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KÖPRÜ Skip to content
İki yakayı birbirine bağlayarak yolun devamını sağlayan köprüler, önceleri geçilecek yerin bir tarafından öbür tarafına uzun bir taş veya ağaç gövdesi uzatmak suretiyle yapılmıştır. Köprüler şekillerine göre kiriş, kemer, asma, askılı, açılıp kapanan; yapıldıkları malzemeye göre ahşap, betonarme, metal veya bunların birkaçının birlikte kullanıldığı karışık malzemeli; yapı elemanlarına göre dolu gövde, kafes-kiriş, asma, askılı, yüzer, açılıp kapanan; statik yönlerine göre hiperstatik, izostatik, mafsallı, ankastre, bir veya çok açıklıklı; yapılış amaçlarına göre yayaların, kara ulaşım araçlarının, trenlerin, boruların ve su galerilerinin geçmesi için yapılan köprüler olmak üzere çeşitli tiplere ayrılır. İlk köprülerin tamamı ahşap veya kâgirdir. Betonarme ve metal köprülerin yapımına XIX. yüzyılın sonlarından itibaren başlanmış ve kısa sürede bu alandaki gelişmelerin hızlanmasıyla ön gerilmeli betonarme köprüler gerçekleştirilmiş, çelik kalitesinin iyileştirilmesi, kaynak tekniğindeki ve statik hesap metotlarındaki ilerlemeler sayesinde narin ve büyük açıklıklı betonarme, metal köprülerle asma ve askılı köprülerin yapımına geçilmiştir. Arapça’da köprü anlamına gelen cisr ve kantara kelimelerinden ilki daha çok ahşap köprüler, diğeri ise taştan yapılan kemerli köprüler için kullanılır.
Ahşap Köprüler. Kazıklar üzerine oturtulan ahşap köprü inşaatında zamanla çok büyük değişiklikler olmuş ve kemer, kafes-kiriş, çerçeve, asma ve dolu gövde şeklinde adlandırılan türler geliştirilmiştir. Bilinen en eski ahşap köprü, Sabinalı Ancus Martius’un milâttan önce 620 yılında Tiber nehri üzerine yaptırdığı Roma’daki Pons Sublicius’tur. Julius Sezar’ın (m.ö. 104-44) Ren nehri ve Trayan’ın (51-117) Tuna nehri üzerine yaptırdığı köprüler de ahşap köprülerin eskilerindendir. Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman’ın Karaboğdan seferinde (1538) ordunun ağırlıklarıyla birlikte Prut nehrini geçebilmesi için Mimar Sinan’ın yaptığı muhkem ahşap köprü çok beğenilmiş ve sonradan kendisinin mimarbaşılığa tayinine sebep olmuştur.
Kâgir Köprüler. Kemerli olmalarından dolayı şeklen düz ahşap köprülerden ayrılan kâgir köprülerde, her tarafında eşit basınç gerilimi sağlanması için kemerin basınç çizgisine uygun yapılması gerekir. Kemer içerisindeki basınç çizgisinin şekli ise kemerin üzerine binen yükle ilgilidir. Romalılar’ın hemen daima yuvarlak (beşik) kemer, İranlılar, Türkler ve Araplar’ın ise sivri kemer tercih ettikleri görülür. Osmanlılar, daire merkezlerini açıklığın ortasına yakın bir noktada aldıkları için kemerlerin şekli genellikle yarım daire ile parabol arasındadır. Köprü kemerlerinin tepesindeki taşa kilit taşı, ayaklara basanlarına da üzengi taşı denir. Köprülerin mesnetleri ve ayakları daima sağlam zemine oturtulur. Akarsuların oymaması için ayak temellerinin yeteri kadar derine inmesi gerekir. Önce su içerisinde kazı yapılacak yerin etrafına ahşap perdeler çakılır. Açılan çukura dolan sular kova, tulum veya tulumbalarla boşaltılır. Toprak sağlam zemin bulununcaya kadar kazılır; sağlam zemin bulunamıyorsa ahşap kazıklar çakılır ve başları kurşunla pekiştirilmiş demir kenetlerle bağlanır (Mimar Sinan, Büyükçekmece Köprüsü’nün ayaklarını bu usulle inşa etmiştir). Bugün kazık ve perdeler betonarme ve çelikten yapılmaktadır. Köprü ayakları suyun geldiği yöne doğru gemi burnu gibi bir çıkıntı oluşturur ve sel yaran veya mahmuz denilen bu çıkıntılar gelen suyun ayakların altını oymasını ve buralara ağaç dallarının takılmasını önler.
Bilinen en eski kâgir köprü, milâttan önce XIII. yüzyılda Hititler tarafından yapılmış olan ve bugün yalnız mesnetlerindeki izlerine rastlanan Boğazköy’deki (Hattuşaş) köprüdür. Fırat’ın iki yakasını birleştiren Bâbil Köprüsü’yle (m.ö. VII. yüzyıl) Romalılar’ın milâttan önce 600 yılında Tiber nehri üzerine inşa ettikleri Pons Salarius bilinen diğer eski örneklerdir. Trayan’ın 104-106 yıllarında Cayo Julius Lacer’e İspanya’da bugünkü Alcántara yakınında Tagus (Tojo) nehri üzerine yaptırdığı köprü ise en gelişmiş Roma köprüsüdür. Sekiz ton ağırlığındaki blok taşlarla harçsız olarak inşa edilen bu altı gözlü köprü sebebiyle Emevîler yanına kurdukları yeni şehre el-Kantara (köprü [kemer]) adını vermişlerdir. Köprü yapımında çok mâhir olan Romalılar hükmettikleri dünyanın birçok yerinde çok sayıda köprü yapmışlardır. Bu köprülerin büyük bir kısmı, başta Selçuklular’la Osmanlılar olmak üzere daha sonra gelen uygarlıklar tarafından zaman zaman onarılarak günümüze kadar ulaştırılmıştır.
Abbâsîler devrinde Fırat, Dicle ve bunların kollarıyla çeşitli sulama kanalları üzerine çok sayıda kâgir ve yüzer köprü inşa edilmiştir. Halife Mu‘tasım-Billâh’ın Türk muhafızlarından Vâsıf’ın adını taşıyan Sâmerrâ’daki Kantaratüvâsıf bunların en önemlilerinden biridir. Müslümanların X. yüzyılda yaptığı en eski büyük köprü, Zap suyu üzerinde bulunan Kerkük’ün kuzeyindeki Altınköprü’dür. Orta Asya’da da Gazneli Mahmud’un Tirmiz’de Ceyhun nehri üzerine bir köprü inşa ettirdiği bilinmektedir. İslâmiyet öncesinde de birçok büyük köprüye sahip olan İran’da İslâmî dönemde yapılan kâgir köprülerin başlıcaları Şehristan, Kile, Baba Mahmud, Marnan ve Cubi (Cui) köprüleridir. İranlılar inşa ettikleri ünlü bentler üzerine de gayet süslü ve sanatkârane köprüler yapmışlardır. Bend-i Allahverdihan, Bend-i Hâcû, Bend-i Emîr ve Bend-i Tilkan köprüleri bunların en meşhurlarıdır.
Anadolu’da Eskiçağ ve Ortaçağ’dan kalma Ankara-Kırşehir arasında Kızılırmak üzerinde yer alan Çaşnigîr Köprüsü, Silifke’de Göksu Köprüsü, Gönen’de Güvercin Köprüsü, Adana’da Taşköprü, Misis Köprüsü ve Seyhan Köprüsü gibi birçok köprü Selçuklu ve Osmanlılar tarafından yeniden yapılmış veya tamir edilmiştir. İslâmî dönem köprülerinin en eskisi Diyarbakır’daki Dicle Köprüsü’dür (457/1064-65) ve bu köprünün ilk defa, kitâbe tarihinden çok önce Emevî Halifesi Hişâm zamanında (724-743) belki eski bir köprünün tamir edilmesiyle ortaya konulduğu düşünülmektedir. Bir köprünün önemini belirten faktörlerin başında açıklığının büyüklüğü gelir. Anadolu’da ve Yakındoğu’da açıklığı en büyük köprüler Artuklular tarafından yapılmıştır. Bunlardan Hasankeyf’teki (Hısnıkeyfâ) Dicle Köprüsü dört gözlüdür ve en büyük açıklığı 40,22 metredir. Diğer önemli bir Artuklu köprüsü Diyarbakır-Silvan arasındaki Malabadi Köprüsü’dür. Bugün sağlam durumda olan ve çok kötü bir şekilde restore edilmiş bulunan köprünün sivri kemerli büyük açıklığı 38,60 metredir ve köprüyü Hasankeyf Köprüsü’nden sonra en büyük açıklıklı ikinci köprü haline getirmektedir. Yine Dicle üzerinde yer alan Cizre Köprüsü ile Diyarbakır’ın kuzeyinde Devegeçidi suyu üzerindeki Devegeçidi Köprüsü de başlıca köprülerdendir. Bunlardan başka Çermik, Halep Kuvayk ve Urfa Harran köprüleri de önemlidir. Artuklu köprülerinde görülen ortak bir özellik, genellikle kitâbelerinin de yerleştirildiği yan yüzlerinde astrolojik kabartmalar ihtiva etmeleridir.
Selçuklu köprülerinin açıklıkları Artuklular’ınkilere göre daha küçük ve daha çok olduğundan bu köprüler daha basık ve genelde daha uzundur. Anadolu Selçuklu köprülerinin başlıcaları şunlardır: Kayseri Tekgöz Köprüsü (1202), Afyonkarahisar Altıgöz Köprüsü (1209), Ankara Akköprü (1222), Akşehir Arguthan Köprüsü (1243), Tokat Yeşilırmak Köprüsü (1250), Kırşehir Kesikköprü (1251), Gaziantep Debbâğhâne Köprüsü (1259), Erzurum Çoban Köprüsü (1271-1297), Antalya Sultan Alâeddin Köprüsü (XIII. yüzyıl), Sivas Yıldızırmak Köprüsü (XIII. yüzyıl), Sivas Kesikköprü (XIII. yüzyıl), Sivas Eğriköprü (XIII. yüzyıl), Kayseri Kızılırmak Köprüsü (XIII. yüzyıl), Kayseri Çokgöz Köprüsü (XIII. yüzyıl), Ankara Kızılırmak Köprüsü (XIII. yüzyıl), Amasya Hundi Hatun Köprüsü (XIII. yüzyıl), Amasya İltekin Gazi Köprüsü (XIII. yüzyıl), Çemişkezek Sividin Köprüsü (XIII. yüzyıl [?]), Keban Değirmen Köprüsü (XII-XIII. yüzyıl), Aksaray Akköprü (XIII. yüzyıl [?]), Denizli Akköprü (XIII. yüzyıl [?]), Tercan Köprüsü, Tokat Talazan Köprüsü, Antalya Düzençayı Köprüsü (XIII. yüzyıl). Bunların mühendislik ve mimarlık bakımından en önemlilerinden olan Kayseri Tekgöz Köprüsü’nün boyu 119,5 m., büyük kemerinin açıklığı 27 m., altı gözlü Erzurum Çoban Köprüsü’nün boyu 220 m., büyük açıklığı 15,5 metredir. Anadolu’daki önemli köprülerden olan Ermenek Alaköprü ile (XIV. yüzyıl) Ermenek Bıçakçı Köprüsü ise (XIV. yüzyıl) Karamanoğulları’na aittir.
Osmanlı döneminde Eskiçağ ve Ortaçağ’dan kalan köprüler tamir edilirken çok sayıda yeni köprü yapılmıştır. Bugün mevcut 100’ü aşkın Osmanlı köprüsünden -Mimar Sinan’a ait olanlar hariç- bazıları şunlardır: Bursa Nilüfer Hatun Köprüsü (XIV. yüzyıl), Bursa Uluâbâd Köprüsü (Orhan Gazi devri), Edirne Gazi Mihal Köprüsü (XIV. yüzyıl), Filibe (Bulgaristan) Lala Şâhin Paşa Köprüsü (1363 [?]), Kastamonu Taşköprü (768/1366-67), Tire Gürcü Melek Köprüsü (1372), Ankara Sultan Murad Köprüsü (1375), Bergama Koyun Köprüsü (1383), Kirmasti Lala Şâhin Paşa Köprüsü (XIV. yüzyıl), Karacasu Köprüsü (XIV. yüzyıl), Uzunköprü (847/1443-44), Edirne Şehâbeddin Paşa (Saraçhane) Köprüsü (1451), Edirne Fâtih Sultan Mehmed Han Köprüsü (1452), Bursa Selçuk Hatun Köprüsü (1465-66), II. Bayezid’in Edirne, Geyve ve Osmancık’ta yaptırdığı üç köprü (bk. BEYAZIT II KÖPRÜSÜ), Eski Malatya Kırkgöz Köprüsü (XV. yüzyıl), Köstendil (Bulgaristan) İshak Paşa Köprüsü (874/1469-70), Üsküp (Makedonya) Vardar Köprüsü (XV. yüzyıl), Saraybosna (Bosna-Hersek) Hünkâr Köprüsü (XV. yüzyıl), Narda (Yunanistan) Arta Köprüsü (XV. yüzyıl), Maraş Ceyhan Köprüsü (XVI. yüzyıl [?]), Konjiç (Bosna-Hersek) Karagöz Mehmed Bey Köprüsü (XVI. yüzyıl), Mostar Köprüsü (1557-1567), Trebinje (Bosna-Hersek) Arslanağa Köprüsü (981/1573-74), Podgariça (Yugoslavya) Vezirköprü (XVI. yüzyıl), Larissa/Yenişehir (Yunanistan) Hasan Bey Köprüsü (XVI. yüzyıl), Edirne Ekmekçizâde Ahmed Paşa Köprüsü (XVII. yüzyıl), Babaeski Köprüsü (1633), Çorlu Kara Mustafa Paşa Köprüsü (XVII. yüzyıl), Debre (Makedonya) Kaçanikli Mehmed Paşa Köprüsü (XVII. yüzyıl), Buna (Bosna-Hersek) Danyal Paşa Köprüsü (XVII. yüzyıl), Muş Murad Nehri Köprüsü (1817).
Osmanlı köprülerinin en güzel örnekleri başlıcaları aşağıda verilen Mimar Sinan’ın yaptıklarıdır. 1. Cisr-i Mustafa Paşa (Mustafa Paşa Köprüsü). Edirne’nin 30 km. kuzeybatısında ve Meriç üzerinde, eski adını bu köprüden alan (Cisr-i Mustafa Paşa) Bulgaristan’ın Svilengrad kasabasında bulunmaktadır. 300 m. uzunluğunda ve yirmi gözlü olan köprünün Ahmed Şemseddin Karahisârî tarafından yazılan kitâbesindeki tarih 935’tir (1528-29). 2. Odabaşı Köprüsü. Küçükçekmece gölünün kuzeyinde Sazlıdere üzerindeki sekiz gözlü köprünün yapılış tarihi 1529’dur. 3. Kanûnî Köprüsü. Gebze’de Diliskelesi’ne akan Dilderesi üzerinde orta açıklığı 9,70 m. olan üç gözlü bir köprüdür. 4. Lüleburgaz Köprüsü. Lüleburgaz’daki Sokullu Mehmed Paşa Kervansarayı’nın kitâbesine göre 973 (1565-66) yılında yapıldığı tahmin edilmektedir; dört gözlüdür. 5. Büyükçekmece Köprüsü. Birbirine bitişen dört büyük köprüden meydana gelmiştir. Toplam göz sayısı yirmi sekiz olup uzunluğu 635,57 metredir ve yapımı 975 (1567-68) yılında tamamlanmıştır. 6. Silivri Köprüsü. 1568’de Silivri çayı üzerine inşa edilen köprü otuz iki gözlüdür ve 332,88 m. uzunluğundadır. 7. Drina Köprüsü. Vişegrad’da (Yugoslavya) Drina ırmağı üzerinde olan köprünün inşa tarihi 985 (1577-78), göz sayısı on bir ve uzunluğu 179 metredir. Önceleri bulunduğu yerin veya bânisinin (Sokullu Mehmed Paşa) adıyla tanınırken ünlü Yugoslav yazarı Ivo Andriç’in Nobel ödüllü Drina Köprüsü (1945) romanı sebebiyle bu adla anılır olmuştur. 8. Alpullu Köprüsü. Alpullu Tren İstasyonu’nun hemen yanında bulunan köprü 123,80 m. uzunluğunda olup beş gözlüdür ve orta gözünün genişliği (20,05 m.) sebebiyle Mimar Sinan’ın yaptığı en büyük açıklıklı köprü konumundadır. 9. Haramidere Köprüsü. Edirne asfaltının 30. kilometresinde eski İstanbul-Rumeli kervan yolu üzerindedir. 8,79 m. açıklığındaki orta gözünün yanlarına yapılan hafifletme gözleriyle dikkat çeker. 10. Sarayiçi Köprüsü. Edirne’den Sarayiçi’ne gidilirken Tunca nehri üzerinden bu dört gözlü köprü ile geçilir. Kitâbesi yoktur; yapılış tarihi Terazi Kasrı ile beraber 1554 olarak kabul edilmektedir. Ortadaki gözlerin açıklıkları 9,75 metredir. Ayaklar üzerinde üçgen şeklinde selyaranlar vardır ve üstleri piramit şeklindedir. 11. Yalnızgöz Köprüsü. Edirne’de İmaret Köprüsü diye de bilinen Beyazıt II Köprüsü’nün yapılışından (1484-1488) yüzyıla yakın bir zaman sonra Tunca’nın suları köprünün yanındaki adadan ileride yeni bir mecradan akmaya başlamış ve bunun üzerine yeni mecraya bugün İmaret mahallesini şehre bağlayan 6,60 m. açıklıklı tek bir gözden ibaret olan Yalnızgöz Köprüsü yapılmıştır. Bu köprüye sonradan bazı kısımların eklendiği bilinmektedir. 12. Kırkgöz Köprüsü (Bolvadin Köprüsü). Halen Çay-Bolvadin yolunun 1-1,5 km. kadar doğusunda ve Akarçay’ın eski yatağı üzerinde metruk vaziyette bulunan köprü aslında bir Bizans eseri olup Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman’ın Bağdat seferi hazırlıkları sırasında Mimar Sinan tarafından onarılmış ve uzatılmıştır (957/1550). Eski köprü 200 m. boyunda ve kırk iki gözlü, Osmanlı bölümü ise 175 m. boyunda ve yirmi iki gözlüdür; bu sebeple Sinan tarafından yapılan uzatma başlı başına büyük bir köprü sayılır.
Teknik bakımdan kâgir köprülerin açıklıklarının 100 metreyi geçmemesi gerekir. Leonardo da Vinci, II. Bayezid zamanında Haliç üzerine 240 m. açıklığında bir köprü yapmayı teklif etmiş ve teklifine köprünün krokisini de eklemiştir; ancak olumlu cevap alamamıştır. Bu açıklıkta bir kâgir köprünün yapılması mümkün değildir; zira köprü kendi ağırlığını dahi taşıyamaz. Ayrıca Haliç sahillerindeki zeminin durumu da ağır bir köprünün yapılmasına uygun değildir, bu sebeple Haliç ve Atatürk köprüleri dubalar üzerine oturtulmuştur. XX. yüzyıl başında en ileri teknikle yapılan kâgir köprülerin açıklığı 100 metreden küçüktür. En büyük açıklıklı kâgir köprülerden Lüksemburg’da Adolph Köprüsü’nün açıklığı 84 m., Almanya’da Planen Köprüsü’nün açıklığı 90 metredir. Betonarme ve metal köprülerin yapılmasıyla 2 kilometreye yaklaşan açıklıklar aşılmış (Akaşi Boğazı asma köprüsünün iki ayağı arası 1780 m.) ve kâgir köprüler çok küçük açıklıklı örneklere inhisar etmiştir.
Yüzer Köprüler. Tarihte büyük örneklerine rastlanan, fakat uzun ömürlü olmayan bir köprü çeşidi de sallar, kayıklar ve dubalar gibi yüzen elemanlar üzerine yapılan köprülerdir. Pers Kralı I. Darius (Dârâ), milâttan önce 513 yılında İstanbul Boğazı’nı geçmek için Samoslu Mandroklos’a küçük gemiler üzerine oturan böyle bir yüzer köprü yaptırmıştır. Onun oğlu Kserkses de milâttan önce 481 yılında iki taraftan demirlenmiş 674 kayık üzerine bir köprü yaptırarak ordusunu Çanakkale Boğazı’ndan geçirmiştir. Daha sonraki dönemlerde Roma İmparatoru Sezar’ın Tiber nehrini, Bizans İmparatoru Herakleios’un İstanbul Boğazı’nı, Fâtih Sultan Mehmed’in Haliç’i ve Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman’ın Irak seferi sırasında Dicle ve Fırat nehirlerini bu tip yüzer köprülerle geçtikleri bilinmektedir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Orhan Bozkurt, Koca Sinan’ın Köprüleri , İstanbul 1952.
S. Smith, The World’s Great Bridges , London 1953, s. 12, 13.
Cevdet Çulpan, Türk Taş Köprüleri , Ankara 1975.
Gülgün Tunç, Taş Köprülerimiz , Ankara 1978.
Fügen İlter, Osmanlılara Kadar Anadolu Türk Köprüleri , Ankara 1978, tür.yer.
Kâzım Çeçen, “Sinan’ın Köprü ve Su Kemerleri”, Mimar Sinan Dönemi Türk Mimarlığı ve Sanatı (haz. Zeki Sönmez), İstanbul 1988, s. 79-92.
F. M. Feldhaus, Die Technik der Antike und des Mittelalters , Wiesbaden 1990, s. 145-156.
İsmet İlter, “Ölümünün Yıl Dönümünde Köprüleriyle Mimar Sinan”, Karayolları Bülteni , sy. 187, Ankara 1966, s. 24-27; sy. 188 (1966), s. 17-21; sy. 210 (1967), s. 21-24; sy. 241 (1970), s. 16-19; sy. 253-254 (1971), s. 29-33.
Cengiz Orhonlu, “Köprücülük”, TTK Bildiriler , VII (1973), II, 701-709.
Gülsün Tanyeli – Uğur Tanyeli, “Osmanlı Yüzer Köprüleri”, ODTÜ Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi , X/1-2, Ankara 1990, s. 5-17.
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“Köprü”, ABr. , XIII, 586-588.
“Köprü”, Büyük Larousse , İstanbul 1986, XII, 7047-7054.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2002 yılında Ankara’da basılan 26. cildinde, 252-255 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.