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KÛFÎ Skip to content Düzenli, köşeli, dik ve yatay harfleriyle geometrik çizgilere dayanan Arap yazısı.
Arap yazısının kaynağı ve nasıl yayıldığı hususunda farklı görüşler vardır. Bazı İslâm âlimleri konuyu hadislerin ışığında açıklayarak yazının ilâhî bir kaynağa dayandığını (tevkīfî) söylerler. Diğer bir görüşe göre Arap yazısı Himyerî diye de anılan müsned yazısından doğmuş, ticarî münasebetler neticesinde Hicaz bölgesinde yayılmıştır. XVIII. yüzyılda G. J. Klehr ve XIX. yüzyılda Theodor Nöldeke ilk defa Arap yazısının Nabat yazısından kaynaklandığını ileri sürdüler. Ardından bu görüşü takip eden şarkiyatçıların Kuzey Arabistan bölgesinde ortaya çıkardıkları Arapça kitâbeler üzerinde yaptıkları ilmî araştırmalar konuya açıklık getirmiş, böylece daha doğru bir sonuca ulaşılmıştır. Bunlardan milâttan sonra 250 yılına ait, Ümmülcimâl’de bulunmuş bir mezar taşı ile 328 yılına ait İmruülkays’ın mezar taşı üzerinde bulunan kitâbeler Ârâmî yazısından kaynaklanan Nabatî hatla yazılmıştır. Milâttan sonra 512 tarihli Zebed’de ve 568 tarihli Harran’da bulunan kitâbelerle yine milâttan sonra VI. yüzyıla ait Ümmülcimâl’de bulunan diğer bir belge de Nabatî hatla yazılmıştır. Bu kitâbeler üzerinde yapılan incelemeler neticesinde Nabat yazısıyla Câhiliye çağı Arap yazısı arasında harflerin şekil ve birleşmesi bakımından benzerlik tesbit edilmiş, Arap yazısının Nabatî yazının gelişmiş bir devamı olduğu görüşü kuvvet kazanmıştır.
Ticarî münasebetler sonucunda Nabatî yazının Havran, Enbâr ve Hîre’ye, oradan da Dûmetülcendel yoluyla Hicaz’a geçmiş ve yayılmış olduğu bilinmektedir. Nabat yazısı, Lahmîler zamanında VI. yüzyılın ortalarında Enbâr ve Hîre’de yeni bir gelişme safhası geçirerek geometrik, düzenli, dik ve yatay çizgilerin hâkim olduğu bir form kazanmıştır. Bu üslûp kûfînin ilk şekli olarak kabul edilir. 512 yılına ait Zebed ve 568 yılına ait Harran kitâbeleri bu tarzın en eski örnekleridir. Bazı âlimler bu yazıya “cezm” veya harflerinin yaygın oluşu sebebiyle “el-kalemü’l-mebsût” yahut “yâbis” de demişlerdir. İslâm öncesi Nabat yazısının ticarî münasebetlerde, mektuplarda, günlük işlerde kullanılan, yuvarlak ve yumuşak çizgilerin hâkim olduğu, “meşk” adı verilen bir başka çeşidi daha vardır. Her iki üslûp İslâmiyet’le yeni bir safhaya girmiş, İslâm’ın bütün kurumlarıyla ve süratle gelişmesi yazının da aynı şekilde gelişmesini ve yayılmasını sağlamıştır. Özellikle vahyin tesbitinde düzenli ve kurallı bir üslûp olan cezm yazısı her yazanın elinde farklılık gösteren meşk yazısına tercih edilmiş, cezm yazısı mushaf kitâbetine tahsis edilmiştir. Ziftâvî, Zeyd b. Sâbit’in mushafı cezm (mebsût) çeşidiyle yazdığını söylemektedir (Minhâcü’l-iṣâbe , s. 185). Kur’an metninin açık, güzel, iri harflerle, yanlış okuma ve tahrife sebep olmayacak bir şekilde yazılması, ilâhî kelâmın muhafazası ve gelecek nesillere intikalinde uyulması gereken esaslı prensipler olarak kabul edilmiş, ashap ve tâbiîn bu esaslara karşı büyük bir hassasiyet göstermiştir.
İlk mushaf yazısının örneklerini görüp incelemiş olan İbnü’n-Nedîm cezm diye bilinen Arap yazısının Mekke’de Mekkî, Medine’nin dinî ve siyasî bakımdan önem kazanmasıyla da Medenî diye adlandırıldığını, Mekkî ve Medenî yazıların elif harfiyle karakterize edildiğini, hafifçe sağa eğik ve bitiş noktasında çengelli olduğunu kaydeder (el-Fihrist , s. 9). “Mâil Mekkî” de denen bu yazının günümüze ulaşmış en eski örneklerinden biri Vatikan Kütüphanesi’nde (Ar., nr. 1605) deri üzerine yazılmış mushaf sayfasıdır (Hûd 11/4-12). Mushaflarda kullanılan iri, okunaklı cezm tarzı dört halife döneminde de yaygın olarak benimsenmiştir. Bu tarz hicreti takip eden yarım asır içinde büyük gelişme göstermiş ve bölgelere göre çeşitlilik arzetmiştir. Ancak kûfî yazı geometrik esasa dayalı karakterini daima korumuş, çeşitli devirlerde değişik şekillerde adlandırılmış, V. (XI.) yüzyıla veya daha sonraki dönemlere ait kaynaklar ise buna “kûfî yazısı” demişlerdir. Kalkaşendî’nin mushaf hattını işaret ederek, “Şu anda kûfî diye bilinen Arap yazısı” dediğine göre (Ṣubḥu’l-aʿşâ , III, 11) daha önce bu adla bilinmediği anlaşılmaktadır. Kûfî terimi ilk defa III. (IX.) yüzyılda yazı kaleminin şeklini belirtmek için kullanılmıştır. Zamanla bu çeşitli üslûpların ayrıntılarına ait bilgiler kaybolduğundan kûfî daha umumi bir terim olmuştur. Bu adlandırma ile yazının ortaya çıktığı Hîre ve geliştiği Kûfe arasında bir irtibata işaret edilmiştir.
Çağdaş araştırmacılar, kûfî yazısının tarih içinde ve çeşitli bölgelerde görülen tarzlarını tanımlamak için mesâhif kûfîsi, Fâtımî kûfîsi, Eyyûbî kûfîsi, Memlük kûfîsi, Endülüs kûfîsi gibi sınıflandırmalar yapmışlardır. Şehir ve bölgelere göre de kûfîyi Kayrevan kûfîsi, Nîşâbur kûfîsi, Irak kûfîsi, Fârisî kûfîsi, Mısır kûfîsi ve Endülüs kûfîsi diye de isimlendirmişler; kûfînin şeklindeki gelişme ve farklılıklara dayanarak el-kûfiyyü’l-basît, el-kûfiyyü’l-müverrak, el-kûfiyyü’l-müzehher, el-kûfiyyü’l-madfûr ve el-kûfiyyü’l-murabba‘ şeklinde adlandırmışlardır.
Kaynak eserler ve sanat eserleri incelendiğinde kûfî yazısının şu üslûpları ortaya çıkmaktadır: 1. Câhiliye dönemi kûfîsi (cezm). Enbâr’da doğup geometrik karakterini müsned yazının etkisiyle Hîre’de kazanmıştır. 2. Asr-ı saâdet kûfîsi (Mekkî, Medenî). Hz. Peygamber döneminde Mekke ve Medine’de yaygın olarak kullanılan, mushafların yazıldığı Arap yazısıdır. 3. Celî kûfî. Emevîler devrinde iktisadî ve medenî seviyenin yükselmesiyle birlikte ilim ve sanat hayatında da önemli gelişmeler olmuş, şehirlerde görülen imar faaliyetlerinin yanında Kur’an ve kitap istinsah, telif ve tercüme faaliyetleri de hızla çoğalmıştır. Gittikçe yayılan bu uygarlık sebebiyle yazıya olan ihtiyaç daha da artmıştır. Abbâsîler zamanında aklâm-ı sitte ortaya çıkmaya başlayınca kâtipler mushaf ve kitap istinsahında “verrâkī” veya “neshî” denilen bir yazı kullanmış, böylece mushaf kûfîsi yerini neshî veya reyhânî denilen yazıya bırakmıştır. Ancak kûfî hattı Kuzey Afrika, Endülüs ve Mağrib’de yuvarlak çizgiler kazanarak “el-kûfiyyü’l-mesâhifi’l-garbî” ve “el-hattü’l-mağribî”, İran ve doğusunda ise “el-kûfiyyü’l-meşrikī” adıyla o bölgelerde aklâm-ı sittenin yayılmasına kadar kullanılmıştır. Dünya müze ve kütüphanelerinde Hz. Osman’a izâfe edilen mushaflarla Emevî ve Abbâsî dönemlerine ait kûfî hatla yazılmış sanat değeri yüksek pek çok mushaf-ı şerif bulunmaktadır. Kûfînin kalemle yazılan mushaf yazısından başka dinî, askerî ve sivil binaların kitâbeleriyle mezar ve menzil kitâbelerinde oymak ve kabartmak suretiyle sert maddeler üzerine hakkedilen celî şekli gelişmiş, böylece kûfî yazı hem binanın süsü hem de medeniyetin tesciline vasıta olmuştur (bk. KİTÂBE ). Hâlid b. Ebü’l-Heyyâc, Velîd b. Abdülmelik devrinde (705-715) yapılan restorasyon esnasında Mescid-i Nebevî’nin kıble duvarına “ve’ş-Şemsi ve duhâhâ” sûresinden Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in sonuna kadar olan kısmı ilk defa celî kûfî hatla yazan sanatkâr olarak bilinir. Bu yazı altın mozaik parçaları ile teşkil edilmişti. 72’de (691) inşa edilen Kubbetü’s-sahre’nin kitâbelerinde de aynı madde kullanılmıştır. Mekke hareminin 167 (783-84) yılına ait sütunları üzerindeki kitâbeler de basit kûfînin celî şekliyle yazılmıştır. Basit celî kûfî yazıda harflerin başına üçgen başlıklar eklenmesiyle “el-kûfiyyü’l-mürevves” adı verilen yeni bir tarz meydana gelmiştir. Bunun en eski örneği Abdülmelik b. Mervân (685-705) dönemine ait bir lafza-i celâlde görülmektedir. II. (VIII.) yüzyılda belirmeye başlayan bu tarz III. (IX.) yüzyılda bütün İslâm dünyasında kullanılmıştır. En güzel örneği Kurtuba’daki (Córdoba) ulucaminin kitâbeleridir. Abdülmelik b. Mervân zamanında basılan paralar üzerinde de bu tarz kûfî kullanılmıştır. 4. Tezyînî ve çiçekli kûfî (el-kûfiyyü’l-müzahref). Kûfînin celî şekli daha tezyinî bir mahiyet kazanmış, harflerin uçları ve yazı boşlukları yaprak kıvrımları stilize çiçek ve hayvan motifleriyle bezenmiştir. Nâyin Camii’nin 349 (960) tarihli yazıları, Kahire Ezher Camii’nin 431 (1039-40) yılına ait kitâbeleri, Diyarbakır surlarında Melikşah burcu üzerindeki 478 (1085) tarihli kabartma, Kazvin Haydariye Medresesi’nin 509 (1115) tarihli sırlı tuğla ve alçı dekoru, Musul’da 543 (1148) yılına ait ulucami mihrabındaki yazılar, Konya Alâeddin Camii’nin 617 (1220) tarihli minberi üzerinde, Aksaray Ulucamii minberindeki tezyinî kûfî yazıları, Kahire’de 757 (1356) yılına ait Sultan Hasan Medresesi yazıları bu tarzın en güzel örnekleri arasındadır. 5. Örgülü kûfî (el-kûfiyyü’l-madfûr). Celî kûfî yazıda dekoratif gelişmeler gittikçe zenginleşerek yeni şekiller oluşmuş, elif ve lâm gibi dik harfler hatta kelimeler dahi örülerek kûfînin bu tarzı ortaya çıkmıştır. Musul’da 615 (1218) tarihli Bedriye Medresesi’nin kitâbeleriyle Konya’da Sırçalı Medrese (640/1242), Karatay Medresesi kubbe tezyinatı (649/1251-52) ve Sivas’ta I. Keykâvus Dârüşşifâsı’nın pencere alınlıklarının lâcivert örgülü kûfî yazıları, Netanz’da İlhanlı dönemi Mescid-i Cum‘a Minaresi sırlı tuğla bezemesi (726/1326), Mardin’de Sultan Îsâ Medresesi taçkapı bordüründeki örgülü kûfî yazıları (787/1385) bu tipin en güzel örnekleridir. 6. el-Kûfiyyü’l-murabba‘ (ma‘kılî, bennâî, satrancî). Celî kûfînin bu şekli sade, bütün harfleri köşeli ve geometriktir. Mimaride bir süsleme unsuru olarak günümüze kadar kullanılmıştır. Bu tarzın mimaride sırlı ve sırsız tuğlalarla şekillendirilmiş çok güzel örnekleri İran sahasında, Orta Asya, Selçuklu ve Osmanlı mimarisinde yer almıştır. Selçuklu dönemine ait 515 (1121) tarihli İsfahan Cuma Camii’nin taçkapı kemer koltukları, bordür ma‘kılî tezyinatı, Mardin’de 573 (1177-78) yılına ait ulucami minaresi kaidesindeki yazı, Musul’da 658 (1260) tarihli ulucaminin kıble yönündeki yazı, 696 (1297) tarihli Beyşehir Beylikler dönemi Eşrefoğlu Camii’nin ahşap minberi ma‘kılî süslemeleri, 726 (1326) tarihli Netanz Mescid-i Cum‘a’nın taçkapısı fîrûze ve lâcivert renkli çini ma‘kılî bezemeleri bu tarzın güzel örnekleri arasında zikredilebilir.
Dekoratif celî kûfînin bu çeşitleri, İslâm medeniyeti çerçevesinde günümüze kadar dinî ve içtimaî hayatla sanat hayatımızın her safhasında çok geniş bir kullanım alanı bulmuştur. Başta mimari eserlerin kitâbe, kubbe ve kuşak yazılarında taş ve sıva üzerine, ayrıca iç ve dış mimaride dekoratif bir unsur olarak çini, mozaik, alçı ve tuğlalarla çok zengin kûfî çeşitleriyle kompozisyonlar oluşturulmuştur. Mihrap, minber, kapı ve pencere kanatlarında ahşap üzerine tezyinî motiflerle beraber güzel kûfî yazılar da büyük bir sanat zevkiyle işlenmiştir. Leğen, sini, şamdan, alem, tabak, kılıç, kalkan gibi madenî alet ve eşyalarla çini ve seramik kaplar, sanat değeri olan hediyelik eşyalar üzerinde de kûfî yazı tezyinî bir unsur olarak yer almıştır. Müzelerde ve özel koleksiyonlarda İslâm milletlerinin medenî seviyesini gösteren çini, seramik, ahşap, tekstil ve maden sanatlarının en seçkin örnekleri sergilenmektedir.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2002 yılında Ankara’da basılan 26. cildinde, 342-345 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.