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KIYAMET ALÂMETLERİ Skip to content Kozmolojik düzenin bozulmasından önce meydana gelecek olan ve bu sürecin jeolojik zaman ölçüsüyle yaklaştığına işaret eden belirtiler.
Sözlükte “alâmet” mânasındaki şerat ın çoğulu olan eşrât ile “zaman dilimi, belirlenmiş vakit” anlamına gelen sâat kelimelerinden oluşan eşrâtü’s-sâa “kıyamet alâmetleri” demektir. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de değişik adlarla anılan kıyametin isimlerinden biri “es-sâa”dır. Kur’an’da eşrâtü’s-sâa terkibi yer almamakla birlikte bir âyette eşrâtın “sâat”in yerini tutan zamire muzaf olması yoluyla bu terkip dolaylı biçimde oluşturulmuştur (Muhammed 47/18). Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de “kıyametin kopma zamanı” anlamında kırk yerde geçen sâat kelimesinin yer aldığı âyetlerde kıyametin mutlaka vuku bulacağı belirtilir. Onun kopuş zamanı yaklaşmış ve alâmetleri ortaya çıkmıştır. Ansızın gerçekleşecek olan kıyametin kopuş zamanına ait bilgi Allah nezdindedir, dünyadaki davranışlarının karşılığını görmeleri için bunun zamanı insanlardan gizlenmiştir (M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem , “sâʿat” md.). Kur’an’da kıyamet alâmetlerinin nelerden ibaret olduğuna dair bilgi verilmemiş, sadece Ye’cûc ve Me’cûc’ün gelişinden (el-Enbiyâ 21/96), dâbbetü’l-arzın çıkışından (en-Neml 27/82), göğün insanları saracak bir duman (duhân) yayacağından (ed-Duhân 44/11-12) ve ayın yarılacağından (el-Kamer 54/1) bahsedilmiştir.
Hadislerde de kıyamet alâmetleri eşrâtü’s-sâa tabiriyle ifade edilir. Bu hadislerde belirtildiğine göre Hz. Peygamber kıyametin kopuş zamanını bilmediğini söylemiş, ancak kopmasından önce vuku bulacak bazı olayların onun yaklaştığının alâmetleri sayılacağını haber vermiştir (Buhârî, “Îmân”, 37). Âhir zaman peygamberi ve son nebî olması dolayısıyla kıyamete yakın bir zaman diliminde gönderildiğini açıklayan Resûl-i Ekrem’in (Buhârî, “Ṭalâḳ”, 25, “Riḳāḳ”, 39; Müslim, “Fiten”, 132-135) kıyamet alâmeti olarak zikrettiği rivayet edilen olayların başlıcaları şunlardır: İlmin ortadan kalkıp cehaletin yerleşmesi, sarhoşluk veren içkilerin yaygınlaşması, zinanın alenî hale gelmesi, köle kadının efendisini doğurması, çobanların zenginleşerek bina yapmakta yarışması, zekât verilecek kimse bulunamayacak kadar servetin çoğalması, aynı davayı güden iki büyük topluluğun birbiriyle savaşması, adam öldürme olaylarının ve fitnelerin fazlalaşması, elli kadına bir erkek düşecek şekilde kadın nüfusunun artması, müslümanların kıldan ayakkabı giyen, küçük gözlü ve geniş yüzlü insan gruplarıyla savaşması, insanların hayatlarından bıkarak ölülere gıpta etmesi, Allah’ın elçisi olduğunu iddia eden otuza yakın yalancı deccâlin türemesi, yeryüzünde Allah veya lâ ilâhe illallah diyen bir kimsenin kalmaması, gece ile gündüzün birbirine eşit hale gelip kopuş zamanının yakınlaşması, Ye’cûc ve Me’cûc Seddi’nin açılması, (Suriye’de bulunan) Busrâ’daki develerin boyunlarını aydınlatacak bir ateşin Hicaz bölgesinden çıkması, depremlerin sıklaşması, güneşin batıdan doğması, dâbbetü’l-arzın zuhur etmesi, doğuda, batıda ve Arap yarımadasında kara parçalarının batması (Buhârî, “Fiten”, 4-5, 22, 24, “ʿItḳ”, 8, “Cihâd”, 95, “Nikâḥ”, 110; Müslim, “ʿİlim”, 8-10; İbn Mâce, “Fiten”, 25-36; Tirmizî, “Fiten”, 35, 42-43). Hadislerde belirtildiğine göre kıyametin kopuşu ansızın vuku bulacak, bu sırada alışveriş yapanlar işlerini bitiremeden, yemek yiyenler lokmasını ağzına götüremeden, havuz yaptıran kişi havuzuna giremeden ve devesinin sütünü sağan kimse bunu misafirine ikram edemeden kıyamet kopacaktır (Buhârî, “Fiten”, 25).
Hadis şerhleriyle “fiten” ve “melâhim” türü kitaplarda kıyamet alâmetleri hakkında çeşitli rivayetler Hz. Peygamber’e atfedilir. Bu rivayetlerde ahlâkî bozuluşa, dinî-içtimaî hadiselere ve tabiat olaylarına ilişkin oldukça ayrıntılı bilgilere yer verilir. Nakledilen metinlere göre kıyamet alâmetleri şöyle gelişecektir: Kur’an’ın önemi insanlar tarafından unutulacak, namaz kılınmayacak, emanete riayet edilmeyecek, faiz helâl sayılacak, seviyesiz ve şahsiyetsiz kişiler yönetici olacak, ebeveyne isyan edilip beyler hanımların emrine girecek, toplumlar geçmişlerine lânet okuyacak, akşam mümin olarak yatan kişi sabah kâfir olarak kalkacak, yöneticiler insanlara zulmedecek, şerrinden korkulan kimselere itibar edilecek, ticareti dürüst olmayan gruplar ele geçirecek, mescidler süslenmekle birlikte ibadete önem verilmeyecek, erkekler erkeklerle, kadınlar da kadınlarla yetinecek, kadınlar sosyal konum açısından ön plana çıkarılacak ve erkekler kadınlara benzemeye çalışacak, açıklık yayılacak, hayâsızlık çoğalacak, cihad ve irşad faaliyetleri terkedilecek, sadece din dışı ilimler öğrenilecek, kader inkâr edilecek ve yıldız falına inanılacak, liderliğe elverişli kimseler azalacak, âni ölümler çoğalacak, cahiller, aynı zamanda dürüst olmayan zâhid ve sûfîler türeyecek, akrabalık bağları kesilecek, yalancılar tasdik edilip doğru konuşanlara itibar edilmeyecek, kitapların sayısı artacak, yağmurlar ve yıldırımlar çoğalacak, madenler yok olacak (İbn Kesîr, I, 21, 178-179; Berzencî, s. 70-75; Hammûd b. Abdullah et-Tüveycirî, II, 78, 293; Yûsuf b. Abdullah el-Vâbil, s. 179-235). Çoğu zayıf veya uydurma olan, toplumdaki dinî, içtimaî ve siyasî gelişmeleri yansıtan bu rivayetlerde belirtilen alâmetlerin sayısı yetmişi aşkındır. Kıyametin kopma zamanını bildiren herhangi bir âyet veya sahih hadis bulunmamakla birlikte âhir zaman peygamberinin gelişiyle kâinatın son zaman dilimine girdiğini göz önünde bulundurarak kıyametin kopuşunun ashaptan itibaren başlayabileceği düşünülmüş ve III. (IX.) yüzyıldan başlayarak hadislerde zikredilen kıyamet alâmetlerine inanılması itikadî bir ilke haline getirilmiştir (Ebû Abdullah İbn Mende, II, 911).
Kıyamet alâmetleri ortaya çıkış zamanı, önemi ve mahiyeti dikkate alınarak değişik tasniflere tâbi tutulmuştur. Ortaya çıkış zamanına göre kıyamet alâmetleri zuhur edip sona eren uzak (geçmiş) alâmetler, zuhur etmekte olan ve artarak devam eden orta alâmetler, zuhurunun hemen ardından kıyametin kopacağı yakın alâmetler olmak üzere üç gruba ayrılır. Uzak alâmetler arasında Resûl-i Ekrem’in vefatı, Kudüs’ün fethi, Hz. Ömer ve Osman’ın öldürülmesi, Cemel Vak‘ası, Sıffîn Savaşı, Hz. Hüseyin’in öldürülmesi, Fâtımî ve Karâmita fitneleri, ayrıca belli yerlerde vuku bulmuş bazı depremler zikredilir. Bunların sonuncusu dışında hiçbiri hadislerde kıyamet alâmeti olarak yer almamıştır. Orta alâmetler arasında ahmak ve alçakların dünyanın en mutlu insanları olması, kötülük ve fuhşun yayılması, çocuğun ebeveynine isyan etmesi, oyun ve çalgı aletlerinin ortaya çıkması, fâsıkların toplumun efendisi haline gelmesi, gasp olaylarının çoğalması, sıla-i rahimin kesilmesi gibi ferdî ve içtimaî alanda bozuluşun vuku bulacağına ilişkin olaylar yer alır. Bunların bir kısmı hadislerde zikredilen alâmetlerle örtüşüyorsa da çoğu lafız olarak erken devir hadis literatüründe yer almamaktadır. Zuhurunun ardından kıyametin kopacağı haber verilen yakın alâmetler arasında da mehdînin gelişi, deccâlin çıkışı, Hz. Îsâ’nın gökten inişi, Ye’cûc ve Me’cûc’ün, dâbbetü’l-arzın ortaya çıkması, güneşin batıdan doğması ve insanları toplanma yerine sevkeden bir ateşin yerden çıkışı gibi hârikulâde olaylar zikredilir. Bunlar da genellikle Resûl-i Ekrem’e atfedilen hadislere dayandırılır. Bu gruplandırma Berzencî tarafından yapılmış ve sonraki bazı müelliflerce de benimsenmiştir (el-İşâʿa li-eşrâṭi’s-sâʿa , s. 3, 70, 87).
Kıyamet alâmetleri önemine göre küçük ve büyük diye de sıralanmıştır. Küçük alâmetlere dinî hayatın zayıflayıp kötülüklerin yayılmasına dair olaylar dahil edilirken büyük alâmetleri kıyametin kopmasından kısa bir süre önce meydana gelecek hârikulâde vak‘alar oluşturur (M. Selâme Cebr, s. 20; Yûsuf b. Abdullah el-Vâbil, s. 77, 239). Mahiyetleri dikkate alınarak yapılan taksime göre kıyamet alâmetleri ahlâkî ve fizikî olarak da gruplandırılır. Ferdî ve içtimaî açıdan bozuluşu gerçekleştiren olaylar ahlâkî alâmetleri; güneşin batıdan doğması, sık sık vuku bulan depremler, duhân gibi hadiseler de fizikî alâmetleri teşkil eder (M. Ahmed Abdülkādir, s. 50-56).
Dinî hayatın zayıflamasına dair ahlâkî alâmetlerin bir kısmı sahih hadislerle sabit olduğundan bu konuda âlimler arasında önemli sayılabilecek bir görüş ayrılığı yoktur. Hadislerde sözü edilmeyen, fakat literatürde kıyamet alâmetleri içinde sayılan toplumsal değişimle ilgili olayları içeren rivayetlerin o devirde yaşayan müellifler tarafından uydurulmuş olması kuvvetle muhtemeldir. Resûl-i Ekrem’in müslümanları uyardığı ve kıyamet alâmeti olarak zikrettiği ahlâkî bozuluş ve dinî hayatın yozlaşması esasen ferdin ve toplumun helâk olması anlamında bir kıyamet alâmeti olup kâinattaki kozmolojik düzenin yıkılması mânasına gelmez. Aksi takdirde sözü edilen yıkılışın bugüne kadar gerçekleşmesi gerekirdi. Çünkü ahlâkî bozuluş kategorisindeki alâmetlerin Asr-ı saâdet’ten itibaren sıkça vuku bulduğu şüphesizdir.
Üzerinde tartışılan asıl kıyamet alâmetleri büyük alâmetler olarak kabul edilen hârikulâde olaylar ve kozmik değişikliklerdir. Kıyametin kopuşu öncesinde gerçekleşeceğine inanılan başlıca hârikulâde olaylar deccâlin ortaya çıkışı, mehdînin zuhuru, Hz. Îsâ’nın gökten inmesi, Ye’cûc ve Me’cûc’ün görünmesi, Hicaz bölgesinde büyük bir ateşin çıkışı, gökten insanları bürüyen bir dumanın inmesi ve dâbbetü’l-arzın yerden çıkmasından ibarettir. Bunlardan dâbbetü’l-arz, duhân, Ye’cûc ve Me’cûc konusu Kur’an’da zikredilmektedir (yk.bk.). Mehdî, deccâl ve nüzûl-i Îsâ inançları ise sadece Hz. Peygamber’e atfedilen rivayetlere dayanır.
“Yer hayvanı” anlamına gelen dâbbetü’l-arzla ilgili âyetlerde belirtildiğine göre ilâhî hüküm gerçekleşince yerden bir dâbbe (hareket eden varlık) çıkarılacak ve insanların Allah’ın âyetlerine inanmadıklarını söyleyecektir (en-Neml 27/82). Mahiyeti konusunda herhangi bir bilgi bulunmadığından dâbbetü’l-arzın çıkacağına inanmakla yetinmek bu konudaki en isabetli tutumdur (Yûsuf b. Abdullah el-Vâbil, s. 412-415). Hadislerde kıyamet alâmetleri arasında geçen, Hz. Îsâ’nın nüzûlü ve ölümünden sonra çıkacağına inanılan dâbbetü’l-arzın ilgili âyetlere bakılırsa kıyametin kopma sürecinde gerçekleşeceği ihtimali akla gelmektedir.
Kur’an’da bildirildiğine göre kıyamet gününde insanları bürüyen ve elem veren bir duman yukarıdan aşağıya doğru inecek, insanlar iman ettiklerini söyleyerek Allah’tan bu azabı kaldırmasını isteyeceklerdir (ed-Duhân 44/10-12). Müfessirlerin bir kısmı, bunu Resûl-i Ekrem zamanında Mekke’de vuku bulmuş bir hadise olarak kabul ederken bir kısmına göre de kıyametin kopmasından önce veya kopma sürecinde gerçekleşecek bir alâmettir (meselâ bk. İbn Kesîr, I, 173; ayrıca bk. DUHÂN ).
“Tutuşup yanmak” (veya “tuzlu olmak”) anlamındaki “ecc” kökünden türeyen Ye’cûc ve Me’cûc hakkında Kur’an’da verilen bilgi oldukça azdır: “Ye’cûc ve Me’cûc’ün önündeki engeller kaldırılıp her tepeden indikleri ve gerçek vaad (kıyamet) yaklaştığı zaman inkârcıların gözleri donup kalacaktır” (el-Enbiyâ 21/96-97). Ye’cûc ve Me’cûc olayının gerçekleştiğini, bunların İslâm ülkelerini işgal eden Moğollar olduğunu yahut da I ve II. Dünya savaşlarından ibaret bulunduğunu ileri sürenlerin yanı sıra bu olayın henüz gerçekleşmediğini ve Hz. Îsâ’nın nüzûlünden sonra meydana geleceğini savunanlar da mevcuttur (a.g.e. , I, 152-153; Abdülkerîm Âl-i Şemseddin, II, 292-293).
Hz. Peygamber’e atfedilen rivayetlerden hareketle kıyametin büyük alâmetleri arasında zikredilen hârikulâde olaylara dair benimsenen inançlara göre âhir zamanda deccâl adı verilen ilginç bir insan ortaya çıkacak, ulûhiyyet niteliklerine benzer özelliklere sahip olup ilâhlık iddiasında bulunacak ve büyük bir fitne kopararak insanları hak yoldan saptıracaktır (Buhârî, “Fiten”, 26-27; Müslim, “Fiten”, 100-110; Nevevî, XVIII, 58). Deccâlin ardından Sünnîler’e göre asıl adı Muhammed b. Abdullah, Şiîler’e göre ise Muhammed b. Hasan olan ve Ehl-i beyt soyundan gelen mehdî zuhur ederek deccâli öldürdükten sonra İslâm dinini kısa sürede yayıp yeryüzünde hâkim kılacak ve bütün kötülükleri ortadan kaldırıp adaleti tesis edecektir (İbn Kesîr, I, 24-32). Mehdînin zuhurunun ardından Hz. Îsâ âdil bir hakem ve yönetici olarak gökten inecek, haçı kırıp domuzu öldürecek, vergiler koyup zenginlik sağlayacak, mehdînin arkasında namaz kılıp ona yardım edecek (İbn Mâce, “Fiten”, 33; İbn Kesîr, I, 52, 145-146), aynı dönemde ortaya çıkarak yeryüzünü fesada boğacak olan Ye’cûc ve Me’cûc onun yapacağı dua sayesinde Allah tarafından bir anda helâk edilecektir (Hammûd b. Abdullah et-Tüveycirî, III, 174).
Kâinatta hüküm süren kozmolojik düzenin bozulmaya başladığının bir işareti olarak kıyametin kopmasından önce vuku bulacak kozmik olayların başında ayın yarılması ve güneşin batıdan doğması gelir. Kur’an’da kıyametin yaklaştığını ve ayın yarıldığını ifade eden beyan, bazı âlimlere göre kıyametin kopmaya başlamasından hemen önceki durumu tasvir eder (Ebû Abdullah el-Halîmî, I, 430). Hz. Peygamber, rabbinin bazı alâmetleri geldiği ve bu andan itibaren iman etmenin kimseye fayda vermediği güne dikkat çekilen âyette (el-En‘âm 6/158) güneşin batıdan doğmasının kastedildiğini açıklamıştır (İbn Kesîr, I, 164-170). Hadislerde sözü edilen büyük yer çöküntüleri, insanları doğudan batıya sevkedecek ateşin yerden çıkması, yıldırım ve yağmurların olağan üstü bir yoğunlukta çoğalması ve insanları öldüren bir rüzgârın oluşması gibi kozmik olayları başka galaksiler bir yana yerküresinin de dahil bulunduğu samanyoluna bağlı güneş sisteminde meydana gelecek büyük değişiklik ve oluşumların yansımaları olarak görmek mümkündür. Kıyamet alâmetlerinin hangi sıraya göre vuku bulacağı meselesi de tartışılmış ve bunun için farklı sıralamalar yapılmıştır (a.g.e. , I, 164, 171; Berzencî, s. 180-182; Seffârînî, Ehvâlü’l-ḳıyâme , s. 106; M. Selâme Cebr, s. 96-98).
Hadislerde dinî yozlaşmayı ve ahlâkî bozuluşu haber veren olayların kâinatın kozmik düzeninin yıkılışına işaret eden belirtiler olmaktan çok ferdi ve toplumu yok oluşa götüren birer alâmet olduğunu kabul etmek daha isabetli bir hüküm olmalıdır. Resûl-i Ekrem’e atfedilen rivayetlere dayanılarak kıyamet alâmetleri arasında zikredilen ve Kur’an’da haklarında bilgi bulunmayan deccâlin çıkışı, mehdînin zuhuru ve Hz. Îsâ’nın gökten inişine dair inançlara gelince, Selefiyye dışındaki Sünnîler’in de kabul ettiği epistemolojik anlayışa göre İslâm akaidi açısından bunlara inanma mecburiyeti yoktur. Zira bunlar Kur’an’la sabit olmadığı gibi mütevâtir hadislerle de teyit edilmiş değildir. Her şeyden önce nüzûl-i Îsâ inancına dayanak teşkil eden rivayetlerdeki bilgiler Hz. Îsâ’nın tabii bir şekilde öldürüldüğünü bildiren âyetlerle çelişmekte (Âl-i İmrân 3/55; el-Mâide 5/117), ayrıca Resûl-i Ekrem’in ardından peygamber gelmeyeceği ve her insanın belli bir süre yaşadıktan sonra öleceği gerçeğine aykırı düşmektedir. Nüzûl-i Îsâ’nın hıristiyanlara ait bir inanç olduğunu dikkate alarak Kur’an’la uyuşmayan bu tür âhâd rivayetlerin tedvin döneminde hıristiyanlardan İslâm akaidine intikal etmiş olabileceği ihtimalini de göz ardı etmemek gerekir (bk. ÎSÂ ). Deccâl inancı konusundaki son araştırmaların ortaya koyduğuna göre bu rivayetlerde çelişkili bilgiler vardır (Reşîd Rızâ, IX, 450-466), sahih olanların ise deccâlin ulûhiyyet niteliklerine sahip hârikulâde bir insan değil kötülüğü temsil eden bir tip olduğu tarzında yorumlanması gerekir (bk. DECCÂL ).
Buhârî ve Müslim gibi hadis âlimleri eserlerinde mehdî hakkındaki rivayetlere yer vermemişlerdir. Mehdînin zuhuruna ilişkin Tirmizî ve Ebû Dâvûd rivayetlerini nakleden râvilerin güvenilir olmadığı cerh ve ta‘dîl âlimlerince belirtilmiştir (Mustafa M. et-Tayr, LII/9 [1980], s. 1644). Ayrıca mehdînin insanların hidayete ermesini sağlayacak hârikulâde bir güce sahip kılınması, peygamberlerin bile tâbi olduğu sünnetullahı ortadan kaldıran bir anlayıştır (Reşîd Rızâ, IX, 459-460, 501-504). Mehdî inancının oluşmasında Ehl-i beyt’e mensup imamlara yapılan eziyetlerin ve müslümanlar arasında meydana gelen üzücü olayların etkisinin bulunduğu kabul edilmektedir. Bu inancın ilk defa Şîa’da görülmesi bunun bir delili sayılmalıdır. Ayrıca bazı rivayetlere dayandırılan deccâl, mehdî ve nüzûl-i Îsâ gibi hârikulâde olayların Kur’an’ın kesin açıklamasına göre kıyametin ansızın vuku bulacak olması gerçeğiyle bağdaşmadığını söylemek gerekir.
Kıyamet alâmetlerini konu edinen eserlerin bazıları şunlardır: Şemsüleimme el-Halvânî, Ṣıfatü eşrâṭi’s-sâʿa ; Abdurrahman es-Sehâvî, el-Ḳanâʿa fîmâ yaḥsünü’l-iḥâṭa bihî min eşrâṭi’s-sâʿa (Riyad 1987); Sehâvî, el-Ḳanâʿa fîmâ temessü ileyhi’l-ḥâce min eşrâṭi’s-sâʿa (Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , II, 1079, 1356, 1392); Ebû Amr ed-Dânî, es-Sünenü’l-vâride fi’l-fiten ve ġavâʾilihâ ve’s-sâʿa ve eşrâṭihâ (Riyad 1995); Muhammed Hicâzî el-Kalkaşendî, Sevâʾü’ṣ-ṣırâṭ fî beyâni’l-eşrâṭ (Îżâḥu’l-meknûn , I, 52; II, 29); Muhammed el-Berzencî, el-İşâʿa li-eşrâṭi’s-sâʿa (Beyrut, ts.); Seffârînî, Min ʿalâmâti’l-ḳıyâmeti’l-kübrâ el-Mesîḥ ve eşrâṭü’s-sâʿa (Beyrut 1407); Mahmûd Atıyye Muhammed Ali, Feḳad câʾe eşrâtühâ (Demmâm 1996); Yûsuf b. Abdullah el-Vâbil, Eşrâṭü’s-sâʿa (Demmâm 1995); Hammûd b. Abdullah et-Tüveycirî, İtḥâfü’l-cemâʿa bimâ câʾe fi’l-fiten ve’l-melâḥim ve eşrâṭi’s-sâʿa (Riyad 1414); Mustafa Ebü’n-Nasr eş-Şiblî, Ṣaḥîḥu eşrâṭi’s-sâʿa (Cidde 1994); Sıddîk Hasan Han, el-İzâʿa limâ kâne ve mâ yekûnü beyne yedeyi’s-sâʿa (Kahire 1379); Mustafa el-Adevî, eṣ-Ṣaḥîḥu’l-müsned min eḥâdîs̱i’l-fiten ve’l-melâḥim ve eşrâṭi’s-sâʿa (Riyad 1991).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem , “sâʿat” md.
Buhârî, “Îmân”, 37, “Tefsîr”, 2/6, “Menâḳıb”, 51, “Fiten”, 4-5, 22-25, 26-27, “ʿItḳ”, 8, “ʿİlim”, 21, “Ṭalâḳ”, 25, “Cihâd”, 95, “Nikâḥ”, 110, “Riḳāḳ”, 39.
Müslim, “ʿİlim”, 8-10, “Fiten”, 100-110, 132-135.
İbn Mâce, “Fiten”, 25-36.
Tirmizî, “Fiten”, 35, 42-43.
Ebû Abdullah İbn Mende, Kitâbü’l-Îmân (nşr. Ali b. Muhammed el-Fükayhî), Beyrut 1406/1985, II, 911.
Halîmî, el-Minhâc , I, 341-342, 430.
Nevevî, Şerḥu Müslim , XVIII, 58.
İbn Kesîr, en-Nihâye (Ebû Abye) , I, 21, 24-32, 52, 145-146, 152-153, 164-171, 173, 178-179.
Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , II, 1079, 1356, 1392.
Berzencî, el-İşâʿa li-eşrâṭi’s-sâʿa , Kahire 1393 → Beyrut, ts. (Dârü’l-kütübi’l-ilmiyye), s. 3-27, 70-75, 87, 90, 91, 112, 122-123, 143, 144, 152, 156, 160, 177, 180-182, 189-190.
Seffârînî, Ehvâlü’l-ḳıyâme ve ʿalâmâtühe’l-kübrâ , Beyrut 1406/1986, s. 106.
a.mlf., Levâmiʿu’l-envâri’l-behiyye , Beyrut, ts. (el-Mektebetü’l-İslâmiyye), II, 65, 142.
Îżâḥu’l-meknûn , I, 52, 86; II, 29.
Reşîd Rızâ, Tefsîrü’l-Menâr , VIII, 211; IX, 450-466, 501-504.
M. Ahmed Abdülkādir, ʿAḳīdetü’l-baʿs̱ ve’l-âḫire fi’l-fikri’l-İslâmî , İskenderiye 1986, s. 50-56.
M. Selâme Cebr, Eşrâṭü’s-sâʿa ve esrârühâ , Kahire 1413/1993, s. 13-14, 20-23, 25-30, 65-70, 92-99, 101-107.
Hammûd b. Abdullah et-Tüveycirî, İtḥâfü’l-cemâʿa bimâ câʾe fi’l-fiten ve’l-melâḥim ve eşrâṭi’s-sâʿa , Riyad 1414, II, 78, 292-293, 374-375; III, 12-13, 137-138, 172-188, 237-241.
Abdülkerîm Âl-i Şemseddin, el-ʿAḳlü’l-İslâmî , Beyrut 1414/1994, II, 292-293.
Yûsuf b. Abdullah el-Vâbil, Eşrâṭü’s-sâʿa , Riyad 1415/1995, s. 41-42, 57, 73-74, 77-176, 179-235, 239, 245-265, 315, 318, 378-392, 407-415.
Mübârek el-Berrâk, eż-Żaʿîf ve’l-mevżûʿ min aḫbâri’l-fiten ve’l-melâḥim ve eşrâṭi’s-sâʿa , Kahire 1416/1996, s. 38-39, 54, 58, 62-65.
Mustafa M. et-Tayr, “el-Mehdî ve’l-Ḫumeynî fî naẓari’l-İslâm”, ME , LII/9, Kahire 1980, s. 1644.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2002 yılında Ankara’da basılan 25. cildinde, 522-525 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.