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KIZILDENİZ Skip to content Asya ile Afrika’yı ayıran deniz.
Hint Okyanusu’nun bir uzantısı olup Arabistan yarımadası ile Afrika kıtası arasında bulunmaktadır. Klasik Batı kaynaklarında Grekçe Erythra thalassa ve Latince Erythraeum / Rubrum mare (kırmızı deniz) şeklinde geçen ve bütün dillere bu anlamda tercüme edilen (Bahr-i Ahmer, Kızıldeniz, Red Sea, Mer Rouge, Rotes Meer, Mare Rosso vb.) adını, kıyılarındaki kiremit rengi topraklarla kırmızı mercan kayalarının yansıması sebebiyle suyunun kızıla yakın görünmesinden alır. Ayrıca Süveyş körfezinin kuzey ucundaki Kulzüm şehrinden dolayı Bahrü’l-Kulzüm ve üzerindeki, halk arasında şap denilen mercan kayalıklarından dolayı da Şap denizi adlarıyla tanınır. İçinden çıkılmaz güç durumlara işaret eden “şapa oturmak” tabiri, bu denizin kıyıya yakın sığ sularında seyreden küçük gemi ve kayıkların sık sık mercan kayalıklarına oturmasından kaynaklanmıştır. Bugün de özellikle Hint Okyanusu’ndan girişte rastlanan mercan kayalıkları ve küçük adacıklar Bâbülmendeb civarını deniz ulaşımı açısından tehlikeli kılmaktadır. Pîrî Reis bu denizden Kitâb-ı Bahriyye ’de Bahr-i Zenc, Kâtib Çelebi Cihannümâ ’da Bahr-i Süveyş ve Evliya Çelebi Seyahatnâme ’de Bahr-i Kulzüm adlarıyla bahsederler. Kitâb-ı Mukaddes’in birçok yerinde “yam sûp” (kamış denizi) adıyla (meselâ Çıkış, 13/18) veya adı verilmeden sadece deniz tanımlamasıyla (meselâ Çıkış, 14/2, 9) bahsi geçen Kızıldeniz’e Kur’an’da ya yine adı verilmeden sadece deniz denilerek (meselâ bk. el-Bakara 2/50) veya “Firavun taifesini -suda- boğduk” (meselâ bk. el-Enfâl 8/54) şeklinde zımnen temas edilmiştir.
Güney kısmındaki Bâbülmendeb Boğazı ile (eni 27 km.) başlayan Kızıldeniz kuzeybatıya doğru yer yer genişleyerek ilerler ve sonunda Sînâ yarımadasının araya girmesiyle ikiye çatallanır. Çatalın yarımadanın batısında kalan ucu (Süveyş körfezi) Süveyş Kanalı ile Akdeniz’e bağlanmıştır; bu uzantının boyu 315 kilometredir. Diğer ucunda (Akabe körfezi) Ürdün ile İsrail’in Akabe ve Eylat liman şehirleri bulunmaktadır; bu uzantının boyu ise 180 kilometredir. Toplam uzunluğu 1912 km., eni ortalama 280 kilometreyi bulan denizin en geniş kesimi Eritre’deki Masavva‘ Limanı hizalarıdır (320 km.) ve 490 m. kadar olan ortalama derinliği Sevâkin ile Cidde arasında 2000 metreyi aşar; yüzölçümü 438.000 km2 ’dir. Her iki kıyısından da dökülen önemli bir nehir olmadığı için Kızıldeniz dünyanın en tuzlu (‰ 404) ve en sıcak (kıyılarda 25°, orta kesimde 31°) denizleri arasında yer alır. Kızıldeniz’in en önemli ürünü normal mercan ve başka denizlerde bulunmayan, özellikle Akabe körfezinden çok çıktığı ve Akabe Limanı’ndan pazarlandığı için “akabar” adıyla da bilinen siyah renkli, ısıtılınca yumuşayan boynuz mercanıdır (horncoral, antipathes spiralis). Kızıldeniz’de bulunan adalar genelde küçük ve gruplar halinde olup bunların başlıcaları 1265 adadan meydana gelen Dehlek adalar topluluğu, bunların karşı hizasında Yemen sahillerinde yer alan Feresân adaları ile Kemerân, Bâbülmendeb girişindeki Meyyûn (Perim) ve kuzeyde Akabe körfezi önündeki Tiran adalarıdır. Güneyde bulunan Cebelizikâr ile küçük ve büyük Haniş adaları gibi bazı adalar son zamanlarda Yemen ile Eritre arasında diplomatik krizlere yol açmaktadır.
İlk müslümanların Kızıldeniz’le tanışmaları Habeşistan’a hicret münasebetiyle olmuş ve 615 yılında on bir erkekle dört kadından meydana gelen birinci göçmen kafilesi, Arap yarımadasının Şuaybe Limanı’ndan bindiği bir tekneyle bu denizi geçerek Habeşistan sahillerine ulaşmıştır. Kızıldeniz’le ilgili bir gelişme de on beş yıl sonra meydana gelmiş ve aldığı davet mektubu üzerine İslâm’ı kabul eden Necâşî Ashame’nin vefatının ardından Habeşistan tahtına çıkan yeni necâşî döneminde bir adada üslenen Bece kabilesine mensup korsanlar Cidde’ye akınlarda bulunmaya başlamışlar, bunun üzerine Hz. Peygamber, 9 yılının Rebîülâhir ayında (Ağustos 630) Alkame b. Mücezziz’i 300 kişilik bir kuvvetle adaya göndermiş, fakat birlik korsanları bulamamıştır. 641 yılında Halife Ömer’in yine Alkame b. Mücezziz yönetiminde gönderdiği bir kuvvet fırtınaya yakalanan teknelerinin batması sonucu boğulmuş, böylece faaliyetlerini sürdüren korsanlar 702’de ve 770’te Cidde’yi yağmalamışlar, ancak Abbâsî Halifesi Ebû Ca‘fer el-Mansûr zamanında ortadan kaldırılabilmişlerdir.
Kızıldeniz’in tarihten bugüne uzanan önemi, hac yolları ve Avrupa-Hindistan-Uzakdoğu ticaret yolu üzerinde olmasındandır. Süveyş Kanalı açılmadan önce Hint Okyanusu’ndan gelen gemiler Aden’den sonra Cidde, Yenbu‘ (Câr), Hudeyde ve Masavva‘ gibi limanlara uğrar, daha sonra da Süveyş veya Akabe körfezlerine yönelirlerdi; getirdikleri, Akdeniz limanlarına ulaşacak mallar ise kervanlarla buralara taşınırdı. Kuzey Afrika ülkelerinden ve kısmen Şam’dan gelen hacı adayları da Kulzüm’den gemilere binerek denize açılırlar ve Medine’ye gidenler Yenbu‘, Mekke’ye gidenler Cidde Limanı’nda inerlerdi (İbn Hurdâzbih, s. 153-154). Böylece Kızıldeniz’i kontrol eden siyasî güç eline ticaret ve hac yollarına hâkimiyet gibi önemli bir avantaj geçirmiş olurdu. Vasco da Gama’nın 1497’de Afrika’nın güneyinden dolaşarak Hindistan’a ulaşması, Kızıldeniz hâkimiyetinin ve dolayısıyla pek çok şeyin değişmesine yol açtı. Bu yeni yolu kullanan Portekizliler, 1513’te Kızıldeniz’de hâkimiyeti ele geçirmek için büyük önem taşıyan Dehlek’e çıktılar ve Dehlek meliki Ahmed b. İsmâil’i imzalattıkları bir antlaşmayla nüfuzları altına aldılar; ayrılmalarından sonra Melik Ahmed’in antlaşmayı tanımaması üzerine de 1520’de geri dönerek burayı tahrip ettiler. 1517’de Mısır’ı fetheden Osmanlılar, Portekiz’in faaliyetlerini engellemek amacıyla Kızıldeniz’e yöneldiler ve başlattıkları seferi 1538’de Hadım Süleyman Paşa’nın Aden’i almasıyla tamamladılar. Bu yeni dönemde Kızıldeniz’in ticaret yolu olma özelliği zayıfladı, ancak hac yolu olma özelliği devam etti. Osmanlılar daha sonra Yemen ve Habeş kıyılarını tamamen ele geçirdiler ve kurdukları Habeş eyaletiyle Kızıldeniz’e hâkim oldular.
XIX. yüzyılın başlarında Mısır’ın Osmanlı valisi Kavalalı Mehmed Ali Paşa’nın gayretleriyle Kızıldeniz-Akdeniz ticaretinin canlandırılmasına çalışıldı. İskenderiye süratle gelişti ve Afrika’nın en önemli ticaret limanlarından biri durumuna geldi. Mehmed Ali Paşa’nın Vehhâbî meselesini kısmen halleden oğlu İbrâhim Paşa’ya Hicaz ve Habeş valiliklerinin verilmesiyle (1819) Kızıldeniz ticaret yolu tamamen emniyet altına alındı. Mal nakliyatına kolaylıklar getirilirken yeni istasyonlar belirlendi ve İngiliz Doğu Hindistan Şirketi’nin Avrupa posta ve ticaret yolunu Mısır üzerinden geçirmesi sağlandı. Ancak İngilizler 1839’da Aden’e girdiler, arkasından da Mısır ve Kızıldeniz üzerinde Osmanlı Devleti aleyhine hâkimiyetlerini arttırmanın yollarını aramaya başladılar. Osmanlı Devleti, İngilizler’in bu çabalarına karşılık 1865 yılında Kızıldeniz sahilleri için “muhafaza” idarî birimini kurarak önce Sevâkin ve Masavva‘, sonra da Zeyla‘ liman şehirlerini bu idareye bağladı. Fransızlar 1850’li yıllarda Süveyş Kanalı’nın açılmasına ilişkin politik faaliyetlerine başladılar. Sadrazam Mustafa Reşid Paşa’nın İstanbul’un ticarî öneminin azalacağı gerekçesiyle direnmesi fayda vermedi ve onun Fransız baskısı karşısında görevinden alınmasından ve kısa bir süre sonra geri getirilmesine rağmen aynı yıl içerisinde vefat etmesinin (1858) ardından Osmanlı Devleti ile anlaşan Fransızlar 1859-1869 yılları arasında kanalı inşa ettiler. 16 Kasım 1869’da açılan kanal ve hızla gelişen yeni ticaret yolu Kızıldeniz’in önemini arttırdı. Bu arada Mustafa Reşid Paşa’nın tahmin ettiği gibi Akdeniz-Doğu ülkeleri ticareti büyük ölçüde buraya kaydı ve İstanbul-Basra körfezi bağlantılı Hindistan-Uzakdoğu ticaret yolu önemini kaybetti. Kızıldeniz’in kazandığı bu yeni önem bölgede hâkimiyet kurmak isteyen ülkelerin sayısını arttırdı ve bunlardan, kanalın açıldığı yıl Eritre sahillerindeki Assab’ı satın alan İtalya 1882’de burayı, 1890’da Masavva‘ Limanı dahil bölgenin tamamını sömürgeleştirdi. Süveyş Kanalı’nın açılmasını sağlayan III. Napolyon’un Almanlar’a karşı giriştiği mücadelede uğradığı yenilgiyi değerlendiren İngilizler ise hızla kanal hisselerini toplayarak Kızıldeniz’in hâkimiyetinde parasal açıdan da söz sahibi olmak istediler. Her şeyden önce Kızıldeniz onlar için Hindistan sömürgelerine ulaşmanın en kısa yolu olmasından dolayı vazgeçilmezdi. Zamanla Süveyş, Port Sudan, Hudeyde, Taiz, Cidde, Yenbu‘, Masavva‘ ve Sevâkin gibi limanların önemi daha da artarken aynı şekilde Kızıldeniz’e sahili olan ülkelerin de stratejik önemi arttı.
XX. yüzyılın başlarında Osmanlı Devleti Kızıldeniz’deki hâkimiyetini sürdürmeye devam ettiyse de I. Dünya Savaşı ve özellikle şeriflerin başlattığı bağımsızlık hareketi neticesinde (1916) geriledi; 1918’de imzaladığı Mondros Mütarekesi ile de buralarda hiçbir ağırlığının kalmadığı ilân edildi. Savaşın ardından Kızıldeniz’e komşu ülkelerde yeni yapılanmaların ortaya çıkması, önce Ürdün’ün (1920), daha sonra da İsrail’in (1947) kurulması ve Kızıldeniz’in okyanuslara açılmadaki önemi bölgeyi daha stratejik bir konuma getirdi. Mısır’ın 1955’te Akabe körfezinin ağzındaki Tiran Boğazı’nı İsrail gemilerine kapatması ve ertesi yıl da Süveyş Kanalı’nı millîleştirmesi II. Mısır-İsrail Savaşı’na yol açtı. 1973’te Mısır’ın Bâbülmendeb’i kapatarak Kızıldeniz’de hâkimiyet kurma girişimine karşılık İsrail de 1976’da istihbarat uçakları ile bölgenin kontrolünde söz sahibi olduğunu hissettirdi. Bu arada Sovyetler’in Somali ile anlaşması (1974) süper güçlerin de Kızıldeniz’e duydukları ilgiyi gösteriyordu. 1977’de Arap Savunması adı altında bir birlik kurmaya çalışan Yemen-Suudi Arabistan-Mısır birleşik güçleri Bâbülmendeb’de çalışmalar yaptılar ve “Kızıldeniz bir Arap denizidir” sloganını dünyaya benimsetmek için girişimlerde bulundular. İsrail ise Etiyopya’nın muvafakatiyle Eritre sahilinde ve karşısındaki adalarda bazı üsler edindi. Yine 1977’de Fransa Cibuti’nin bağımsızlığını elde etmesine yardımcı oldu ve bu yeni devletle topraklarında askerî güç bulundurmak üzere bir dizi antlaşma yaptı; böylece Kızıldeniz’in güneybatı sahillerinde gücünü hissettirdi. Sovyetler Birliği’nden dört yıl sonra Amerika Birleşik Devletleri de 1978 yılı Ocak ayında Asmara ve Masavva‘da iki askerî üs kurdu, Etiyopya’dan Dehlek ve Sentian adalarını yirmi beş yıllığına kiraladı; ayrıca yine Kızıldeniz geçişini kontrol amacı ile Diego Garcia ve Mauritius adalarıyla Maldivler’deki üslerini takviye etti. XXI. yüzyılın başlarında Kızıldeniz dünyanın bütün güçlü ülkelerinin dikkatlerini üzerinde toplayan önemli bir deniz olma özelliğini korumaktadır.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2002 yılında Ankara’da basılan 25. cildinde, 557-559 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.