152.
  • RYANG, Sonia (2003), “The Great Kanto Earthquake and the Massacre of Koreans in 1923: Notes on Japan's Modern National Sovereignty”, Anthropological Quarterly, 76.4, 731-748.
  • SOROKIN, Pitirim Alexandrovich (1942), Man and Society in Calamity; The Effects of War, Revolution, Famine, Pestilence Upon Human Mind, Behavior, Social Organization and Cultural Life, E.P. Dutton, New York.
  • STRAUSS, Anselm L. (1944), “The literature on Panic”, The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 39.3, 317.
  • TIERNEY, Kathleen J. (2007), “From the Margins to the Mainstream? Disaster Research at the Crossroads”, Annual Review of Sociology, 33, 503-525.
  • TOCQUEVILLE, Alexis (2015). Amerika’da Demokrasi I, Çev. Özcan DOĞAN, Doğu Batı Yayınları, Ankara.
  • ÜNÜR, Ece (2021), “Afet Yönetiminde Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitsizliği: Doğal Afetlerde Cinsiyete Dayalı Zarar Görebilirlik Farkı”, İstanbul Aydın Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 13.2, 351-381.

Examining Disaster with Sociological Concepts

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 28, 181 – 200, 29.07.2024

Hasan Yeniçırak Betül Durmaz Yurt

https://doi.org/10.33207/trkede.1410022

Öz

Disasters are primarily considered to be physical phenomena. However, disasters are a social phenomenon as well as a physical phenomenon. The fact that disasters are a social phenomenon requires examining them from a sociological perspective. Disasters are like a social laboratory for sociology. Based on this reality, the present study examines disasters in the context of certain sociological concepts. In this regard, disaster readings on mass panic, solidarity, conflict, and gender are included. The disaster reading on the axis of mass panic emphasizes that the first reaction immediately after disasters is mass panic and violence, which leads to social disintegration. The disaster reading on the axis of solidarity emphasizes that the behavioral pattern that emerges immediately after the earthquake is more cooperation and that disasters lead to strong altruistic norms in people. The third sociological reading states that the behavioral patterns that emerge immediately after disasters are shaped on the axis of conflict, not solidarity. Disaster reading on the gender axis relates development-underdevelopment and fragility and addresses the relationship of women in vulnerable groups with disaster in the context of gender. These sociological perspectives on disasters explain how disasters do not have a single dimension but can lead to situations that may conflict with each other simultaneously.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Disaster, Mass Panic, Solidarity, Conflict, Gender

Kaynakça

  • ALFIRDAUS, Laila Kholid, HIARIEJ, Eric, FARSIJANA, Adeney-Risakotta (2015), “Theories of Social Solidarity in the Situations of (Natural) Disasters”, Politika, 6.1, 26.
  • AYDINER, Tolgahan ve ÖZGÜR, Hüseyin (2014), “Yönetişim ve Doğal Afetler: Türkiye’de Doğal Afet Yönetişimi Ne Kadar ve Hangi Biçimde Mümkün?”, Kamu Yönetiminde Değişim Kayfor XII Bildiriler Kitabı, Ed. Fatma Neval Genç, 395-404.
  • BOZKURT, Veysel (2023), “Depremin Toplumsal Boyutu”, Avrasya Dosyası, 14.1, 77-99.
  • CANNON, Terry (2002), “Gender and Climate Hazards in Bangladesh”, Gender and Development, 10.2, 45-50.
  • COLLINS, Randall (2004), “Rituals of Solidarity and Security in the wake of Terrorist Attack”, Sociological Theory, 22.1, 53-87.
  • ÇAKI, Fahri (2020), “Afet Yönetişiminde Sivil toplum ve Güven Algıları”, Sosyal ve Kültürel Araştırmalar Dergisi (SKAD), 6.12, 1-45.
  • DRABEK, Thomas E (2017), “Sociology of Disaster”, KORGEN, Kathleen Odell, The Cambridge Handbook of Sociology: Specialty and Interdisciplinary Studies, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 139-147.
  • DRURY, John, COCKING, Chris, REICHER, Steve (2009), “Everyone for Themselves? A Comparative Study of Crowd Solidarity Among Emergency Survivors”, British Journal of Social Psychology, 48.3, 487-506.
  • DURKHEIM, Emile (2018), Toplumsal İşbölümü, Çev. Özer OZANKAYA, Cem Yayınevi, (3. Basım), İzmir.
  • DYNES, Russell R. (1988), “Cross-cultural International Research: Sociology and Disaster”, International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters, 6.2, 101-129.
  • DYNES, Russell R. (1997), “Introduction”, DYNES, Russell R, DE MARCHI, Bruna, PALENDA, Carlo, Sociology of Disasters: Contribution of Sociology to Disaster Research, Franco Angeli Libri, Italy, 13-31.
  • DYNES, Russell R. ve DRABEK, Thomas E. (1994), “The Structure of Disaster Research: Its Policy and Disciplinary Implications”, International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters, 12.1, 5-23.
  • DYNES, Russell R. (2000), “The Dialogue between Voltaire and Rousseau on the Lisbon Earthquake: The Emergence of a Social Science View”, International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters, 18, 97–115.
  • ENARSON, Elaine (1998), “Through Women’s Eyes: A Gendered Research Agenda for Disaster Social Science”, Disasters, 22.2, 157–173.
  • ENARSON, Elaine ve FORDHAM, Maureen H. (2001), “From Women's Needs to Women's Rights in Disasters”, Global Environmental Change Part B: Environmental Hazards, 3.3, 133-136.
  • ENARSON, Elaine ve MORROW Betty Hearn (1998), The Gendered Terrain of Disaster: Through Women’s Eyes, Greenwood Publications, Wesport, CT.
  • FORDHAM, Maureen H. (1998), “Making Women Visible in Disasters: Problematising The Private Domain”, Disasters, 22.2, 126–143.
  • FORTHERGILL, Alice (1996), “The Neglect of Gender in Disaster Work: An Overview of the Literature”, International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters, 14.1, 33–56.
  • FORTHERGILL, Alice (1998), “The Neglect of Gender in Disaster Work: An Overview of the Literature”, ENARSON, Elaine ve MORROW Betty Hearn, The Gendered Terrain of Disaster: Through Women’s Eyes, Praeger, Westport, CT, 11-25.
  • FORTHERGILL, Alice (2003), “The Stigma of Charity: Gender, Class, and Disaster Assistance”, The Sociological Quarterly, 44.4, 659-680.
  • FRITZ, Charles Edward (1961), “Disaster”, MERTON, Robert King ve NISBET, Robert A, Contemporary Social Problems, Harcourt, Brace and World, New York, 651-694.
  • FRITZ, Charles Edward ve WILLIAMS, Harry B. (1957), “The Human Being in Disasters: A Research Perspective”, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 309.1, 42-51.
  • FUREDI, Frank (2007), “The Changing Meaning of Disaster”, Area, 39.4, 482-489.
  • GAILLARD, Jean-Christophe, SANZ, Kristinne, BALGOS, Benigno C, DALISAY, Soledad Natalia M, GORMAN-MURRAY, Andrew, SMITH, Fagalua, TOELUPE, Vaiotoa (2017), “Beyond Men and Women: A Critical Perspective on Gender and Disaster”, Disasters, 41.3, 429-447.
  • GRAY, Peter, OLIVER, Kendrick (2001), “The Memory of Catastrophe”, History Today. (2024, 18 Nisan) Erişim Adresi: https://www.historytoday.com/archive/memory-catastrophe
  • GREEN, Penny (2005), “Disaster by Design: Corruption, Construction and Catastrophe”, British Journal of Criminology, 45.4, 528-546.
  • HAK İNİSİYATİFİ DERNEĞİ (HİD), (2023), 6 Şubat 2023 Kahramanmaraş Depremi: Malatya Gözlem, İnceleme ve Tespit Raporu, Ankara. (2024, 18 Nisan) Erişim Adresi: https://dspace.ceid.org.tr/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1/2293/Hak-%c4%b0 nisiyatifi-Malatya-Deprem-Raporu.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
  • HAWDON, James ve RYAN, John (2011), “Social Relations that Generate and Sustain Solidarity after A Mass Tragedy”, Social Forces, 89.4, 1363-1384.
  • IKEDA, Keiko (1995), “Gender Differences in Human Loss and Vulnerability in Natural Disasters: A Case Study from Bangladesh”, Indian Journal of Gender Studies, 2.2, 171-193.
  • ILGIN, Hicran Özlem ve KARAGÜL, Damla (2022), “Afet Süreçlerinde Kadınlara Yönelik Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitsizliğinde Sivil Toplum Kuruluşu Çalışanlarının Deneyimleri: Çanakkale İli Örneği”, Journal of Emerging Economies and Policy, 7.2, 85-103.
  • JALALI, Rita (2002), “Civil Society and the State: Turkey after the Earthquake”, Disasters, 26.2, 120-139. MACDONALD, Rhona (2005), “How Women Were Affected by the Tsunami: A Perspective from Oxfam”, PLOS Medicine, 2.6, 474-475.
  • MORROW, Betty Haern ve ENARSON, Elaine (1996), “Hurricane Andrew through Women’s Eyes: Issues and Recommendations”, International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters, 14.1, 5-22. NEUMAYER, Eric ve PLUMPER, Thomas (2007), “The Gendered Nature of Natural Disasters: The Impact of Catastrophic Events on the Gender Gap in Life Expectancy, 1981-2002”, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 97.3, 551-566.
  • O’KEEFE, Phil, WESTGATE, Ken, WISNER, Ben (1976), “Taking the Naturalness out of Natural Disasters”, Nature, 260.15, 566-567.
  • OLSON, Richard Stuart (2000), “Toward A Politics of Disaster: Losses, Values, Agendas, and Blame”, International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters, 18.2, 265-287.
  • OLSON, Richard Stuart ve DRURY, A Cooper (1997), “Un-therapeutic Communities: A Cross-national Analysis of Post-disaster Political Unrest”, International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters, 15.2, 221-238.
  • OXFAM, (2009), In The Wake of The Tsunami- An Evaluation of Oxfam Interantional’s Response to The 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, (2024, 25 Mayıs) Erişim Adresi: https://www-cdn.oxfam.org/s3fs-public/file_attachments/oxfam-international-tsunami-evaluation-summary_3.pdf
  • PINCHA, Chaman (2009), Toplumsal Cinsiyete Duyarlı Afet Yönetimi: Uygulamacılar İçin El Kitabı, Çev. Demirer D, KESKİN, Kocaeli Üniversitesi Yayınları, Kocaeli.
  • PRINCE, Samuel (1920), Castastrophetrophe and Social Change, Kind&Son, London.
  • QUARANTELLI, Enrico L. (1954), “The Nature and Conditions of Panic”, American Journal of Sociology, 60.3, 267-275.
  • QUARANTELLI, Enrico L. ve DYNESS, Russell R. (1976), “Community Conflict: Its Absence and Its Presence in Natural Disasters”, Mass Emergencies, 1.2, 139-152.
  • RYANG, Sonia (2003), “The Great Kanto Earthquake and the Massacre of Koreans in 1923: Notes on Japan's Modern National Sovereignty”, Anthropological Quarterly, 76.4, 731-748.
  • SOROKIN, Pitirim Alexandrovich (1942), Man and Society in Calamity; The Effects of War, Revolution, Famine, Pestilence Upon Human Mind, Behavior, Social Organization and Cultural Life, E.P. Dutton, New York.
  • STRAUSS, Anselm L. (1944), “The literature on Panic”, The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 39.3, 317.
  • TIERNEY, Kathleen J. (2007), “From the Margins to the Mainstream? Disaster Research at the Crossroads”, Annual Review of Sociology, 33, 503-525.
  • TOCQUEVILLE, Alexis (2015). Amerika’da Demokrasi I, Çev. Özcan DOĞAN, Doğu Batı Yayınları, Ankara.
  • ÜNÜR, Ece (2021), “Afet Yönetiminde Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitsizliği: Doğal Afetlerde Cinsiyete Dayalı Zarar Görebilirlik Farkı”, İstanbul Aydın Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 13.2, 351-381.

Toplam 46 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Çevre Sosyolojisi
BölümAraştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Hasan Yeniçırak KIRKLARELİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ 0000-0001-8769-6669 Türkiye

Betül Durmaz Yurt SİİRT ÜNİVERSİTESİ 0000-0001-5729-4896 Türkiye

Erken Görünüm Tarihi25 Temmuz 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi29 Temmuz 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi26 Aralık 2023
Kabul Tarihi28 Mayıs 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 14 Sayı: 28

Kaynak Göster

APAYeniçırak, H., & Durmaz Yurt, B. (2024). Kitlesel Panik, Dayanışma, Çatışma ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet Ekseninde Afet Sosyolojisi. Trakya Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 14(28), 181-200. https://doi.org/10.33207/trkede.1410022

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