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KOCA Skip to content
Türkçe’de “evli kadının eşi” anlamında kullanılan koca kelimesinin Arapça’daki karşılığı zevc dir (çoğulu ezvâc ). Arapça’da ba‘l kelimesinin (çoğulu buûle ) bir anlamı da kocadır. Sözlükte “eş”, “tür”, “çift” anlamlarına gelen zevc, terim olarak evlilik birliğinin taraflarını meydana getiren kadın ve erkeğin her birini ayrı ayrı ifade eder. Zevc denince -Türkçe’deki eş kelimesinde olduğu gibi- kadın esas alındığında koca, koca esas alındığında da karısı kastedilmiş olur. Bununla birlikte örfte kocayı ifade etmek için zevc , evli kadını ifade etmek üzere bu kelimenin müennesi olan zevce nin (çoğulu zevcât ) kullanımı yaygınlık kazanmıştır. Karı kocayı birlikte anlatmak için de zevceyn tabiri kullanılır.
Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de zevc kelimesi hem sözlük hem de ıstılahtaki anlamında tekil, ikil ve çoğul şekillerinde sıkça kullanılmıştır (meselâ bk. el-Bakara 2/35, 232, 234; en-Nisâ 4/20; el-En‘âm 6/143; Hûd 11/40; el-Hac 22/5; el-Ahzâb 33/28; er-Rahmân 55/52). Ba‘l kelimesi de “koca” anlamında birkaç âyette geçer (el-Bakara 2/228; en-Nisâ 4/128; Hûd 11/72; en-Nûr 24/31). Hz. Peygamber’in hadislerinde ise kocayı ifade etmek üzere zevc ve ba‘l, evli kadını ifade etmek için zevcenin kullanıldığı görülmektedir (Wensinck, el-Muʿcem , “baʿl”, “zvc” md.leri). İslâm hukuk literatüründe koca ile ilgili hükümler özellikle aile hukuku başta olmak üzere fıkhın çeşitli dallarında ele alınmıştır.
Gerekli şartları taşıyan ve usulüne uygun biçimde gerçekleşen evlilik akdinin tarafları olan karı koca için birtakım dinî, ahlâkî, hukukî görev ve sorumluluklar doğmaktadır. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de kadının kocası, kocanın da karısı üzerinde haklarının bulunduğu belirtilmekle birlikte (el-Bakara 2/228, 233; en-Nisâ 4/4, 20-21; et-Talâk 65/7) bu hakların ne olduğu konusunda ayrıntıya girilmeyerek “ma‘rûf” ölçütü getirilmiştir. Evlilik birliğinin devamı için karı kocanın birbirine sevgi, saygı ve hoşgörü ile davranması, iyi geçinmeleri, birbirinin şerefini zedeleyecek ve değerini düşürecek davranışlardan sakınmaları ve cinsel ihtiyaçlarını yerine getirmeleri her iki tarafın müşterek hak ve vecîbeleri arasında yer alır. Çocukların bakım ve terbiyesi de ortak görevlerdendir. Bunun dışında karı kocanın evlilik birliğinden doğan ve hukukî niteliği ön plana çıkan bazı hak ve sorumlulukları söz konusudur ve bir taraf için hak olan diğer taraf için borç niteliği taşımaktadır.
Evlilik akdinin gerçekleşmesiyle birlikte kocanın karısına karşı yerine getirmesi gereken başlıca iki tür malî yükümlülük vardır: Mehir ve nafaka. Erkeğin evlenirken karısına verdiği veya vermeyi taahhüt ettiği para yahut mala mehir adı verilir. Kur’an’da kadınların mehir haklarına veya evlenecek erkeğin mehir ödeme yükümlülüğüne ana hatlarıyla temas edilmiştir (en-Nisâ 4/4, 24). Mehir nikâh akdinin şartlarından değil tabii ve hukukî sonuçlarından biri olarak kabul edilir; nikâh esnasında belirtilmemiş olsa bile kocanın karısına mehir ödeme yükümlülüğü vardır.
Evlilik akdinin hukukî sonuçlarından bir diğeri ise evlilik nafakasıdır. Kadın ve çocukların geçimini sağlama görevi kural olarak aile reisi olan kocaya aittir (el-Bakara 2/233; en-Nisâ 4/24). Bu esasen aile içi sorumluluklarda insanlığın genel tecrübesini yansıtmakta olup sünnette yer alan hüküm ve öneriler de bu çatı üzerine oturur (Buhârî, “Nafaḳāt”, 1, 4; Ebû Dâvûd, “Menâsik”, 56). Evlilik nafakası yükümlülüğünün doğması için kocanın zengin olması gerekmediği gibi kadının fakir olması da gerekmez. Evlilik hayatı içinde kadının her türlü masrafı, eşlerin oturacakları evin temini ve döşenmesi kocaya aittir. Kocanın karşılamakla yükümlü olduğu bu tür masrafların kapsam ve seviyesini belirlemede örf ve eşlerin sosyal konumları esas olup fıkıh doktrininde yer alan ayrıntılar düzenleyici ve anlaşmazlık halinde çözümü kolaylaştırıcı nitelikte hükümlerdir. Boşanmış veya hâkim tarafından ayrılmış kadınların nafakaları da iddetleri doluncaya kadar kocalarına aittir (et-Talâk 65/6). Kocası vefat eden kadın kocasına mirasçı olacağından iddet süresince kendisine ayrıca nafaka ödenmesi gerekmez. Kocanın eşinin nafakasını temin etmemesi belirli şartlarla bir boşanma sebebidir (bk. NAFAKA ).
Koca nafaka yükümlüsü olduğu için karısına zekât veremez. Evli kadının fitresi Ebû Hanîfe’ye göre kendisi, diğer üç mezhebe göre ise fitre borcu nafakaya dahil olduğu için kocası tarafından ödenir. İslâm hukukunun klasik doktrininde eşler arası mal rejimi olarak mal ayrılığı ilkesi benimsendiğinden karı ve kocanın mal varlıkları birbirinden ayrı tutulur. Dolayısıyla koca karısının malları üzerinde kanunî mirasçılığı dışında herhangi bir malî hak ve tasarruf yetkisine sahip değildir.
İslâm hukukunda aile reisliği yetki ve sorumluluğunu taşıma (kavvâm) kocaya aittir (en-Nisâ 4/34). Aile reisliğinin kocaya verilmesinde ortaya çıkacak karışıklığı önleme ve huzuru temin etme amacının öncelikli olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Kocanın itaatsiz durumuna düşen karısına karşı başvuracağı tedbirleri ne şekilde kullanacağı Kur’an’da ifade edilmiştir (en-Nisâ 4/34; ayrıca bk. KADIN ). Kocanın aile reisliğini üstlenmesine bağlı olarak karısının üzerinde ne tür haklara sahip olacağı hususu fıkıhta ayrıntıyla işlenir. Bunlar arasında kadının kocasına meşrû ölçüler çerçevesinde itaat etmesi, evin dâhilî işlerini çekip çevirmesi, kadının kocasının kendi ikametine ayırdığı evde oturması, kocasının istemediği kimseleri evine almaması, kocasının bilgisi dışında onun malında mâkul ölçüleri aşan harcamalar yapmaması zikredilir. Hz. Peygamber Vedâ hutbesinde, “Sizin kadınlar üzerindeki hakkınız sizin istemediğiniz kimseleri evinize almamalarıdır” demiştir (Müslim, “Ḥac”, 147; İbn Mâce, “Nikâḥ”, 3). Ancak fakihler, kadının anne ve babası ile mahrem derecesindeki yakınlarıyla görüşmesinin kocasının iznine bağlı olmadığını ifade ederler. Öte yandan İslâm hukukçularının eşler arası hak ve görevlerle ilgili görüşlerinin oluşmasında kendi bakış açıları ve yorumlarının yanı sıra yaşadıkları toplumsal şart ve anlayışların da rol oynadığı dikkate alınmalıdır.
Birden fazla kadınla evli olan bir erkeğin eşlerinin hepsine adaletle davranması gerekir (en-Nisâ 4/3). Bu konuda gerekli olan eşlere vakit ayırma, barınma temini, yeme içme, giyim gibi nafaka mükellefiyetiyle ilgili konularda şeklî ve zâhirî yönden gözetilmesi gereken objektif adalettir. İnsanın elinde olmayan kalbî eğilim bu tür adalete zarar veren bir unsur olarak görülmeyip böyle bir eğilimin söz ve davranışlara aksettirilmemesi istenmiştir (en-Nisâ 4/129; ayrıca bk. ÇOK EVLİLİK ).
İslâm hukukunda boşanma konusunda koca kadına oranla daha geniş bir serbestliğe sahiptir. Bu durum boşanmanın malî külfetinin kocanın sorumluluğunda oluşu ile yakından ilgilidir. Tek taraflı irade beyanıyla yapılan boşama (talâk) esas itibariyle kocanın hakkıdır. Koca bu hakkı bizzat veya diğer hukukî işlemlerde olduğu gibi vekili aracılığı ile kullanabilir. Bu yetkiyi karısına da verebilir (tefvîz-i talâk). Hanefî mezhebine göre kadın sadece kocasının iktidarsız olması durumunda hâkim kararıyla boşanabilirken diğer mezhepler kocanın eşini nafakasız terketmesi, gaip olması, eşine kötü muamelede bulunması gibi durumları boşanma sebebi olarak kabul etmişlerdir.
Miras hukuku açısından koca belirli payları olan mirasçılar (ashâb-ı ferâiz) içerisinde yer alır. Kocanın karısına mirasçı olabilmesi için aralarında sahih bir nikâh akdinin bulunması gerekir. Eşini ric‘î talâkla boşayan koca iddet beklediği sırada vefat eden karısına mirasçı olur. Bâin talâkla boşadığı karısına -bâin talâk nikâh ilişkisine hemen son vereceği için- mirasçı olamaz. Kocanın mirasçılığında iki durum söz konusudur: Ölen kadının oğlu veya kızı, oğlunun oğlu veya kızı yoksa karısının bıraktığı mirasın yarısını alır. Bu çocuklardan biri dahi bulunsa malın dörtte birine sahip olur (en-Nisâ 4/12). Koca karısının tek mirasçısı olsa bile kendisi için tesbit edilmiş olan haktan fazlasını alamayacağı konusunda Sünnî mezhepler arasında görüş birliği vardır. Koca diğer mirasçılar tarafından mirastan mahrum bırakılamaz.
Ceza hukuku açısından hırsızlık suçunda kocanın karısının malını çalması durumunda kendisine had cezası uygulanmaz. Çünkü örf bakımından bir kişinin yakınlarının izinsiz olarak bulunabileceği yer hırz kabul edilmez ve bu durum eşler arasında öncelikle geçerlidir. Muhâkeme hukuku açısından eşlerin birbirlerinin lehine şahitlik yapması geçersiz olduğu için kocanın karısı lehine şahitliği kabul edilmez.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Râgıb el-İsfahânî, el-Müfredât , “baʿl”, “zvc” md.leri.
Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “zvc” md.
Wensinck, el-Muʿcem , “baʿl”, “zvc” md.leri.
M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem , “baʿl”, “zvc” md.leri.
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İbn Mâce, “Nikâḥ”, 3.
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Şîrâzî, el-Müheẕẕeb , II, 66-67.
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Hamza Aktan, Mukayeseli İslam Miras Hukuku , İstanbul 1991, s. 89-93.
Abdülvedûd es-Serîtî, Aḥkâmü’z-zevâc ve’ṭ-ṭalâḳ fi’ş-şerîʿati’l-İslâmiyye , Beyrut 1995, s. 120-203.
M. Akif Aydın, “Aile Hayatı”, İlmihal , İstanbul 1999, II, 217-221.
“Zevc”, Mv.F , XXIV, 56-59.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2002 yılında Ankara’da basılan 26. cildinde, 128-130 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.