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KOLTUK TEZHİBİ Skip to content Bir tezhip terimi.
Hat sanatında levha, murakka‘ ve kitâbelerde farklı uzunluk ve doğrultuda satırlar halinde yazılmış bir yazının sağında ve solunda kalan çoğunlukla kare, üçgen yahut dikdörtgen şeklindeki, cetvel çekilerek belirlenmiş boşluklara koltuk denir. Ayrıca yazma eserlerde metnin aynı tip yazı ile yazılmış olmasına rağmen sayfa düzeninden dolayı ortaya çıkan, cetvelle ayrılmış boş kısımlar için de koltuk tabiri kullanılmıştır. Bir yazıya koltuk tezhibi genellikle şu şekilde yapılır: Yazı, âharlı bir kâğıt üzerine istenilen yazı çeşidi ve satır düzeniyle yazıldıktan sonra cetvelleri çekilir. Ortaya çıkan koltuklar usulüne uygun olarak çok çeşitli şekillerde tezyin edilir. Klasik kitap süsleme sanatında sayfa düzeni içinde sık sık rastlanan koltuk tezhipleri esere estetik bir görünüşle birlikte intizam ve bütünlük kazandırır. Bu sebeple koltuk tezhipleri bulunduğu sayfa içinde süsleyici, kaynaştırıcı ve satırları düzenleyici bir göreve sahiptir. Özellikle mushaf ve mesnevi gibi dinî yazmalarda, divanlarda, kıtalarda, hilye-i saâdet levhalarında, dua kitaplarında ve tezhip edilmiş birçok yazma eserde çeşitli koltuk şekillerine rastlanmaktadır.
İlk koltuk örneklerini divan ve murakka‘lara nazaran daha az kullanılmasına rağmen mushaf serlevhalarında görmek mümkündür. Nitekim karşılıklı ilk iki sayfada yer alan Fâtiha sûresiyle Bakara sûresinin ilk âyetleri üst ve alt satırlara göre farklı yazı düzeni içinde yazıldığı zaman yan taraflarında girintiler meydana gelir. Sayfayı düzene koymak için bu girintiler cetvelle çevrilerek içine tezhip yapıldığında serlevha koltukları ortaya çıkar. Ancak Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Kütüphanesi’nde (nr. K 5) Ahmed Şemseddin Karahisârî hattı ile Yâkūt tarzında yazılmış mushaftaki koltuklar bir istisna teşkil etmektedir. Bu eserde Kur’an’ın ilk iki sayfasının süslemesi alışılmış şeklin dışında gerçekleşmiş, sadece serlevhaların tezhibiyle yetinilmeyerek her sayfası nakışhânede ayrıca bezenmiştir. Kur’an metni, her sayfada aklâm-ı sittenin karışık kullanıldığı Yâkūt el-Müsta‘sımî üslûbu ile bir satır muhakkak, beş satır nesih, bir satır sülüs, beş satır nesih, bir satır muhakkak hattıyla yazılmıştır. Nesih satırlara nisbetle uzun tutulan muhakkak ve sülüs satırların iki tarafında aynı deseni ihtiva eden simetrik iki koltuk tezhibi yer alır. Eserin serlevha ve zahriye sayfalarının dışında kalan 590 sayfanın her birinde iki çift koltuk tezhibi birbirinden güzel desen ve işçilikle gerçekleştirilmiştir. Cemal Amâsî’nin Türk ve İslâm Eserleri Müzesi’nde bulunan (nr. 97) XVI. yüzyıla ait mushafında ve daha pek çok yazma eserde olduğu gibi hâtime ve ketebe sayfalarında da zaman zaman koltuk tezhibine rastlanır. XIII. yüzyıl sonları ile XIV. yüzyıl başında Kahire, Bağdat, Musul, Hemedan, Tebriz, Herat nakışhânelerinden çıkma Türk Memlük mushaflarında erken devir koltuk tezhipleri vardır (James, s. 46, 238). Bunu takip eden yüzyıllar içinde Horasan, Semerkant, Herat, İsfahan, Buhara, Bağdat, Tebriz gibi sanatta okul olmuş nakışhânelerin ürünü birçok eserde de mükemmel koltuk tezhipleri bulunmaktadır. Daha önceki ekollerin de katkılarıyla oluşan Osmanlı Türk tezhibinin en parlak devri XV ve XVI. yüzyıllarla XVII. yüzyılın ilk yarısında İstanbul saray nakışhânesinde hazırlanmış birbirinden kıymetli eserlerde görülmektedir. Bilhassa Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Kütüphanesi’nde kayıtlı (Emanet Hazinesi, nr. 58), Abdullah Amâsî hattı ile yazılmış, İstanbul Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi’nde (AY, nr. 6551) Hayreddin Halil Çelebi’nin nesih hattı ile tertip edilmiş mushaflarla İstanbul Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi’nde (nr. A. 6662) Şeyh Hamdullah hattını taşıyan, Türk ve İslâm Eserleri Müzesi ile (nr. 402) Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi (nr. 913) ve Süleymaniye (Hamidiye, nr. 5, 7; Lâleli, nr. 16) kütüphanelerinde mushafların serlevhalarında bulunan koltuklar emsallerinin en seçkin örneklerindendir. Mesnevilerde XIV. yüzyıl Beylikler devri tezhibiyle bezenmiş koltuk örneklerine rastlanır. Üsküdar Hacı Selim Ağa Kütüphanesi’ndeki (nr. 5) Mes̱nevî ’de mevcut koltuk tezhipleri devrinin en dikkate değer temsilcisidir.
Divanlarda satırları sayfa düzeni içinde hizaya sokmak, böylece estetik bir düzen sağlamak için şiir aralarında, serlevhalarda ve ketebe sayfalarında koltuk tezhibi kullanılmıştır. Bunların en güzel örnekleri arasında İstanbul Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi’nde kayıtlı (TY, nr. 5669), 929 (1523) yılında Alâeddin Mehmed hattı ile yazılmış ve muhtemelen saray nakışhânesinde hazırlanmış Ali Şîr Nevâî divanı yer alır. Aynı yerde mevcut (TY, nr. 5467), 974’te (1566) Mehmed Şerif Efendi hattı ile kaleme alınmış, saray nakışhânesi sernakkaşı Kara Memi’nin imzasını taşıyan müstesna bir örnek de Muhibbî Divanı ’dır. Bu kütüphanedeki (TY, nr. 1976) diğer Muhibbî Divanı ’nda da devrine ait güzel koltuk tezhipleri bulunmaktadır. Abdurrahman-ı Câmî’nin Viyana Millî Kütüphanesi’nde kayıtlı (Mixt, nr. 1480), 897 (1492) yılına ait Yûsuf u Züleyha ’sı, Kāsımî’nin 857 (1453) tarihli divanı (NF, nr. 417), 906 (1500) yılına ait Nizâmî-i Gencevî’nin Ḫamse ’si (AF, nr. 93) ve 926 (1520) yılında İstanbul’da hazırlanmış bir divan (Mixt, nr. 399) çok güzel koltuk tezhipleri ihtiva eder.
Hilye-i saâdet levhalarındaki koltuk tezhipleri eserin genel görünüşünü etkileyen önemli bir unsurdur. Hilyeler, Hâfız Osman’ın hazırladığı şeklin ufak tefek değişmelere uğrayarak günümüze klasik bir hilye düzeni halinde ulaşmasından doğmuştur. Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Kütüphanesi’ndeki, Hâfız Osman hattı ile yazılmış hilye (Güzel Yazılar, nr. 1430) daha sonra klasikleşmiş olan şeklin bir örneğidir. Bu düzene göre âyetin altındaki metnin devamı ile dua kısmının yazıldığı “etek” bölümünün iki tarafında genellikle dikdörtgen şeklinde ve simetrik iki koltuk bulunur. Müzehhipler buralara hilye-i saâdetin diğer kısımlarındaki nakışlara uygun ve kendi üslûplarında tezhip yapar. İstanbul Sadberk Hanım Müzesi’nde (nr. 49) Hattat Şekerzâde Seyyid Mehmed’in hilyesiyle yine aynı müzede (nr. 56) Mustafa Kütâhî’nin hilyesinde XVIII. yüzyıl şükûfeli koltuk tezhibi bulunmaktadır. Müzehhip Muhsin Demironat tarafından tezhip edilen, Kazasker Mustafa İzzet Efendi’nin yazmış olduğu, Ayşegül Nadir koleksiyonundaki muhteşem hilye, yine aynı fırçadan çıkan, müzehhibin özel koleksiyonunda Hasan Rızâ Efendi’nin yazmış olduğu hilye, Kâmil Akdik hattı ile Rikkat Kunt tarafından tezhip edilen ve Rikkat Kunt koleksiyonunda bulunan hilye bu tür eserlerdeki koltuk tezhibinin mükemmel örneklerindendir.
Koltuk tezhibinin en çok kullanıldığı yer kıtalardır. Yâkūt el-Müsta‘sımî’den sonra yaygınlaşarak Şeyh Hamdullah Efendi ile yeni bir üslûp kazanan ve murakka‘lar halinde ciltlendiği gibi tek tek levha halinde de muhafaza edilen bu eserler, kaleme alındıkları yazı çeşidi yanında satır düzeniyle de farklı isimlerle anılmıştır. Kıtalarda yatay (düz) veya mâil (sağ aşağı noktadan 45 derecelik eğimle sol yukarı noktaya doğru uzanan) iki çeşit satır düzeni vardır. Satır şekline göre kıtaya “düz kıta” veya “mâil kıta” denir. Düz kıtalarda yer alan koltuklar dikdörtgen veya kare biçimindedir. Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi’nde bulunan (Emanet Hazinesi, nr. 2083/4, 2084/2a , 2086) Şeyh Hamdullah hattı muhakkak-reyhânî kıtalarla yine aynı müzedeki (Emanet Hazinesi, nr. 2085; Güzel Yazılar, nr. 159) sülüs-nesih kıtalar düz kıta örnekleridir. İstanbul Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi’nde yer alan (FY, nr. 1435) İmâd-ı Hasenî’nin 1 ve 4 numaralı ta‘lik kıtaları ile aynı yerdeki (FY, nr. 1428) murakka‘da (2b ) İmâd-ı Hasenî (22b ) ve Veliyyüddin Efendi’nin nesta‘lik mâil kıtalardaki koltuklar dik üçgen şeklinde olup bunlara “muska koltuk” adı verilir. Hem düz hem mâil satırlarla yazılmış karışık düzendeki kıtalarda ise her iki koltuk şekline de rastlanır. Viyana Millî Kütüphanesi’nde kayıtlı (Mixt, nr. 313), III. Murad’a sunulan murakka‘da her türlü kıta ve koltuk çeşidinin güzel örnekleri yer almıştır.
Klasik koltuk tezhibinde çok çeşitli süsleme usulleri uygulanmıştır. Erken devir mushaf serlevhalarında rastlanan zencirekli koltuklar bunlardan biridir. Kare, dikdörtgen ve muska koltuklarda ise klasik tezhip tercih edilmiştir. Eğer koltuklar simetrikse her iki koltuğa da aynı desen işlenir. “Çift tahrir” veya “havalı” denilen tarzda işlenmiş serbest desenli koltuklar da vardır. Bu simetrik olmayan koltuklar işlenen serbest desenin özelliğinden dolayı müzehhibe kolaylık sağlar. Şeyh Hamdullah Efendi tarafından yazılmış murakka‘ içindeki sülüs-nesih kıta koltukları (İÜ Ktp., AY, nr. 6487), Rikkat Kunt koleksiyonunda bulunan ve onun fırçasından çıkan, Macit Ayral tarafından sülüs-nesih hatla yazılmış kıtanın koltukları, Emin Barın koleksiyonunda yer alan, Necmeddin Okyay’ın nesta‘lik mâil kıtasında Rikkat Kunt tarafından tezyin edilmiş muska koltuklar, Mimar Sinan Üniversitesi Arşivi’ndeki Macit Ayral’ın sülüs-nesih levhasının koltukları bunlardan birkaçıdır. Kara Memi tarzında, yarı üslûplaştırılmış çiçek motifleriyle bezenmiş koltuk süslemeleri tezhipte Türk ekolünün en güzel örneklerindendir. Ayrıca yapıştırılmış altın varak üzerine çiçek veya buket resmedilerek hazırlanmış şükûfeli koltuklar vardır ki bunlar XVIII ve XIX. yüzyıllarda Avrupa etkisiyle tezhip sanatına girmiştir. Bunları Kara Memi üslûbu ile karıştırmamak gerekir. Şeyh Hamdullah Efendi tarafından yazılmış murakkaın (İÜ Ktp., AY, nr. 6487) dört ve beşinci kıtalarında şükûfeli koltuk tezhibi yer almıştır. Bunlardan başka Viyana Millî Kütüphanesi’ndeki bir divanda (AF, nr. 92) İstanbul’da 926 (1520) yılında hazırlanmış örneklerdeki gibi minyatürlü koltuklara rastlanır. Fakat her metin arasındaki minyatür koltuk sayılmaz. Metin yazısının taşması veya imza sebebiyle yazılı koltuklar, cetvel çekilerek boş bırakılmış koltuklar, zerefşanlı (altın serpmeli) koltuklar, münhanî motifiyle bezenmiş koltuklar ve nihayet Uğur Derman koleksiyonunda bulunan, Vasfi imzalı sülüs-nesih kıtada görülen ebrulu koltuklar koltuk tezhibine bir çeşni, bir zenginlik kazandırmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
M. Uğur Derman, Türk Sanatında Ebrû , İstanbul 1977, s. 55.
a.mlf., Türk Hat Sanatının Şâheserleri , Ankara 1982, nr. 8.
D. Duda, Islamische Handschriften I: Persische Handschriften , Wien 1983, s. 30, 33, 94, 109, 185, 210.
D. James, Qur’ans of the Memlük’s , London 1988, s. 46, 238.
İnci A. Birol – Fatma Çiçek Derman, Türk Tezyînî San‘atlarında Motifler , İstanbul 1991, s. 13.
Muhittin Serin, Hattat Şeyh Hamdullah , İstanbul 1992, s. 36, 37, 195, 196.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2002 yılında Ankara’da basılan 26. cildinde, 151-153 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.