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KIZILELMA Skip to content Eski çağlardan beri Türk cihan hâkimiyeti idealini sembolik olarak ifade eden bir kavram.
En eski kaynaklardan başlayarak kızılelma tabirinin nereden geldiği açıkça belirtilmeksizin “erişilmesi istenen ülkü, elde edilmesi amaçlanan muhayyel yer” anlamında kullanıldığı görülmektedir. Bazı araştırmacılar, tabirin köklerinin Uzakdoğu’da mitolojik çağlara kadar uzandığını ortaya koymaya çalışırken bir kısmı da insanlık tarihi kadar eski olan bu motifin Batı dünyasında da mevcut olduğunu belirtir. Bazı çağdaş araştırmacılara göre ise ilk defa Orta Asya’da Türkler arasında doğan bu ülkü, Ergenekon destanında Ergenekon’dan dışarı çıkma ve kaybedilmiş olan eski yurdu tekrar ele geçirme ideali şeklinde görülür. Kavram zamanla, gerçekleştirilmesi düşünülen idealleri ve zaptedilmesi gereken yerleri belirleyen bir sembol haline dönüşür. Orta Asya’da Oğuz Türkleri için kızılelma, hangi yöne giderlerse gitsinler hedefleri ve kazandıkları zaferin adı haline gelir.
Batı kaynaklarında asâ ile birlikte hükümdarlık alâmeti olarak kullanıldığı belirtilen kızılelma bazılarına göre İtalya’da Roma şehri, bazılarına göre de Roma’daki Saint Pierre Kilisesi’nin üzerinde bulunan ve denizden de görülebilen altın yaldızlı küre ya da bu kilisenin üstü kırmızı bakırla kaplanmış kubbesidir. Ancak bu ideal Osmanlılar’da biraz daha farklı bir anlam kazanır. Oğuzlar, Selçuklular ve Osmanlılar tarafından Roma ve Bizans imparatorluklarının hâkimiyeti altındaki ülkelerin fethedilmesiyle Türkler’in cihan hâkimiyetinin gerçekleşeceği düşüncesine varılması birbirini tamamlayıcı mahiyette ideallerdir. Bundan dolayı özellikle İstanbul’un fethi bir anlamda kızılelma idealinin gerçekleşmesi şeklinde yorumlanmıştır.
Bizans döneminde Ayasofya’nın önünde dikili bir sütun üstünde at üzerindeki Iustinianos heykelinin elinde altından bir küre bulunmaktaydı. Bu şekilde bütün dünyayı hâkimiyeti altında tuttuğuna inanılan imparatorun elindeki kürenin (kızılelma) yere düşmesi, Bizans da dahil birçok ülkenin Türkler tarafından zaptedileceğine ve imparatorluğun çöküşüne işaret sayılmıştı. Ayrıca burada yer alan bir kitâbede, “Bu top benim elimde durduğu sürece dünyaya sahibim” sözlerinin yazılı bulunduğu; Iustinianos’un, “Beni yıkacak kimse buradan geçecektir” dediği de rivayet edilmektedir. Bizans halkı tarafından imparatorun sağ elinin sihirli bir güçle donanmış olduğuna, sol elinde bulunan altınla kaplı bronz kürenin de devletin refah ve ıstırabını sembolize ettiğine inanılıyor, şehirde yaşayan halk zaman zaman heykelin önüne gelip ümit ve korkuyla şehrin geleceğini düşünüyordu. 1317’de kürenin üzerindeki haç bir fırtınada düştüğü zaman halk büyük bir korkuya kapılmış, daha sonra elma biçimindeki top da düşüp parçalanınca bundan yakında devletin parçalanıp yıkılacağı mânası çıkarılmıştır. Diğer bir rivayete göre de heykelin elindeki top Fâtih Sultan Mehmed’in İstanbul’u kuşatmasından kısa bir süre önce düşmüş, İmparator Konstantin iki defa onu tekrar yerine koymayı denemişse de başaramamıştır. Bazı hıristiyan seyyahlara göre cihan hâkimiyetinin tılsımını taşıdığına inanılan altın küre Bizans İmparatorluğu’nun uğuru sayılıyordu. XV. yüzyılda heykelin yıkılması ve kürenin yere düşmesi birçok ülkenin elden çıkacağına, bu ülkelerin Türkler tarafından fethine ve imparatorluğun çöküşüne işaret sayılmıştı. Gerçekte ise bu elma (Reichapfel) İstanbul’un Türkler’ce fethinden çok önce kaybolmuştu. Seyyah Clavijo, 1403’te bunun hâlâ yerinde olduğunu söylerken Bavyeralı Knappe Schiltberger 1427’de artık onu orada görememiştir. Evliya Çelebi ise Hz. Muhammed’in doğumu sırasında Nemrud’un âteşkedesinin söndüğünü, Tâk-ı Kisrâ ile birlikte Ayasofya ve Kızılelma-yı Rûm Kubbesi’nin de çöktüğünü yazmaktadır.
Carl Brockelmann ve Martin Hartmann, kızılelmanın menşeinin Hesperides’in altın elmalarından geldiğini ve bunda da Batı dünyasının ideal ülkelerinden birinin tasavvur edildiğini ileri sürerken August Fischer bunu cihan hâkimiyetinin bir sembolü olarak gösterir. Bir kısım araştırmacılar ise kızılelmanın Doğu ülkelerinde de hükümdarlık alâmeti sayıldığını gösteren çeşitli tarihî kayıtlar üzerinde durmaktadır.
Kızılelma Osmanlı padişahlarınca da hükümdarlık alâmeti sayılmıştır. Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi’nde bulunan Osmanlı padişahları albümünde (Bağdat Köşkü, nr. 408, vr. 32a ), Çelebi Sultan Mehmed’den III. Murad’a kadar sekiz padişahtan yedisinin elinde birer elma resmedilmiştir. Fâtih Sultan Mehmed, II. Bayezid ve II. Selim bu elmaları sol ellerinde, diğerleri sağ ellerinde tutmakta, Yavuz Sultan Selim’in ise iki elinde iki elma bulunmaktadır. Ayrıca çeşitli kaynaklarda, Fâtih Sultan Mehmed devrinden başlayarak III. Selim dönemine kadar Türk askerlerinin dillerinden düşürmediği, “Padişahım, biz senin uğrunda ta Kafdağı’nın ötesine, kızılelmaya dek varırız” sözleri Osmanlılar’ın ebedî saltanatının bütünlüğü anlamında kullanılmıştır (Tebly, s. 36 vd.).
İstanbul’un fethinden sonra Türk milletinin hedef ve ideali Roma’ya yönelince burası bir kızılelma olmuştur. Fâtih Sultan Mehmed’in veziri Gedik Ahmed Paşa’nın Otranto Seferi, Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman’ın Korfu ve Pulya seferleri, Barbaros Hayreddin Paşa’nın Reggio seferi, Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Paşa’nın Viyana Kuşatması hep kızılelma idealiyle açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır.
Kosova Meydan Savaşı’nın kazanılıp Sırbistan’ın Osmanlı topraklarına katılmasında önemli rol oynayan ve babasının yerine tahta geçen Yıldırım Bayezid cülûs tebriği için Edirne Sarayı’na gelen Venedik, Ceneviz ve diğer İtalyan devletlerinin barış ve ticaret anlaşmalarını yenilemek isteyen elçilerine, Osmanlı Devleti sınırları içinde ticaretin tabii bir hal olduğunu söyledikten sonra anlaşma yapılmasını reddetmiş ve, “Roma’ya kadar gidip Saint Pierre Kilisesi’nin mihrabında atıma yem vereceğim” sözleriyle Roma (Rum papa) kızılelmasının, henüz doğu kızılelması (İstanbul) fethedilmeden önce Türk ülkesinin haritasına girmiş olduğunu resmen ilân etmiştir.
Peçuylu İbrâhim, “Ehl-i İslâm kızılelmaya değin fethetseler gerektir deyü lisân-ı halkta şâyi‘dir, lâkin bu kelâmın me’hazı ve sebebi mâlûm değildir”; başka bir yerde de, “Sınır taşı gibi bir alâmet için vaz‘olunmuştur” derken Evliya Çelebi Budin’de bir Kızılelma Sarayı, Estergon’da da bir Kızılelma Camii bulunduğunu belirtmektedir. Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman döneminde Habsburglar’la yapılan savaşlarda Beç (Viyana) kızılelması ortaya çıkar. III. Selim devrinde Nizâm-ı Cedîd’in kurulmasına karşı ayaklanan yeniçerilerin ağzından naklen Koca Sekbanbaşı’nın kaydettiği, “Hemen bize düşmanı göstersinler, dalkılıç olup düşman ordusuna dalarız, harap ederiz ve kralın tahtını tacını başına geçirip kızılelmaya dek gideriz” sözleri, bu sırada kızılelmanın yine muhayyel bir ülke olduğunu göstermektedir. Kızılelma efsanesinin yeniçeriler arasında da yaygın olduğu tahmin edilmektedir. Kanûnî’nin bir gün yeniçeri kışlasını dolaştıktan sonra, “Kızılelmada buluşuruz” diyerek askerin arasından ayrılması çeşitli kaynaklarda zikredilmektedir.
Bazı kaynaklarda kızılelma yerine “diyâr-ı Üngürüs” tabiri kullanılmıştır. Evliya Çelebi, Hayretî’nin, “Şâhım kızılelmayı ayva ile doldurdun” mısraıyla sona eren kıtasının Budin’de Kızılelma Sarayı diye meşhur binanın divanhânesinde celî hatla yazılı olduğunu söylerken Âşık Çelebi, sadece son mısraını kaydettiği bu dörtlüğün Beç seferine tarih düşürüldüğünü belirtmektedir. Aynı şekilde Nev‘î, Aşkî, Kandî, Sâbit ve Enderunlu Vâsıf’ın şiirlerinde de bu anlamda kızılelma tabirinin yer aldığı görülmektedir.
Ziya Gökalp’in 23 Kânunusâni 1328’de (5 Şubat 1913) Türk Yurdu’nda yayımlanan ünlü manzum hikâyesi “Kızılelma” ile bu kavram değişik bir muhteva kazanarak yeniden gündeme gelir. Tanzimat’tan sonraki yıllarda hemen hemen unutulmaya yüz tutan bu sembole yeni bir anlam kazandırmaya çalışan Ziya Gökalp’te kızılelma bu defa, çökmekte ve dağılmakta olan Osmanlı Devleti yerine bütün Türkler’in bir araya gelerek kuracakları ve yüzyıllardır özlemini çektikleri Turan ülkesiyle eş anlamda kullanılır. “Kızılelma” manzumesi, bütün Türkler tarafından heyecanla karşılandığı gibi bazı şarkiyatçıların da konuyla ilgilenmesine yol açar. Ziya Gökalp’ten birkaç yıl sonra Ömer Seyfeddin “Kızılelma Neresi?” adıyla yayımladığı hikâyede (YM , I, nr. 21, 29 [Teşrînisâni 1917], s. 418) “padişahın atının ayağının bastığı yer” diye gösterdiği kızılelmaya “erişilmek istenen ülke” şeklinde açıklık getirir. 1914’te Aka Gündüz Muhterem Katil adlı kitabında, Yahya Kemal de “Gedik Ahmed Paşa’ya Gazel” adlı şiirinde yer alan, “Çıktı Otranto’ya pürvelvele Ahmed Pâşâ / Tûğlar varsa gerektir Kızılelma’ya kadar” mısralarında yine bu ideali ortaya koyar. Cumhuriyet’ten sonraki yıllarda Hüseyin Nihal Atsız, Arif Nihat Asya, Necdet Sancar, Niyazi Yıldırım Gençosmanoğlu gibi şair ve yazarlar da kızılelma motifini daha çok Ziya Gökalp’in kullandığı tarzda Türkçülük ideolojisi çevresinde ele alıp işlemişlerdir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Âşık Çelebi, Meşâirü’ş-şuarâ , s. 916.
Evliya Çelebi, Seyahatnâme , I, 115, 124; III, 324; VI, 235-236, 262, 265; VII, 55, 139, 194, 248, 273, 332, 471.
Hammer (Atâ Bey) , III, 474; VII, 113.
İsmail Hami Danişmend, Türklük Meseleleri , İstanbul 1966, s. 124-126, 163.
Osman Turan, Türk Cihân Hâkimiyeti Mefkûresi Tarihi , İstanbul 1979, s. 594-595.
Karl Tebly, Dersaadette Avusturya Sefirleri (trc. Selçuk Ünlü), Ankara 1988, s. 36 vd.
Fr. Babinger, “Qizil Elma”, Isl. , XII (1922), s. 109-111.
M. Fahrettin Kırzıoğlu, “Türk Millî Geleneğinde Kızılalma ve Yerleri”, BTTD (2. seri), sy. 1 (1985), s. 31-36; sy. 2 (1985), s. 41-47.
Orhan Şaik Gökyay, “Kızıl Elma Üzerine”, TT , V/25 (1986), s. 9-14; V/26 (1986), s. 20-25; V/27 (1986), s. 9-13; V/28 (1986), s. 9-13.
Sâmiha Ayverdi, “Kızıl Elma”, KAM , XXIV/2 (1995), s. 5-7.
Stefanos Yerasimos, “Ağaçtan Elmaya: Apokaliptik bir Temanın Soyağacı” (trc. Emel Ergun), Cogito , sy. 17, İstanbul 1999, s. 304-332.
P. N. Boratav, “Kizil-Elma”, EI2 (İng.) , V, 245-246.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2002 yılında Ankara’da basılan 25. cildinde, 559-561 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.