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KÖPRÜLÜZÂDE NÛMAN PAŞA Skip to content (ö. 1131/1719)
Osmanlı sadrazamı.
1086 (1675) yılı civarında İstanbul’da doğdu. Fâzıl Mustafa Paşa’nın oğludur. İyi bir medrese eğitimi gördü; Demirkapılı Fâzıl Süleyman ve Kayserili Hâfız Seyyid Ahmed efendilerden ders aldı. 1691’de babasının ölümünden sonra Köprülü evkafının mütevellisi oldu. 1107’de (1696) II. Mustafa’nın ikinci Avusturya seferine masraflarını kendi karşıladığı 150 piyade ile katıldı. Akrabası Amcazâde Hüseyin Paşa’nın sadrazamlığı sırasında 1112’de (1700) kubbe vezirlerinin altıncısı olarak Dîvân-ı Hümâyun üyesi oldu. Ertesi yıl Erzurum valiliğine tayin edildi. İki yıl sonra Anadolu (Kütahya) valiliğine getirildi ve 1115’te (1703) İstanbul’da çıkan isyanı bastırmak üzere merkeze çağrıldı (Defterdar Sarı Mehmed Paşa, s. 801). Aynı yıl Eğriboz’a, ertesi yıl Girit’in tahririni yapmak üzere Kandiye muhafızlığına gönderildi. Bir ara Boğazhisar muhafızlığı yaptıysa da bu uzun sürmedi, tekrar eski görevine döndü. 1708’de İstanbul’da II. Mustafa’nın kızı Ayşe Sultan’la düğün töreni yapılan Nûman Paşa, ertesi yılın ağustosunda tekrar Eğriboz, aynı yıl içinde de Bosna valiliğine, 17 Rebîülevvel 1122’de (16 Mayıs 1710) Belgrad muhafızlığına getirildiyse de buralara gönderilmedi. Dönemin sadrazamı Çorlulu Ali Paşa tarafından en tehlikeli rakip görüldüğünden bir an evvel başşehirden uzaklaştırılmak istenirken 18 Rebîülâhir 1122 (16 Haziran 1710) tarihinde onun yerine sadrazamlığa tayin edildi.
Ülkenin ıslahı yolunda bazı projeleri olan Nûman Paşa, önce devlet kadrolarını yenilemeye ve asker alacaklarını ödemeye özen gösterdi. En büyük amacının kendisini dört gözle bekleyen halkı memnun etmek olduğu rivayet edilir (Râşid, III, 330). Çözüm bekleyen dış meselelerin en önemlisini, Rusya ile yaptığı Poltava savaşını kaybedip Osmanlı Devleti’ne sığınan ve Osmanlı kaynaklarında Demirbaş Şarl lakabıyla anılan İsveç Kralı XII. Karl’ın ülkesine gönderilmesi oluşturuyordu. III. Ahmed de onun bu meseleyi halledeceği ümidindeydi. Bu konuyla ilgili olarak 1710 yılı İstanbul’unda zorlu bir diplomatik mücadele yaşandı. Fransa ve Rusya’nın İstanbul’daki elçileriyle Demirbaş Şarl’ın temsilcisi yoğun faaliyet içine girdiler. Fransız sefiri De Ferriol’ün Rusya aleyhindeki girişimlerine rağmen Rusya elçisi Tolstoy’un planlı çalışmalarıyla XII. Karl’ın, Rusya ile yapılan anlaşmaya uygun olarak Lehistan üzerinden ilkbaharda ülkesine dönmesi kararlaştırıldı. Sadrazam Nûman Paşa, mülteci İsveç kralı meselesi için Rus elçisi Tolstoy ve İstanbul’daki kralın temsilcisi Leh Generali Stanislas Poniatowski ile ayrı ayrı görüştü. Bu görüşmede meselelere vukufunu gösteren vezîriâzama Poniatowski, Rus büyümesinin Osmanlı Devleti için getireceği tehdit ve tehlikeye dikkat çekti ve Osmanlı-İsveç ittifakının bu devleti durdurabileceğini, bunu da vezîriâzamın yapabileceğini söyledi. Nûman Paşa’nın da bazı istisnalar dışında Poniatowski ile aynı fikirde olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Ancak vezîriâzam bu meseleyle ilgili son sözü Kırım hanıyla görüştükten sonra söyleyecekti. Aslında onun sadrazam olmasıyla Rusya’ya karşı savaş isteyenler umutlanmışlardı. Gerçekten Nûman Paşa İsveç kralının menfaatlerini korumaya kararlıydı. Huzuruna çağırdığı Rus elçisi Tolstoy’a Rus çarının komşularının topraklarında gözü olduğunu, Türk sınırındaki kuvvetlerini geri çekmezse barışın sürdürülemeyeceğini açıkça söylemiş, ayrıca İsveç kralı ülkesine dönerken muhtemel Rus saldırısına karşı güçlü bir rehin gerektiğini, aksi takdirde iki devletin arasının açılacağını ilâve etmiş, Kamaniçe Kalesi’nin de yıkılmasını sözlerine eklemişti. Bu onun Rusya’ya karşı savaşa kadar gidebilecek kararlılığının bir göstergesidir. Bununla beraber Nûman Paşa İsveç kralı meselesinden ziyade iç meselelere yönelmek istiyordu. Fakat yakın çevresinin suistimalleri de iyice yayılmıştı. Sadrazamın rakipleri bu suistimalleri abartılı bir şekilde saraya yetiştiriyorlardı. III. Ahmed ise bundan ziyade Nûman Paşa’nın ataları gibi idarede istiklâl sahibi olmak istemesinden tedirginlik duyuyordu. Sadârete gelişi münasebetiyle halkın gösterdiği aşırı teveccüh de padişahı kuşkulandırmıştı. Devrin kaynaklarına göre adaletli idaresi sebebiyle Anadolu ve Rumeli’den birçok dava sahibi, “İlmiyle âmil, kâmil, adaletli, reâyâperver Köprülü evlâdından Nûman Paşa vezîriâzam olmuş, hakkı icra edermiş” diyerek İstanbul’a akın etmiş, İstanbul adalet isteyenlerle dolmuş, Dîvân-ı Hümâyun’a girilmez olmuştu. Şehirde bir fitne çıkmasından endişelenen III. Ahmed çevresindekilerin fitne tehdidi üzerine sadrazamın aleyhine döndü. Sadrazamın asker maaşı için iç hazineden para talebi de padişahı iyice tedirgin etti. Onun XII. Şarl’ın ülkesine gönderilmesiyle ilgili düşüncesi ve Rusya’ya karşı savaşın göze alınması gerektiği yolundaki fikirleri böyle bir sefere taraftar olmayan III. Ahmed’e önemli bir fırsat verdi. Bir rivayete göre, Rusya seferi için yeniçerilerin başına daha dirayetli birini getirmek istemesi üzerine Yeniçeri Ağası Gürcü Yûsuf Ağa saraydaki bazı ağaları elde ederek vezîriâzamın padişaha karşı fitne hazırlığı içinde olduğunu yaymış, III. Ahmed de bu şâyia üzerine kendisinin de rızâsıyla 20 Cemâziyelâhir 1122’de (16 Ağustos 1710) Nûman Paşa’yı görevden almıştır. Azlinde Dârüssaâde ağasının ve özellikle Silâhdar Damad Ali Paşa’nın rolünün büyük olduğu belirtilir.
Kendisine arpalık olarak verilen Eğriboz’a gönderilen Nûman Paşa aynı yılın aralık ayında Hanya muhafızlığına, bir süre sonra da Kandiye valiliğine tayin edildi. 1125 Şevvalinde (Kasım 1713) buradan alınarak arpalık olarak kendisine tahsis edilen Yanya sancağına gönderildi. Ertesi yıl Bosna valiliğine getirilerek Karadağ isyanını bastırmakla görevlendirildi. Venedikliler’in tahrikiyle başlayan isyana son vermek için harekete geçen Nûman Paşa, Bosna-Hersek kuvvetleri dışında emrine verilen civar sancakların zeâmet ve timarlı kuvvetlerinin de desteğiyle âsileri bertaraf ederek bunların ana üsleri durumundaki Çetine’yi ele geçirdi. Ardından mağaralarda saklanan diğer âsileri de ortadan kaldırarak isyanı bastırdı.
1715 yılı başlarında Avusturya ile barış şartlarına uyulması kaydıyla ve Venedik’e açılan sefer dolayısıyla Belgrad muhafızlığına getirilen Nûman Paşa aynı yıl içinde kısa süre Silifke (İçel) ve Menteşe mutasarrıflıklarında bulundu; Anadolu’da eşkıya teftişiyle görevlendirildi. 1128 Ramazanında (Eylül 1716) kendi arzusu üzerine Kıbrıs valiliğine tayin edildiyse de o sırada Avusturya karşısında uğranılan yenilginin ardından Avusturya kuvvetlerinin Tuna’yı geçme ihtimali göz önüne alınarak daha önce Bosna’daki başarısının da etkisiyle Kıbrıs valiliği üzerinde kalmak şartıyla Bosna serdarlığına getirildi. Bu görevi sırasında Belgrad’ı başarıyla savunan, İzvornik’i kurtaran, savaş ganimetleri alan Nûman Paşa, 1130 Ramazanında (Ağustos 1718) kendi isteğiyle Kandiye (Girit) valiliğine nakledildi ve 16 Rebîülevvel 1131 (6 Şubat 1719) tarihinde humma hastalığından burada vefat etti; amcası Fâzıl Ahmed Paşa’nın Kandiye’deki camisinin avlusuna gömüldü (Râşid, V, 127). Ölümüne “figān” kelimesiyle tarih düşürülmüştür. Kardeşleri Abdullah ve Esad paşalar da devlet hizmetinde bulunmuşlardı. Büyük oğlu Hâfız Ahmed Paşa (ö. 1769) çeşitli yerlerde valilik yapmış ve atalarının kurduğu kütüphaneyi, vakfettiği değerli kitaplarla zenginleştirmiştir.
Özellikle valilik görevlerinde başarılı olan, devletin her sıkıntısında kendisine başvurulan Köprülüzâde Nûman Paşa önemli ölçüde şahsî servete sahipti. Görevleri dolayısıyla devletçe kendisine verilmiş olan has gelirlerini almaz, bütün masraflarını babasından kalan mülklerin gelirinden karşılardı. Döneminin sayısı az seçkin simalarından olan ve dinî konulardaki hassasiyetinden dolayı Hoca Paşa lakabıyla anılan Nûman Paşa, kanunlara ve dinî hükümlere aşırı riayetinden dolayı dönemin Fransız sefiri De Ferriol tarafından sadâretten çok şeyhülislâmlığa lâyık görülmüştür. Babası gibi hayatının her safhasında ilimle meşgul olduğu, özellikle kelâm ve hadis dallarında derin bilgisi bulunduğu belirtilir. İstanbul’da iken Vefa’daki konağı ilim meclislerinin toplandığı yer olmuştu. Telifatla da meşgul olan Nûman Paşa’nın bir mantık kitabı kaleme aldığı, ayrıca imam Sehl b. Abdullah et-Tüsterî’nin bazı sözlerini topladığı (Behcetî, vr. 185b ), tasavvuftan Abdülkerîm el-Kuşeyrî’nin Risâle-i Kuşeyriyye ’sini özetlediği ve el-ʿAdl fî beyânî ḥâli’l-Ḫaḍır adında bir eser yazdığı (Köprülü Ktp., III. Kısım, nr. 148), bu eserin daha sonra Cârullah Veliyyüddin Efendi tarafından şerhedildiği nakledilir (Osmanlı Müellifleri , I, 267).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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a.mlf. – R. C. Repp, “Köprülü”, EI2 (İng.) , V, 262-263.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2002 yılında Ankara’da basılan 26. cildinde, 265-267 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.