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KIZILAY Skip to content Millî ve milletlerarası yardım kurumu.
İsviçre hükümetinin daveti üzerine on altı devletin katılımıyla 22 Ağustos 1864’te imzalanan Cenevre Sözleşmesi’ne göre kurulan Kızılhaç Teşkilâtı’nın benzeri olarak Osmanlılar tarafından teşkil edilmiş olup amblemi beyaz zemin üzerine kırmızı aydır. Bu yardım cemiyetinin teşekkülüyle ilgili ilk faaliyet, Salîbiahmer adıyla andığı Kızılhaç’ın kuruluş çalışmaları için Cenevre’ye delege göndermeyen Osmanlı hükümetinin 5 Temmuz 1865’te Cenevre Sözleşmesi’ni imzaladıktan sonra 1867’de Paris’te düzenlenen sağlık sergisine ve Milletlerarası Kızılhaç Sıhhiye Konferansı’na katılmak üzere görevlendirdiği Mekteb-i Tıbbiye muallimi Miralay Abdullah Bey tarafından gerçekleştirilmiştir. Milletlerarası Yaralılara Yardım Komitesi Başkanlığı, 19 Eylül 1867’de yaralılara yardım derneği kurulması konusunda Cenevre Sözleşmesi’nin tatbiki için çalışan Abdullah Bey’e yetki vermesi üzerine Serdârıekrem Ömer Lutfi Paşa’nın himayesinde ve Marko Paşa’nın başkanlığında geçici bir komite kurulmuş, Abdullah Bey komitenin genel sekreteri olmuştu. 11 Haziran 1868’de imzalanan bir taahhütnâme ile de Mecrûhîn ve Marzâ-yi Askeriyyeye İmdad ve Muâvenet Cemiyeti resmen teşkil edilmişti.
Bu cemiyetin 1877’ye kadar olumlu bir faaliyet gösterememesi II. Abdülhamid’in himayesinde yeni bir cemiyetin kuruluşuna yol açtı. Avrupa’da oluşturulan Kızılhaç’a paralel biçimde hilâli amblem olarak alan Osmanlı Hilâliahmer (Kızılay) Cemiyeti 14 Nisan 1877’de faaliyete başladı. Cemiyetin ilk başkanı Meclis-i Umûr-ı Sıhhiyye ikinci reisi Hacı Ârif Bey idi. Hilâliahmer Cemiyeti, 1877-1878 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı’nda cephe gerisinde dokuz seyyar hastahane ile İstanbul’da dört hastahane açarak 25.000’den fazla yaralı ve hasta askeri tedavi ettirdi. 1897’deki Türk-Yunan savaşında da iki hastahane vapuru kiralayarak yaralı ve hasta askerleri İstanbul’a taşıdı. Cemiyetin varlığı, hilâli amblem olarak alması yüzünden Milletlerarası Kızılhaç Komitesi’nce uzun süre kabul edilmedi. Nihayet 1907 Haziranında Londra’da toplanan Milletlerarası VIII. Kızılhaç Konferansı’nda Besim Ömer Paşa’nın (Akalın) gayretleriyle hilâlin amblem olarak alınması resmen onaylandı.
II. Meşrutiyet’in ardından ortaya çıkan cemiyetleşme atmosferi içinde Hilâliahmer Cemiyeti’nin güçlendirilerek teşkili için hazırlıklar başlatıldı. Hariciye Nâzırı Rifat Paşa’nın çabaları sonucu cemiyet yeniden teşkilâtlandırıldı ve bir nizamnâme hazırlandı. Umumi meclis, 20 Nisan 1911’de Tokatlıyan Oteli’nde Sadrazam İbrâhim Hakkı Paşa’nın başkanlığında toplanarak otuz kişilik umumi merkez heyetini seçti. Tophane’de üç katlı bir bina cemiyetin ilk idare merkezi oldu. Başkanlığa Rifat Paşa, başkan vekilliklerine Prens Abbas Paşa ile Talat Bey, müfettişliğe Mehmed Ali Bey, başkâtipliğe Rifat Bey, muhasebeciliğe Kemal Ömer Bey ve veznedarlığa da Fuad Bey getirildi. Cemiyet ilk kongresini 13 Nisan 1912’de eski sadrazamlardan Hüseyin Hilmi Paşa’nın başkanlığında yaptı.
Bu arada kadınlar da Hilâliahmer Cemiyeti’nin faaliyetlerine katıldı. Besim Ömer Paşa’nın teşebbüsüyle 1912 yılı başında kurulan Hilâliahmer Hanımlar Merkezi cemiyetin merkez binasında çalışmalarına başladı. Cemiyetin yeniden kuruluşu esnasında kurucu meclis üyeleri arasında devletin ve toplumun her kesiminden etkili şahısların bulunması bunun kısa sürede benimsenip tanınmasını sağladı. Bu başarıda İttihat ve Terakkî Cemiyeti mensupları ile İttihatçı doktorların önemli rolü olmuştur.
Hilâliahmer Cemiyeti Trablusgarp Savaşı’nda Giryan, Humus ve Bingazi hastahanelerinde 3013 yaralı ve hastayı tedavi ettirdi. Balkan Savaşı’nda da çoğu 1000 yataklı on beş Hilâliahmer hastahanesi hizmet verdi. Aynı zamanda Gülnihal vapuru da hastahane haline getirilerek yıllarca kullanıldı. Bunun yanında savaş dolayısıyla gelen göçmenlerin yerleştirilmesinde ve savaş esirlerinin değişiminde de büyük rol oynadı. I. Dünya Savaşı başlayınca cemiyetin genel merkezi yetkilerinden önemli bir kısmını idare heyetine bıraktı. Savaş yıllarında Hilâliahmer Cemiyeti yurt içinde ve yurt dışında teşkilâtını genişletti. 1914 yılı başında, henüz merkez ve şube teşkil edilmemiş olan yerlerdeki vali ve mutasarrıflara cemiyet ve Dahiliye Nezâreti tarafından tebligatta bulunularak faaliyete geçmeleri istendi. Bu dönemde faal merkezler arasında Ankara, Çankırı, İzmir, Sivas, Edirne, Bağdat, Yemen ve Sofya’nın adı geçmektedir. Tıp Fakültesi müderris muavinlerinden Hikmet Bey (Gizer) Berlin, Viyana ve Budapeşte’de Hilâliahmer komiteleri kurdu. Türkiye’de bulunmayan eşya, ilâç ve sağlık malzemesi buralardan temin edildi. Ordu sıhhiyesinin siparişleri de bu temsilcilikler vasıtasıyla sağlandı. Daha önce cemiyete başkanlık yapmış olan Viyana sefiri Hüseyin Hilmi Paşa, Hikmet Bey’in Osmanlı sefâretinde bir büro açmasına izin verdi. Almanya ve Avusturya Murahhaslığı adı verilen bu temsilcilik 1918 yılı sonlarına kadar çalışmalarına devam etti. 20 Temmuz 1913’te cemiyetin hanımlar merkezi tarafından Cağaloğlu’nda küçük bir evde dârüssınâa (sanat yurdu) açılarak hem kimsesiz çocukların istihdamı sağlandı hem de burada yapılan, Türk millî motiflerinin hâkim olduğu el işleri sergilerle tanıtıldı. Bir müddet sonra Trabzon, Eskişehir, Aydın ve Halep’te hanımlar merkezi faaliyete geçti. Viyana’da da açılan hanımlar şubesi bir yıl içinde 26.000 kron topladı. I. Dünya Savaşı’nda cemiyetin önemli faaliyetlerinden biri de Besim Ömer Paşa vasıtasıyla ilk hasta bakıcı kursunu açmasıdır. 1914’te kursta başarılı olan yirmi yedi hasta bakıcı, Çanakkale Savaşı sırasında İstanbul’da askerî ve cemiyete ait hastahanelerde görev aldı.
Hilâliahmer Cemiyeti, I. Dünya Savaşı’nda çeşitli cephelere sağlık heyetleri gönderdi. Erzurum, Erzincan, Sivas, Samsun, Gelibolu, Şarköy, Tekirdağ, Medine ve İstanbul’da Beyoğlu, Taksim, Galata, Cağaloğlu, Kadırga semtlerinde ve Dârüşşafaka’da hastahaneler açtı. Ayrıca çeşitli yerlerde nekāhathaneler, imdat mevkileri ve misafirhaneler kurdu. Bunların bir kısmı sonradan hastahane haline getirildi. Şirket-i Hayriyye’den bazı gemiler kiralanarak hasta ve yaralıların taşınmasında kullanıldı. Cemiyet salgın halindeki tifüs, kolera, tifo ve dizanteri mücadeleleriyle de uğraşmak durumunda kaldı. Ayrıca İstanbul’un çeşitli semtlerinde açılan aşhanelerden yaklaşık 30.000 kişi yararlanıyordu.
Mondros Mütarekesi’nden sonra İttihat ve Terakkî döneminde faaliyet gösteren cemiyetler İstanbul hükümetlerinin takibatına uğradı. Bu arada Hilâliahmer Cemiyeti de dört defa teftişe tâbi tutuldu. Cemiyetin İstanbul’daki merkez binası 16 Mart 1920 gecesi işgal kuvvetlerinin baskınına uğrayınca umumi kâtip Adnan Bey (Adıvar) Anadolu’ya geçti. Hikmet (Gizer) umumi kâtip olarak İstanbul’da kaldı. İstanbul’un işgali üzerine Anadolu’da Hilâliahmer Teşkilâtı’nın umumi merkezle olan irtibatı kesildi. İlk Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi hükümetinde Sıhhiye ve Muâvenet-i İçtimâiyye Vekâleti görevine getirilen Adnan Bey, cemiyet umumi merkezi tarafından resmen görevlendirilmemiş olmasına rağmen Eskişehir temsilciliğiyle muhabereyi devam ettirdi. Muhlis Bey’in ölümünden sonra yalnız kalan İsmâil Besim Paşa, Eskişehir’in tahliyesi esnasında temsilcilik teşkilâtı ile birlikte depolardaki eşya ve malzemeleri Ankara’ya getirdi. Ekim 1920’de İsmâil Besim Paşa, Adnan Bey, Ömer Lutfi Bey ve Esad Paşa’dan oluşan Ankara (Anadolu) temsilciliği teşkil edildi. Bundan sonra Anadolu’daki merkez ve şubelerin yönetimi Ankara temsilciliğine bağlandı. Ankara’ya karşı menfi bir tavır takınmayan umumi merkez, 4 Kasım 1921’de temsilciliğin Anadolu’daki görev ve yetkilerini arttırarak Adnan Bey, İsmâil Besim Paşa ve Ömer Lutfi Bey’i hey’et-i murahhasa olarak tayin etti.
Hilâliahmer Cemiyeti 1921’den itibaren İstanbul’dan Anadolu’ya yaptığı yardımı arttırdı. 1921-1922 yıllarında Anadolu’da sıhhiye-i askeriyyenin ihtiyacını karşılamak üzere 40.000 parça (balya ve sandık) eşya sevketti. Aynı tarihlerde, İstanbul’daki Anadolu yanlısı gizli örgütlerce (Felâh ve Muharib grupları) kendilerine itimat belgesi verilen cemiyete mensup birçok doktor ve eczacı Ankara’ya gitti. Sadece Nisan 1921’de yirmi beş doktor ve eczacı İnebolu’ya çıktı. Bunların hemen hepsi Anadolu’daki cemiyete ait hastahanelerde görev aldı. İstanbul’da bulunan Hamid Bey (Hasancan), 14 Haziran 1921’de Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi hükümeti tarafından siyasî mümessil sıfatıyla görevlendirildi. “Hilâliahmerci” lakabıyla da anılan Hamid Bey, bu görevini 19 Ekim 1922’de Refet Paşa’nın (Bele) İstanbul’a gelişine kadar sürdürdü. İngiliz yüksek komiseri Horaca Rumbold ile Hamid Bey arasında 23 Ekim 1921’de yapılan anlaşmanın ardından Malta’da bulunan Türk esirlerle Türkiye’deki İngiliz tutuklular mübadele edildi. Ankara temsilciliği, özellikle Batı cephesine önemli miktarda sağlık malzemesi ve eşya yardımında bulundu. II. İnönü Savaşı’ndan sonra cephelere yakın merkezlerde yaralı hastahaneleri açıldı. Eskişehir ve Ankara’da açılan hastahanelerde birçok yaralı ve hasta tedavi edildi. Ankara temsilciliği 1 Ekim 1923’te lağvedildi. Ancak mübadele yoluyla Yunanistan’dan gelecek muhacirlere cemiyet tarafından yapılacak yardım ve tesisler konusunda ilgili vekâlet ve dairelerle gerekli münasebetlerde bulunmak amacıyla İsmâil Besim Paşa münferit bir murahhas olarak Ankara’da bırakıldı.
Cumhuriyet’in ilânından sonra cemiyette bazı değişikliklere gidildi. Daha önce Osmanlı Hilâliahmer Cemiyeti olan adı 1923’te Türkiye Hilâliahmer Cemiyeti, 1935’te Türkiye Kızılay Cemiyeti ve nihayet 1947’de Türkiye Kızılay Derneği olarak değiştirildi. 15 Eylül 1921’den beri on beş günde bir çıkan Osmanlı Hilâliahmer Mecmuası ’nın adı da önce Türkiye Hilâliahmer Mecmuası , ardından da Kızılay Dergisi oldu ve 1928’den itibaren Ankara’da yayımlanmaya başlandı. Ocak 1924’te toplanan genel kongrede bütün merkez ve şubeler İstanbul’a bağlanarak teşkilâtta bütünlük tekrar sağlandı.
Kızılay’da en büyük değişiklik 1925 yılı genel kongresinde yapıldı. 17 Temmuz 1925’te İstanbul Üniversitesi Konferans Salonu’nda toplanan kongreye 150’yi aşkın delege katıldı. 4 Ağustos 1925’te 134 maddelik yeni nizamnâme kabul edildi. 6 Ağustos’ta otuz kişilik yeni merkez heyeti seçilerek başkanlığına Sıhhiye ve Muâvenet-i İçtimâiyye Vekili Refik Bey (Saydam) getirildi. Yeni merkez heyetinde çoğunluğu milletvekilleri oluşturmaktaydı. Başkan vekilliklerine İstanbul mebusu Hakkı Şinasi ile Ertuğrul (Bilecik) mebusu Fikret Bey getirildi. Hariciye Vekâleti müsteşarı Tevfik Kâmil Bey umumi kâtipliğe, garp cephesi eski Sıhhiye reisi Hulûsi Bey umumi müfettişliğe, Dîvân-ı Muhâsebât reisi Fuad Bey muhasebe murakıplığına ve tüccardan Çubukçuzâde Ârif Bey vezne murakıplığına seçildi. Refik Bey 1925’ten 1939’a kadar cemiyetin başkanlığını yaptı. Yeni nizamnâme 13 Eylül 1925’te İcra Vekilleri Heyeti’nce onaylandı. Aynı yıl nizamnâmenin sekizinci maddesi gereği merkez heyeti Ankara’ya taşındı. 1912’de kurulan hanımlar merkezi de yeni nizamnâmeye göre 1925’te umumi merkezle birleştirildi. 1924 yılı umumi meclisinde tesisi kararlaştırılan hasta bakıcı hemşire okulu 1925 Şubatında İstanbul Aksaray’da açıldı. Bu okul, uzun yıllar Sıhhiye ve Muâvenet-i İçtimâiyye Vekâleti hastahanelerine hasta bakıcı yetiştiren yegâne müessese olarak faaliyet gösterdi. 1946 yılında hükümet tarafından Kızılay Cemiyeti’nin gelirlerini arttırmak amacıyla bazı kanunlar çıkarıldı. Afyonkarahisar maden suyunun işletme imtiyazı altmış yıl süreyle Kızılay’a verildi.
Kızılay, Türk milletinde var olan yardım duygusunun Batı usulüyle teşkilâtlanmasından ortaya çıkmış, Kızılhaç teşkilâtlarının çalışma metotlarını benimseyerek Cumhuriyet’ten önce Batılılaşan ilk Türk müesseselerinden biri olmuştur. Ayrıca bu teşkilât amblemiyle birlikte bütün İslâm dünyasında yayılmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Ahmed Midhat, Hilâliahmer , İstanbul 1296.
Besim Ömer, Dokuzuncu Washington Salîbiahmer Konferansına Memuriyetim ve Osmanlı Hilâliahmer Cemiyetine Tekliflerim Hakkında , İstanbul 1328.
Osmanlı Hilâliahmer Cemiyeti Salnâmesi: 1329-1331 , İstanbul, ts.
Osmanlı Hilâliahmer Cemiyeti Tarafından 330 Senesi Meclis-i Umûmîsi’ne Takdim Olunan Rapor , İstanbul 1330.
Osmanlı Hilâliahmer Cemiyeti: 1330-1334 Senelerine Âid Merkez-i Umûmî Raporu , İstanbul 1335.
Türkiye Hilâliahmer Cemiyeti Merkez-i Umûmîsi Tarafından 1339 Senesi Hilâliahmer Meclis-i Umûmîsi’ne Takdim Edilen (1335-1338) Rapor , İstanbul 1339.
Türkiye Hilâliahmer Cemiyeti Hanımlar Merkezi Dârüssınâası , İstanbul 1339.
Türkiye Kızılay Derneği 73 Yıllık Hayatı: 1877-1949 , Ankara 1950.
Kızılay ve Kızılhaç’ın Milletlerarası Kaynakları: Sözleşmeler-Tüzükler-Kararlar , Ankara 1964.
Mesut Çapa, Kızılay (Hilâl-i Ahmer) Cemiyeti: 1914-1925 (doktora tezi, 1989), AÜ Türk İnkılâp Tarihi Enstitüsü.
a.mlf., “Lozan’da Öngörülen Türk Ahâli Mübadelesinin Uygulanmasında Türkiye Kızılay (Hilâliahmer) Cemiyeti’nin Katkıları”, AÜ Türk İnkılâp Tarihi Enstitüsü Dergisi (Atatürk Yolu) , sy. 2, Ankara 1988, s. 241-256.
“Kızılay”, TA , XXIII, 87-91.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2002 yılında Ankara’da basılan 25. cildinde, 544-546 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.