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KUBBETÜ’s-SAHRE Skip to content Kudüs haremindeki kutsal kaya üzerinde yer alan, Emevî Halifesi Abdülmelik b. Mervân’ın yaptırdığı ortası kubbeli sekizgen yapı.
İslâm mimarisinin bilinen ilk kubbeli eserlerindendir ve Kudüs ’ün fethinden sonra Hz. Ömer tarafından yaptırılan mescidin yerine inşa edildiği için -daha çok Batılılar tarafından- Ömer Camii olarak da tanınır. Binanın üzerinde bulunduğu kutsal kaya (sahre, hacerü’l-muallak) rivayete göre Hz. Mûsâ ’nın kıblesidir (Taberî, XXVI, 183) ve Resûl-i Ekrem’in kıble değişikliğiyle ilgili âyetler (el-Bakara 2/143-145, 149-150) gelinceye kadar namaz kılarken yöneldiği Kudüs’ten maksadın da o olduğu söylenir (a.g.e. , II, 4). Kitâb-ı Mukaddes ’te ve Kur’an’da doğrudan doğruya sahreden söz edilmez; ancak Talmud ve mişnalarda geçen “even şetiyya”nın, bir görüşe göre de Eski Ahid ’de geçen “dünyanın temelindeki köşe taşı”nın (Eyub, 38/4-6) bu kaya olduğu sanılmaktadır (The Babylonian Talmud, Seder Mo’ed, Yoma 54a -54b ). Yahudi geleneğinde sahrenin Süleyman Mâbedi’nin Kudsü’l-akdes bölümünün temelini teşkil ettiği, dünyanın ortasında bulunduğu, Hz. Nûh ’un gemisinin tûfandan sonra onun üstüne oturduğu ve üzerinde Hz. İbrâhim ’in kurban kestiği, Hz. Dâvûd ’un tövbe ettiği gibi değişik inanışlar vardır. Kitâb-ı Mukaddes yorumlarında ise sahrenin Süleyman Mâbedi’nin tamamının veya yalnız kurban sunulan mezbahının temelini oluşturduğu kabul edilir (EJd. , VI, 986). Bu konuda özel bir araştırma yapan Kaufmann’ın diğer bazı bilim adamlarınca da benimsenen teorisine göre ilk mâbed Moriya tepesinin kuzeybatı köşesine doğru inşa edilmişti ve Ruhlar Kubbesi denilen kubbesinin örttüğü mekân da Kudsü’l-akdes bölümüne rastlıyordu (a.g.e. Suppl. , XVII, 577-580). İbn Asâkir Târîḫu Dımaşḳ ’ında sahrenin üzerine Hz. Dâvûd’un bir mescid yapmakla emrolunduğunu (XXVI, 368), Hz. Süleyman’ın mâbedi tamamlayınca Allah’a bu kayanın üzerinde şükrettiğini (XXII, 293; LIX, 250), Ermiyâ’nın (Yeremya) aynı yerde vahiy aldığını (VIII, 34) ve Hz. Yahyâ dahil birçok peygamberin burada şehid edildiğini (LXIV, 217) yazar.
Kur’an’ın bazı âyetlerinin yorumlarında sahre ile ilişki kurulmuştur. Meselâ İsrâ sûresi nin 1. âyetinde geçen el-Mescidü’l-aksâ Beytülmakdis’le, o da sahre ile yorumlanır. Bir görüşe göre Hz. Peygamber’e gösterilen alâmetlerden biri de boşlukta duran sahredir. Allah Teâlâ, Resûl-i Ekrem’e onu göstermiştir ki çıkacağı mi‘rac yolculuğunda boşlukta durmaktan korkuya kapılmasın (Abdülganî b. İsmâil en-Nablusî, s. 121). Yine Kur’an’da, “Yakın bir yerden nidâ edecek münâdîye kulak ver” âyetindeki (Kāf 50/41) yakın yer Kudüs sahresidir (Taberî, XXVI, 183). İsrâfil , Allah’ın çürüyüp ufalmış kemiklere, dağılmış derilere ve dökülüp parçalanmış saçlara hesap için toplanma emrini sahrenin üzerinden duyuracaktır (İbn Asâkir, LXV, 136). Übey b. Kâ‘b ’ın bir rivayetine göre, “Biz onu -İbrâhim’i- ve Lût ’u kurtarıp içinde herkese bereketler verdiğimiz ülkeye ulaştırdık” âyetinde (el-Enbiyâ 21/71) sözü edilen yer Şam diyarıdır ki orada altından tatlı suların kaynaklandığı Kudüs sahresi bulunmaktadır (a.g.e. , I, 140). Ebû Hüreyre’ye nisbet edilen bir rivayette bütün nehirler, bulut ve rüzgârlar Beytülmakdis sahresinin altından çıkmaktadır (Ziyâeddin el-Makdisî, s. 57). Diğer bir rivayette tatlı sularla birlikte çiçekleri aşılayan rüzgârlar da onun altından çıkar (İbn Asâkir, I, 220). Ebû Bekir İbnü’l-Arabî, “Gökten ölçüyle yağmur indirip onu yeryüzünde durdurduk” âyetinin (el-Mü’minûn 23/18) dört yorumundan biri olarak arzdaki bütün tatlı suların sahrenin altından kaynaklandığı rivayetinden söz eder; ardından onun Allah’ın yarattığı garip şeylerden olduğunu, muallakta durduğunu, üzerinde Hz. Peygamber’in ayak izinin, Cebrâil ’in de parmak izinin bulunduğunu söyler. Onun anlattığına göre kendisi insanların namaz, itikâf ve dua için girdikleri alttaki hücreye (mağara) günahları yüzünden sahrenin üzerine düşebileceği korkusuyla inmiş, kenarlarında yürümüş ve hiçbir yönden yere bitişik olmadığını görmüştür (el-Ḳabes , III, 1076-1077). Hadis âlimleri sahre ile ilgili rivayetlerin çoğunlukla mevzû veya münker olduğunu kabul ederler. Sahrenin Allah’ın arş ının en alt noktasını teşkil ettiği, yere değmeden muallakta durduğu, Hz. Peygamber’in mi‘rac yolculuğuna sahreden yükselerek başladığı, üzerinde onun ayak izinin bulunduğu gibi rivayetler zayıf veya mevzû sayılır (İbnü’l-Cevzî, s. 113-114; Ali el-Kārî, s. 457; Muhammed el-Hût, I, 377; ayrıca bk. KADEM-i ŞERİF ). Sahrenin faziletine dair sahih kabul edilen bazı rivayetler de vardır. Meselâ bunlardan birine göre o cennettendir (İbn Mâce, “Ṭıb”, 8). Sahrenin, haremi dahilinde yer aldığı Mescid-i Aksâ ziyaret ve ibadet için kendisine yolculuk yapılan üç mescidden biridir (Buhârî, “Fażlü’ṣ-ṣalât fî mescidi Mekke ve’l-Medîne”, 1, 6; “Ṣavm”, 67; “Ṣayd”, 26; Müslim, “Ḥac”, 415, 511, 512).
Bazı İslâm kaynaklarında sahre Beytülmakdis olarak tarif edilir (Bekrî, s. 826). Hz. Ömer , barış yoluyla Kudüs’ü ele geçirince Kâ‘b el-Ahbâr ’ın delâletiyle yahudiler tarafından çöplük haline getirilen sahrenin yerini bulup temizletmiş, bizzat kendisi de eteğinde toprak taşıyarak bu çalışmaya katılmıştır (İbn Kesîr, VII, 57). Kâ‘b el-Ahbâr, burada bir mescid yapmak isteyen Hz. Ömer’e onu sahrenin arkasına bina etmesini, böylece Hz. Mûsâ ile Hz. Muhammed’in kıblelerini birleştirmiş olacağını söylemiş, fakat halife bunu onun ırkî yaklaşımına yorup mescidi sahrenin önüne inşa ettirmiştir (Bekrî, II, 826-827; İbn Kesîr, VII, 57).
Sahre en geniş yeri 17,70 m., en dar yeri 13,50 m. olan ve altında yaklaşık 1,50 m. yüksekliğinde, yontularak düzeltilip genişletilmiş, 4,50 × 4,50 m. boyutlarında bir oyuk (mağara, mahzen) bulunan gayri muntazam yarım daire şeklinde bir kaya uzantısıdır. Haftada iki defa bütün ruhların toplandığına inanılan altındaki mağaraya, Kubbetü’s-sahre’nin güneydoğu pâyesinin yanındaki 1 m. çaplı bir oyuktan on bir basamaklı bir merdivenle inilir. Burada bulunan düz bir mermer blok üzerine işlenmiş mihrap, ilk olma özelliğiyle İslâm sanat tarihi açısından büyük bir önem taşımaktadır. Kubbetü’s-sahre mescidden çok bir ziyaretgâh olarak planlanmıştır. İbn Asâkir orada görev yapmış bazı kimseler için “sahre imamı” tabirini kullanmaktadır (Târîḫu Dımaşḳ , XXXII, 181; XXXV, 337); bânisi Emevî Halifesi Abdülmelik b. Mervân ’ın da namaz kıldırdığı bilinmektedir (a.g.e. , LXX, 164). Mescidlerde olduğu gibi burada da birtakım ilmî faaliyetler devam etmiştir (a.g.e. , XXXI, 55).
Kubbetü’s-sahre’nin yapılış sebebiyle ilgili farklı görüşler vardır. Bunlardan birincisi, Abdullah b. Zübeyr ’in Mekke ve çevresine hükmettiği yıllarda Suriye hacılarından biat almak istemesi üzerine Abdülmelik b. Mervân tarafından Kâbe ’ye alternatif olarak inşa ettirilmesidir. İnsanlar hac ibadetini yerine getirmek için direnince, “Ancak üç mescide ibadet kastıyla yolculuk yapılır …” hadisini okuyup onların Mescid-i Harâm ’ın yerine Beytülmakdis’i, Kâbe’nin yerine de Hz. Peygamber’in mi‘rac yolculuğuna çıktığı ve üzerinde ayak izinin bulunduğu sahreyi ziyaret edebileceklerini söylemiş, ardından onun üzerine bir kubbe yaptırıp ipek örtüler astırmıştır. Böylece Kâbe’deki Hacerülesved ’in yerini alan sahrenin etrafında tavafa (Ya‘kūbî, II, 261) ve arafe günü Beytülmakdis’te vakfe ye başlanmıştır (Kalkaşendî, I, 129). Ya‘kūbî ’ye dayanan bu rivayeti Saîd b. Bitrîk (Eutykhios) ve Sıbt İbnü’l-Cevzî tekrarlamış, onlardan da İbn Kesîr gibi sonraki bazı müellifler iktibas etmiştir (el-Bidâye , VIII, 283-284). Ancak Ya‘kūbî’nin Emevî aleyhtarı bir müellif olarak tanınması rivayet hakkında birtakım şüphelere yol açmıştır. Ondan önce yaşayan veya çağdaşı olan müellifler, Emevîler döneminde hac farîzasının ifasında bir aksaklıktan veya Abdülmelik’in engellemesinden söz etmezler. Makdisî’nin kaydettiği bir rivayete göre ise Abdülmelik Kubbetü’s-sahre’yi, müslümanların Kıyâme (Kamâme) Kilisesi gibi hıristiyan yapılarına hayranlık duymalarını önlemek üzere onlardan daha güzel ve azametli bir biçimde bina ettirmiştir (Aḥsenü’t-teḳāsîm , s. 159). Kitâbe ve mozaiklerinden hareketle aslında Kubbetü’s-sahre’nin, Mûsevîliğin ve Hıristiyanlığın hâkim olduğu Kudüs’te yeni din İslâm’ı ve Emevî varlığını kanıtlamak amacıyla yapıldığı söylenebilir.
Kubbetü’s-sahre’nin inşasına 66 (685-86) yılında Abdülmelik b. Mervân’ın görevlendirdiği Recâ b. Hayve ile Yezîd b. Sellâm tarafından başlanmış, inşaat 72’de (691) tamamlanmıştır. Daha sonra Abbâsî Halifesi Me’mûn, 126 m. uzunluğunda lâcivert zemin üzerine altın yaldızlı kûfî mozaik kitâbedeki Abdülmelik’in adını sildirerek yerine kendi adını yazdırmışsa da 72 tarihini olduğu gibi bırakmıştır. Kıyâme, Saûd (Anastasis) kiliseleri ve Busrâ Katedrali gibi Suriye ve Filistin’de mimari gelenek haline gelmiş sekizgen yapılardan esinlenilerek inşa edilen binanın planı, köşeleri merkezî bir daireyle sınırlanan, ortalı bir şekilde iç içe geçmiş iki karenin kenarlarının uzatılıp köşelerinin birleştirilmesiyle elde edilmiştir. Merkezî daire, üzerinde on altı pencere açılmış kubbe kasnağını taşıyan, kemerlerle birbirine bağlanmış dört pâye ve aralarında bulunan üçerden toplam on iki sütunla sahreyi çevreler. Pâyeler, dışarıdan da belli olacak şekilde 20,44 m. çapındaki kubbenin başlangıcına kadar devam etmektedir. Pâyelerle sütunlar üzerine oturan yirmi dört kemer örtüye gerekli desteği sağlar. Kemerler değişik tarzlarda devşirme sütun başlıklarına doğrudan oturmaz. Korent-kompozit başlıklı antik sütunlar arasına kabartma süslemeler yapılmış altın yaldızlı bronz levhalarla kaplı kalın kirişler yerleştirilmiştir. İç sekizgeni kaplayan pembe taş, cam ve sedef mozaiklerde altın yaldızlı zemin üzerine mavi ve yeşilin hâkim olduğu yirmi beş çeşit renk bulunmaktadır. Dekorda yer yer Bizans ve Sâsânî etkisi gösteren zeytin, hurma ve badem ağaçları, bambu demetleriyle akant ve asma yaprakları, bereket boynuzları, vazo, sepet, çiçek, kozalak, meyve ve mücevher kompozisyonları göze çarpar. Orta sekizgenin dış frizinde mozaik kûfî hatla yazılmış yazı kuşağında besmele , kelime-i tevhid , Hz. Peygamber’e salavat la ilgili Ahzâb sûresinin 56. âyeti, İsrâ sûresinin 111. âyeti, İhlâs sûresi ve binanın yapımıyla ilgili kitâbe, iç frizinde ise Hz. Îsâ’ya salât, teslîs i ve hıristiyan inancını reddeden Âl-i İmrân sûresinin 18-19, 51. ve Ahzâb sûresinin 56. âyetleriyle Ehl-i kitaba dinde aşırı gitmemelerini ve Allah hakkında gerçek olmayan şeyler söylememelerini emreden Nisâ sûresinin 171-172. âyetleri yer almaktadır.
İri blok taşlardan yapılmış olan 1,30 m. kalınlığındaki dış duvarların yüksekliği 9,50 metredir. Bir siperlikle nihayetlenen dış duvarın her cephesinde üstte yarım daire kemerle kapatılmış yedi uzun, dar ve oyulmuş panel bulunmaktadır. Bunlardan köşelere gelenler sağırdır; diğerlerinin üst kısımlarına ise birer pencere açılmıştır. Mekân, sekiz cephedeki kırk ve kubbe kasnağındaki on altı pencere ile aydınlatılmaktadır. Pencerelerdeki dış duvar dekorunun devamı niteliğindeki çini ızgaralar binanın fazla ışık almasını engeller. Dış duvarlar alttan 4,44 m. yüksekliğe kadar farklı renk ve desenlerdeki mermer plakalarla, daha yukarısı ise siperlik dahil çinilerle kaplanmıştır. Ayrıca kubbe kasnağı da çinilerle kaplıdır; burada bir de İsrâ sûresinden âyetlerin yer aldığı sülüs bir yazı kuşağı bulunmaktadır. Üst pencerelerin kenarlarını süsleyen çiniler Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman dönemine aittir. Tamirler sırasında rastlanan kalıntılardan buraların daha önce mozaikle kaplı olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Siperliğin üst kısmında sülüs hatla yazılmış Yâsîn sûresini içeren çini bir yazı kuşağı bulunur; kitâbesinde 1293 (1876) tarihi ve Hattat Mehmed Şefik ismi okunmaktadır. Siperliğin hemen altına her duvarda pencere aralarına gelecek şekilde altışar çörten yerleştirilmiştir. Dış sekizgenin ana yönlere gelen duvarlarına, üstlerinde birer pencere bulunan 2,80 m. genişliğinde ve 4,30 m. yüksekliğinde dört kapı açılmıştır. Bunların adları kuzeyden itibaren sırasıyla Bâbü’l-cenne, Bâbü’s-silsile (Bâbü İsrâfîl, Bâbü’n-nebî Dâvûd), Bâbü’l-kıble ve Bâbü’l-garb’dır. Diğer kapılardan farklı olan kıble kapısında duvara paralel şekilde dizilen sekiz sütun üzerine oturtulmuş bir saçak bulunmaktadır. Bu kapıdan girince sağda kıble duvarı üzerine yerleştirilmiş bir mihrap ve kapının karşısında orta dairenin kenarında mermer direkler üzerine oturtulmuş müezzin mahfeli (dikke) yer almaktadır.
İç mekânın tavanında bir dizi sundurma ve kirişe yer verilmiştir. Birbirine çok yakın olarak bir yelpaze gibi açılan bu kiriş ve sundurmalar ara desteklerle kubbe kasnağına kadar devam eder. İnce ahşapla kaplanan tavanda üçgen ve dörtgen şeklinde dekor alanları oluşturulmuş, buralar serpme yıldızlarla ve dairevî girift arabesk madalyonlarla süslenmiştir. Tezyinatta yer yer alçı, boya ve yaldız kullanılmıştır. Dışarıdan binaya bakıldığında 2,60 m. yüksekliğindeki siperliğin görülmesini büyük oranda engellediği çatı kurşunla kaplıdır. Çift cidarlı ahşap kubbe, düzgün açı ve aralıklarla kasnağın üstüne yerleştirilen ahşap latalar üzerine oturtulmuştur. Kubbe tabanında yer alan küçük bir kapı iki cidar arasına geçme imkânı verir. 1448’de buraya güvercin tutmak ve yumurta toplamak için giren çocuklar yangına sebep olmuş, 2500 dinar harcanarak yapılan onarımda 36 ton kurşun levha kullanılmıştır. Kubbe başlangıcının zeminden yüksekliği 20,40 m., tepe noktasının yüksekliği 35,30 metredir; aleminin boyu ise 4,10 metredir. Geçmişte üzeri kurşun ve altın kaplamalı veya sade bakır levhalarla örtülen kubbe günümüzde nitrik asitle sarartılmış altın görünümlü alüminyum plakalarla kaplıdır. Kubbenin iç tezyinatında alçı sıva, boya ve yaldız kullanılmıştır; arabesk motifler merkezden aşağıya doğru halkalar halinde genişleyerek açılır.
Geç Antik sanatla erken Bizans ve İran sanatlarının uyumlu bir şekilde uygulanması Kubbetü’s-sahre’yi dünyanın en güzel yapılarından biri haline getirmiştir. Bina güzellik ve heybet açısından çok üstün niteliklere sahiptir. Tezyinatta Bizans, İran ve Arap desenleri harmanlanmış durumdadır. Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman’ın imarından sonra buna Türk çinileriyle diğer süsleme unsurları da eklenmiştir. Bina merkezî planlı bir yapı olması bakımından İlkçağ sonlarında ve Ortaçağ hıristiyan mimarisindeki merkezî planlı yapılar geleneğinin İslâm mimarisinde daha ihtiyaca cevap verecek şekilde uygulanışının bir örneği sayılmaktadır.
Kubbetü’s-sahre, Kudüs’ün Haçlılar tarafından işgali sırasında Templum Domini adıyla kiliseye çevrildi ve çeşitli değişiklikler gördü. Haçlılar sahre üzerine sunak inşa ettiler; binanın içine ve sahrenin altındaki mağaraya ikonlar koydular; kubbedeki alemin yerine büyük bir haç diktiler; binanın kuzey kısmına hıristiyan vâizler için hücreler ilâve ettiler. Haçlılar sahreye karşı aşırı bir saygı gösterdiler; bazan ondan bir parça alıp memleketlerine götürüyor, kiliselerinde rölik olarak saklıyorlardı; bazan da din adamları ondan parça koparıp ağırlığınca altın karşılığında satıyorlardı. Haçlı kralları bunun önüne geçmek için sahrenin üzerini mermer kaplattılar. Daha sonra Kudüs’ü yeniden fetheden Selâhaddîn-i Eyyûbî , bu mermerleri ve sahrenin etrafındaki demir ızgaralar dışında Haçlılar’dan kalan her şeyi kaldırdı.
Kubbetü’s-sahre, tarihi boyunca bölgeye hâkim olan hemen her hükümdardan büyük ilgi ve saygı görmüş, özenle tamir ettirilmiştir. Bilhassa Eyyûbî sultanları kendi elleriyle sahrenin tozunu alır, mescidi süpürür ve gül suyu ile yıkarlardı. Bunlardan el-Melikü’l-Azîz Osman sahrenin etrafına ahşap bir korkuluk yaptırdı. Memlükler ’den I. Baybars 1270’te yıkılan kısımları tamir ettirdi ve dış duvar mozaiklerini yeniledi. 1318’de Muhammed b. Kalavun kubbenin içini altın yaldız ve mozaiklerle yeniden dekore ettirip dışını da kurşunla kaplattı. Berkuk güney kapıdan girince göze çarpan mahfeli yaptırdı; el-Melikü’z-Zâhir Çakmak yıldırım düşmesi sonucu yanan kubbesini onarttı. Kayıtbay ise kapılarını üzerlerine kabartma motifler işlenmiş bakır levhalarla kaplattı. Osmanlılar zamanında Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman tarafından çok köklü biçimde tamir ettirilmiş ve harap olan dış mozaik kaplama çinilerle değiştirilerek pencerelere alçı revzenler yerleştirilmiştir. İmar faaliyeti III. Murad, I. Abdülhamid, II. Mahmud, Sultan Abdülmecid, Sultan Abdülaziz ve II. Abdülhamid tarafından da devam ettirilmiş, özellikle II. Abdülhamid büyük masraflarla zemine değerli İran halıları döşetmiş, ortaya görkemli bir kristal avize astırmış ve eskiyen çinileri yeniletmiştir. 1948 Eylül ve Ekim aylarında atılan bombalardan kuzeybatı pencereleri zarar gören Kubbetü’s-sahre, bugün de zaman zaman Filistinliler’le İsrail askerlerinin çatışmaları sırasında tehlikeli durumlara düşmektedir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Buharî, “Fażlü’ṣ-ṣalât fî mescidi Mekke ve’l-Medîne”, 1, 6, “Ṣavm”, 67, “Ṣayd”, 26.
Müslim, “Ḥac”, 415, 511, 512.
İbn Mâce, “Ṭıb”, 8.
Ya‘kūbî, Târîḫ , II, 261.
Taberî, Câmiʿu’l-beyân , II, 4; XXVI, 183.
Makdisî, Aḥsenü’t-teḳāsîm , s. 159, 169.
Bekrî, Muʿcem , II, 826-827.
Ebû Bekir İbnü’l-Arabî, el-Ḳabes fî şerḥi Muvaṭṭaʾi Mâlik b. Enes (nşr. M. Abdullah Vüld Kerîm), Beyrut 1992, III, 1076-1077.
İbn Asâkir, Târîḫu Dımaşḳ , I, 140, 220; VIII, 34; IX, 20; XII, 247; XXII, 293; XXVI, 368; XXXI, 55; XXXII, 181; XXXV, 337; LVI, 365; LIX, 250; LXIV, 217; LXV, 136; LXVI, 289; LXX, 164.
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İbn Kesîr, el-Bidâye , VII, 57; VIII, 283-284.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2002 yılında Ankara’da basılan 26. cildinde, 304-308 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.