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KÖSEM SULTAN Skip to content (ö. 1061/1651)
IV. Murad ve Sultan İbrâhim’in annesi, vâlide sultan.
Hayatının ilk yılları hakkında kaynaklarda bilgi yoktur. Saraya ne zaman ve nasıl alındığı, ailesinin kimliği bilinmemekle beraber Ortodoks bir papazın kızı olduğu, muhtemelen Bosna taraflarından getirildiği ileri sürülür. Kaynaklarda Kösem adıyla birlikte Mahpeyker adı da geçer. Haremde asıl adının Mahpeyker olduğu, daha çok tanındığı Kösem’in ise lakap olarak kendisine verildiği anlaşılmaktadır. Kösem lakabını Mahpeyker adının anlamından da hareketle pürüzsüz, güzel bir cildi bulunmasından dolayı almış olması kuvvetli bir ihtimaldir. Ayrıca Kösem adının “koyun sürüsü önünde giden koç” mânasına geldiği ve bu bakımdan onun liderlik vasfına işaret ettiği de belirtilir.
Öldürüldüğü sırada altmış iki yaşında olduğu rivayet edildiğine göre 1589’da doğduğu söylenebilir. Saraya geldiğinde güzelliğiyle I. Ahmed’in dikkatini çekmiş ve onun en önde gelen hasekisi olmuştur. Oğlu Murad’ı (IV.) 1021’de (1612) dünyaya getirdiğine göre Kösem’in saraya geliş yılının en geç 1018-1019 (1609-1610) yılları olması gerekir. 1024’te (1615) İbrâhim’in ve ardından Kasım’ın doğumu ile sarayda giderek ön plana çıkmaya başlayan Kösem Sultan’ın I. Ahmed’in ölümcül humma hastalığına tutulması üzerine oğullarına saltanatı hazırlama yolunda çeşitli faaliyetlere giriştiği, bunu sağlamak için I. Ahmed’in vefatından sonra onun Mahfirûz Hatice Sultan’dan doğma oğlu Osman’ın yerine III. Mehmed’in oğlu ve I. Ahmed’in kardeşi Mustafa’yı tahta çıkarttığı, böylece saltanat sisteminde önemli bir değişikliğe yol açmış olduğu ileri sürülür. Kösem Sultan’ın bu olaylardaki rolü hakkında kesin bilgi bulunmamakla birlikte saray çevrelerinde ve kamuoyunda büyük tepkilere yol açan kardeş katli uygulamasının sona erişinde oğullarını koruma amaçlı da olsa nisbî bir payı olduğu açıktır.
Kösem Sultan, I. Mustafa’nın iki saltanatı ile II. Osman’ın padişahlığı döneminde Eski Saray’da altı yıl kadar ikamet etti. Oğlu IV. Murad’ın tahta çıkışı (14 Zilkade 1032 / 9 Eylül 1623) ona arzuladığı gücü sağladı, Eski Saray’dan Topkapı Sarayı’na özel bir törenle gelip vâlide sultan oldu. Murad’ın henüz on iki yaşında bulunması devletin idaresinde onu söz sahibi yaptı. Bu yıllarda yeniçerilere cülûs bahşişi dağıtılması problemi yanında Bağdat’ın elden çıkması, eyaletlerdeki itaatsizlikler, Abaza Mehmed Paşa’nın isyanı, Kazak eşkıyasının boğaza kadar sokulması, Kırım’daki huzursuzlukların çözüme kavuşturulması gibi konularda devlet erkânıyla birlikte çalıştı. Sultan Murad da annesinin yanında devlet işlerini öğreniyor, idareyi devralmayı planlıyordu. Kösem Sultan ise yetkilerini oğluna bırakmak niyetinde değildi. Fakat Sadrazam Hüsrev Paşa’nın azledilmesinin ardından taşrada ve İstanbul’da gelişen olaylar, Topal Receb Paşa’nın sadâreti elde ederek giriştiği çeşitli manevralar, onun gücünün kırılması ve bizzat idareyi IV. Murad’ın almasıyla sonuçlandı (1041/1631-32). Ancak yine de IV. Murad annesinin sözünü dinliyor ve ondan bütünüyle kopamıyordu. Nitekim Bursa seyahati sırasında IV. Murad’ın, hakkında bazı şikâyetler bulunan İznik kadısını idam ettirmesi neticesinde ulemâ arasında ortaya çıkan tepkiler üzerine Şeyhülislâm Ahîzâde Hüseyin Efendi, Kösem Sultan’a bir tezkire göndererek oğlunu uyarmasını rica etmiş, ayrıca padişahın tahttan indirilme söylentilerini de ona bildirmiş, Kösem Sultan bütün bu gelişmeleri hemen oğluna iletmişti. Bu ihbar üzerine padişah İstanbul’a gelip hadiseyi hiç soruşturmadan şeyhülislâmı idam ettirdi. Bu olay dolayısıyla oğlunun güvenini kazandığı anlaşılan Kösem Sultan, IV. Murad’ın Revan seferinden başarıyla dönüşünün ardından ayrı anneden kardeşleri olan Bayezid ve Süleyman’ı (Rebîülevvel 1045 / Ağustos 1635), Bağdat seferine çıkmadan bir süre önce de öz kardeşi Kasım’ı (Şevval 1047 / Şubat 1638) öldürtmesine engel olamadı. Fakat diğer oğlu İbrâhim’i âciz ve zavallı gibi göstererek kurtardığı gibi onun saltanatın tek vârisi olarak tahta çıkmasını da sağladı.
Sultan İbrâhim’in cülûsu Kösem Sultan’ı yeniden eski gücüne kavuşturdu. İbrâhim’in zihnî problemleri onun sorumluluğunu arttırmıştı. Kösem’in ilk işi, Osmanlı tahtının son bulmasını önlemek için İbrâhim’in bir erkek evlât sahibi olmasını sağlayacak tedbirlere yönelmek oldu. Padişaha sunulan câriyeler ve gözdelerin sayısındaki artış önemli ölçüde harcamalara yol açmış, bu kadınlarla birlikte musahipler ve nedimler de devlet işlerine karışmaya başlamıştı. Öte yandan Sultan İbrâhim artan ruhî sıkıntılarının da etkisiyle annesini dinlemez oldu. Hatta gözdelerinin de tesiriyle onu saraydan uzaklaştırdı, İskender Çelebi Bahçesi’nde ikamete mecbur etti. Bir rivayete göre İbrâhim annesini Rodos’a sürmek istemişti.
Bu arada Kösem Sultan’ın IV. Murad’ın kızı Kaya Sultan’ı Silâhdar Mustafa Paşa ile evlendirmek istemesi, Sadrazam Kemankeş Kara Mustafa Paşa ile arasının açılmasına sebep oldu. Çünkü Kara Mustafa Paşa, Silâhdar Mustafa Paşa’yı rakip olarak görüyordu. Kemankeş’in hazinede yapmak istediği ıslahat bazı şikâyetlere yol açmış ve kendisine yeni düşmanlar kazandırmıştı. Sadrazamın yıpranması Kösem Sultan’ın işine geliyordu. Kemankeş’in sonunu hazırlayan bu hadiselerden sonra Sultan İbrâhim’de samur ve amber merakı başladı. Kösem Sultan bu yüzden İbrâhim’in musahibesi Şekerpâre Hatun’u saraydan çıkarmak için büyük gayret sarfetti.
Padişahın çılgınca talepleri gün geçtikçe artıyordu. Kösem dahi bunca yıllık tecrübesine rağmen hayatından endişeliydi. Devlet erkânı ve Yeniçeri Ocağı ileri gelenleri padişahın tahttan indirilmesinin zaruret haline geldiği hususunda fikir birliği içindeydi. Sadrazam Sofu Mehmed Paşa ve Şeyhülislâm Abdürrahim Efendi gibi devlet adamları bu iş için vâlide sultanın rızâsının alınması gerektiğini biliyorlardı. Gelişmeler üzerine saraya dönen Kösem Sultan’a bir heyet gönderilerek hal‘ kararı kendisine tebliğ edildi. Kösem Sultan’ın rızâ göstermesi üzerine başta şeyhülislâm olmak üzere Karaçelebizâde Abdülaziz Efendi, Hanefî Mehmed Efendi ve Muslihuddin Ağa ile diğer bazı devlet erkânından oluşan heyet saraya geldi. Bunlar güçlü deliller ileri sürerek Kösem Sultan’ı razı etmeye çalıştılar. Kösem Sultan önce rızâ göstermeyip direndi. Ardından çaresiz kalmış gibi görünerek torunu Mehmed’i hazırlamak üzere harekete geçti (DİA , XXI, 279-280). Bir müddet sonra da torunuyla dönerek cülûs gerçekleşti (8 Ağustos 1648). Bu hal‘ ve cülûsta Kösem Sultan’ın etkili bir rolü olduğunda devrin kaynakları birleşmektedir. Hatta Sultan İbrâhim’in daha sonra kapatıldığı odasında boğdurulmasında onun parmağı olduğu da belirtilir (Karaçelebizâde Abdülaziz Efendi, s. 15-17).
Kösem Sultan için İbrâhim’in saltanatı pek tatmin edici geçmemişti. Zira vâlide sultanlık yetkilerini istediği gibi kullanamamış, Kemankeş Kara Mustafa Paşa’nın idamıyla (1644) başlayan saraydaki huzursuzluklar yüzünden zaman zaman endişeli günler geçirmişti. Torununun yedi yaşında olması, annesi Hatice Turhan Sultan’ın genç ve tecrübesiz bulunması sebebiyle iktidarın kendisinde kalmasını tabii karşılıyordu. Halbuki geleneğe göre büyük vâlidenin Eski Saray’a gidip köşesine çekilmesi, Turhan Sultan’ın yetkileri kullanması usuldendi. Kösem Sultan cülûstan sonra böyle görünmüşse de onun samimi olmadığı kısa zamanda anlaşıldı.
IV. Mehmed’in saltanatının ilk yıllarında Kösem Sultan, Yeniçeri Ocağı’na dayanarak devlet işlerine müdahale etmeyi sürdürdü. Bu müdahaleler dolayısıyla Sofu Mehmed Paşa sadâretten azledilerek yerine yeniçeri ağası Kara Murad Paşa getirildi. Murad Paşa’nın sadâretinde diğer ağalarla baş gösteren geçimsizlik ve Kösem Sultan’ın her konuyu Bektaş Ağa ile konuşması sıkıntılara sebep oldu. Öte yandan Turhan Sultan da padişah annesi olarak devlet işlerine müdahaleye başladı. O da saray ağalarına dayanıp bir denge kurmayı başarmıştı. Bu karışık ortamda Kara Murad Paşa fazla dayanamayarak istifa etti. Yeni sadrazam Melek Ahmed Paşa’nın bütçe açığını kapatmak için aldığı tedbirler İstanbul’da esnaf ve halkın ayaklanmasına sebep oldu. Saraya yürüyen halk ağaların idamını talep etti. Buna yanaşmayan Kösem Sultan halka rağmen ağaları korudu, yine düzenin ağalar sayesinde ayakta kalabildiğini düşünüyordu. Böylece Kösem Sultan’ın ağalar nezdinde itibarı artmış, Turhan Sultan karşısında güçlenmişti. Yıldızı parlamaya başlayan Köprülü Mehmed Paşa da Kösem Sultan’ı destekleyenlerin safına katıldı. Diğer taraftan Turhan Sultan saray ağalarıyla gizliden gizliye büyük vâlide aleyhinde çalışmalarını yürütüyordu (Naîmâ, V, 106 vd.).
Bu sırada yanındaki kuvvetlerle İstanbul’a doğru ilerleyen âsi reisi İpşir Mustafa Paşa, Kösem Sultan ile ocak ağaları için tehlike arzediyordu. Bunun üzerine Kösem Sultan ve ekibi, ellerini çabuk tutup padişahı tahttan indirmeye ve Turhan Sultan’ı ortadan kaldırmaya karar verdiler. Tahta, safdil bir kadın olan Dilâşûb Sultan’dan doğma Mehmed’in kardeşi Süleyman’ı çıkarmayı planladılar. Böylece büyük vâlide rahat bir şekilde hâkimiyetini devam ettirebilecekti. Kösem Sultan, ocak ağalarına gizlice mektuplar göndererek Turhan Sultan taraftarı dört harem ağasının öldürülmesine yardımcı olmalarını istedi (Kâtib Çelebi, II, 376). Kararlaştırılan gece ağalar, adamları ile birlikte gizlice saraya inip Turhan Sultan ile adamlarını bertaraf ettikten sonra IV. Mehmed’e de zehirli şerbet içirilecekti. Ancak iki vâlide ile de temasta bulunan Melekî Kadın, Turhan Sultan’ı uyarınca durum Kösem aleyhine döndü. Turhan Sultan Kösem’i öldürtmek üzere faaliyete geçti. Bu iş için Başlala Uzun Süleyman Ağa’yı görevlendirdi. Süleyman Ağa ve adamları Kösem Sultan’ı Harem’deki odaların birinde dolap üzerinde bulup öldürdüler (16-17 Ramazan 1061 / 2-3 Eylül 1651). Karışıklığı haber alıp saraya gelen Kösem taraftarı Sadrazam Siyavuş Paşa durumu anlayıp uzaklaştı. Kösem Sultan’ın cenazesi Eski Saray’a götürüldü, gerekli işlemler yapılarak Sultan Ahmed Camii hazîresindeki zevci I. Ahmed’in yanına defnedildi (Karaçelebizâde Abdülaziz Efendi, s. 118-119).
Kösem Sultan’ın feci âkıbeti devlet işlerine müdahaleleri eksik olmayan ocak ağalarının da sonu oldu. Sadrazam Siyavuş Paşa aldığı tedbirlerle bu işi çabuklaştırdı. Kösem’in ölümünden sonra Uzun Süleyman Ağa’nın itibar kazanması üzerine onun da nüfuzunu kırmaya çalıştı. Kösem Sultan’ın hizmetinde bulunan kızlar Eski Saray’a nakledildi. Vâlidenin malından her birine 10.000’er akçe para ile ikişer sandık eşya verilerek uygun kimselerle evlendirildi.
Kaynaklarda “vâlide-i muazzama, koca vâlide, ümmü’l-mü’minîn, sâhibetü’l-makām, mehd-i ulyâ, vâlide-i atîka, vâlide-i kebîre” olarak da anılan Kösem Sultan (Kâtib Çelebi, II, 367, 376; Vecîhî Hasan, vr. 44b ; Naîmâ, IV, 276, 290, 315, 450; V, 108), IV. Murad ile Sultan İbrâhim döneminde ve IV. Mehmed devri başlarında saray hayatında ön plana çıkmış, birçok hadisenin müsebbibi olarak kaynaklarda itham edilmiştir. Bununla beraber saltanat makamının karşı karşıya kaldığı türlü badirelerin iyi veya kötü atlatılmasında pay sahibi olarak bir devre damgasını vurmuştur.
Çağdaş tarihçi Şârihulmenârzâde’den naklen Naîmâ (Târih , V, 112) Kösem Sultan’ın gelirinin çok olduğuna temas ederek Menemen, Zile, Gazze, Kilis ve İzdin’de haslarının bulunduğunu, bunlardan yılda 250.000 riyal gelir toplandığını belirtir. Karaçelebizâde ise bu miktarı 300.000 kuruş göstererek onun zenginliğini ifade etmiştir. Livadya ve köylerinden, ayrıca İstanbul, Galata ve Üsküdar’da sonradan gelip yerleşen halktan toplanan vergilerden gelirleri de vardı (BA , Muhasebe Evkaf Defteri , nr. 5493). Terekesinden 2700 adet kıymetli şal çıkmıştır. Vakfettiği Büyük Vâlide Hanı’nda sakladığı yirmi sandık filorini ve mücevheratı devlet hazinesine aktarılmıştır. Kösem Sultan’ın bu gelirleri cömertçe dağıttığı bilinmektedir. Hatta bizzat hapishanelere gider, borçluların borçlarını ödeyerek onları kurtarırdı. Onun “sâdât ulûfesi” adıyla tesis ettiği hayır işinden 200 fakir yararlanıyordu. Hizmetindeki kızları bir müddet çalıştırdıktan sonra çeyizini düzüp uygun kimselerle evlendirirdi. İnşa ettirdiği hayır eserlerinin başında 1640’ta tamamlanan Üsküdar’daki Çinili Cami gelir. Bu camiye ilâve olarak mektep, çeşme, dârülhadis, çifte hamam, 1623’te tamamlanan Anadolukavağı Mescidi, Çinili Cami civarında çeşme, Şehremini’de çeşme, Yenikapı’da çeşme, 1645’te tamamlanan Beşiktaş’ta çeşme, sûfiye ricâlinden Abdülmecid Şeyhî Efendi’nin Eyüp’teki türbesi hayratı arasında bulunmaktadır. Kösem Sultan hac yolundaki hacıların su ihtiyacının mümkün mertebe giderilmesi, Haremeyn’de fakirlere yardım edilmesi ve burada Kur’an okutulması için de bir vakıf tesis etmiştir. Bu vakıf 6000 sikke-i haseneye bâliğ olup nâzırı Dârüssaâde ağası idi. Kösem, İstanbul’da Çakmakçılar Yokuşu’nda yüksek bir kulesi bulunan Büyük Vâlide Hanı’nı da inşa ettirmiştir. Vâlide Sultan’ın Eğriboz, Midilli ve Kıbrıs dahil bazı yerlerde daha vakıfları vardı. Hayatı, yerli ve yabancı yazarlarca kaleme alınmış, çoğu gerçek dışı olaylarla dolu, tarihî romanlara da konu olmuştur.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
TSMA, nr. E. 1118; nr. E. 5222/2 (IV. Murad’ın Kösem Sultan’a verdiği mülknâme); nr. D. 3831 (İskenderun’daki hasları defteri).
BA , Muhasebe Evkaf Defteri , nr. 5493.
Kâtib Çelebi, Fezleke , II, 38, 160, 220, 309, 367, 376.
Solakzâde, Târih , TSMK, III. Ahmed, nr. 3078, vr. 462a-b , 476b -477a .
Karaçelebizâde Abdülaziz Efendi, Zeyl-i Ravzatü’l-ebrâr (haz. Nevzat Kaya, doktora tezi, 1990), İÜ Ed.Fak. Genel Ktp., nr. TE 81, s. 3-5,12-18, 32, 33, 41, 70, 73, 91, 99, 100, 103, 104, 105, 113, 115, 118-119, 120, 123, 124, 162-163.
Mehmed Halîfe, Târîh-i Gılmânî , İstanbul 1340, s. 21-22.
Vecîhî Hasan, Târih , İÜ Ktp., TY, nr. 2543, vr. 29b , 32b , 44b , 45a .
P. Rycaut, Histoire de l’état présent de l’Empire Ottoman (trc. Briot), Paris 1670, IV. bl..
Naîmâ, Târih , II, 262; III, 67 vd., 183, 290, 426; IV, 222, 276, 290, 314-315, 317, 318, 319, 322, 395, 415, 418, 450; V, 11, 15, 29, 48, 70, 101, 102, 106-121, 134, 137, 150, 154, 155, 164, 229, 336, 338, 341; VI, 407.
Ayvansarâyî, Hadîkatü’l-cevâmi‘ , I, 215-216, 218; II, 183, 184-186.
a.mlf., Mecmûa-i Tevârih (haz. Fahri Ç. Derin – Vahid Çabuk), İstanbul 1985, s. 235, 282.
Hammer (Atâ Bey) , VIII, 186; IX, 9, 71, 92, 103, 104, 129, 173, 264, 287, 291, 295, 306, 309; X, 5-7, 24, 97, 101, 104, 105, 109, 124, 131, 134, 142, 144-146, 152, 157, 158, 163-169, 171, 178-201.
Mehmed Râif, Mir’ât-ı İstanbul , İstanbul 1314, s. 130-131.
Ahmed Refik [Altınay], Kadınlar Saltanatı , İstanbul 1332/1923, II-IV, tür.yer.
a.mlf., Samur Devri , İstanbul 1927, tür.yer.
Tanışık, İstanbul Çeşmeleri , I, 23, 74, 78; II, 266.
Uzunçarşılı, Osmanlı Tarihi , III/1, bk. İndeks; III/2, s. 401, 553, 588.
a.mlf., Saray Teşkilâtı , s. 48, 93, 96, 141, 156, 157.
Danişmend, Kronoloji , III, 257, 263, 266, 270, 301, 302, 325, 354, 409, 412, 416, 417.
R. Mantran, 17. Yüzyılın İkinci Yarısında İstanbul (trc. Mehmet Ali Kılıçbay – Enver Özcan), Ankara 1990, I, 78-79, 102, 234.
M. Çağatay Uluçay, Padişahların Kadınları ve Kızları , Ankara 1992, s. 47, 48-49, 50, 57, 58, 60, 62.
a.mlf., Harem , Ankara 2001, II, 33, 35, 42, 49, 56, 62, 63, 65, 87, 92, 122.
L. P. Peirce, Harem-i Hümayun: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Hükümranlık ve Kadınlar (trc. Ayşe Berktay), İstanbul 1996, tür.yer.
İnci Enginün, Yeni Türk Edebiyatı Araştırmaları , İstanbul 1998, s. 69-76.
Mücteba İlgürel, “Kösem Sultan’ın Bir Vakfiyesi”, TD , sy. 21 (1966), s. 83-94.
M. Cavid Baysun, “Kösem Sultan”, İA , VI, 915-923.
a.mlf., “Murad IV.”, a.e. , VIII, 625-647.
a.mlf., “Kösem Wālide”, EI2 (İng.) , V, 272-273.
Feridun Emecen, “İbrâhim”, DİA , XXI, 279-280.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2002 yılında Ankara’da basılan 26. cildinde, 273-275 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.