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KUR’AN KURSU Skip to content
Türkçe’de Kur’an kursu olarak anılan ve temel işlevi Kur’an’ı doğru ve usulüne uygun biçimde okumayı öğretmek, Kur’an’ın bir kısmını veya tamamını ezberletmek olan kurumlar ilk dönemlerde daha çok “dârülkur’ân, küttâb, dârülküttâb, mekteb” gibi isimlerle anılmakta, ayrıca yüksek seviyede kıraat bilgilerinin verildiği ve uygulandığı kurumlara “dârülkurrâ”, bilhassa hâfız yetiştiren müesseselere de Selçuklular ve Osmanlılar’da “dârülhuffâz” denilmekteydi. Özellikle küçük çocuklara Kur’an okumanın öğretildiği ve kısmen ezberletildiği yerler için tarihte en çok kullanılan isim küttâb, Osmanlılar’da ise “mekteb-i sıbyân” veya kısaca mektep olmuştur. Günümüzde İslâm ülkelerinde bu isimlerin bazısına rastlandığı gibi bir kısmı millî ve mahallî dillerde başka isimler de kullanılmaktadır (aş.bk.).
Hz. Peygamber, Mekke’de müslümanların Kur’an’ı okuyup öğrenmelerini sağlamak üzere Erkam b. Ebü’l-Erkam’ın evini (Dârülerkam) merkez olarak seçmişti. Bu sebeple Dârülerkam’ın İslâm tarihinde ilk eğitim öğretim merkezi olduğu kabul edilir. İbn Sa‘d, Mekke’de ilk Kur’an tâlim eden kişinin Abdullah b. Mes‘ûd olduğunu kaydeder (eṭ-Ṭabaḳāt , III, 151). Daha sonra Medine’ye öğretmen olarak gönderilen ve kendisine “kāri” veya “mukrî” denilen Mus‘ab b. Umeyr’in de Dârülerkam’a devam edenlerden olduğu belirtilir. Medine’de Suffe talebeleri esas itibariyle Kur’an öğreniyorlardı (Hamîdullah, II, 77). Burası yetersiz kalınca mahallelerde de Kur’an öğretilen yerler açılmaya başlandı. İbn Sa‘d, hicretin 2. yılında (624) Medineli Mahreme b. Nevfel’in evinde Kur’an öğretimine ayrılan bir bölümün dârülkurrâ olarak adlandırıldığını belirtir (eṭ-Ṭabaḳāt , IV, 205). Ayrıca yeni açılan mescidlerden de bu iş için faydalanılıyordu.
Ignaz Goldziher, Asr-ı saâdet’te Kur’an’ın öğretildiği yerlere küttâb denildiğini belirterek bu konuda bazı deliller sıralar (ERE , V, 199). Ahmed Çelebi ise Resûlullah devrinde küttâb kelimesinin okuma yazma öğretilen yerler hakkında kullanıldığını, Kur’an öğretilen yerler için kullanılmasının ise daha sonraki bir döneme rastladığını ileri sürer (İslâmda Eğitim-Öğretim Târihi , s. 33-45). Araştırmalar, küttâbın “Kur’an okulu” anlamında kullanılmasına Emevîler’in son zamanlarında başlandığını, Abbâsî döneminden itibaren de yaygınlaşarak günümüze kadar geldiğini göstermektedir (EI2 [Fr.] , V, 572). Christian Snouck-Hurgronje’nin incelemelerine göre bütün İslâm ülkelerinde çocuklar Kur’an’ı bir veya birkaç defa hatmetmek zorundaydı (Jaeschke, s. 81). Nitekim müslümanlara ait hemen bütün biyografilerde onların tahsil hayatına Kur’an’ı öğrenerek veya ezberleyerek başladıkları belirtilir. İbn Hazm, Hz. Ömer döneminde hızla genişleyen İslâm topraklarının her yerinde açılan mekteplerde çocuklara Kur’an öğretildiğini bildirir. Arap olmayan milletlerin İslâm ümmetine katılmasının bir sonucu olarak Kur’an öğretimine gittikçe artan bir önem verilmiş, kurumlar yaygınlaşmış, bu sayede çeşitli ırklara mensup topluluklar bir tek ümmet olmayı başarmıştır (el-Faṣl , I, 195; II, 216). İbn Haldûn, İslâm inancının Kur’an’a ve bazı hadislere dayandığını, bu sebeple çocuklara Kur’an’ı öğretmenin dinî şiârlardan biri olduğunu, müslümanların bu şiâra sımsıkı sarılıp onu uyguladıklarını belirtmekte, daha sonra özellikle Mağrib ülkeleriyle Afrika’nın diğer İslâm beldelerinde ve Endülüs’te yürütülen Kur’an öğretim metotları hakkında bilgi vermektedir. Ebû Bekir İbnü’l-Arabî de Endülüslüler’in öğretim yönteminden takdirle bahsetmekte, bunların küçük çocuklara önce yazı, aritmetik ve Arapça öğrettiklerini, daha sonra kıraat hocasına gönderdiklerini, hocanın onlara şifahî olarak Kur’an tâlim ettiğini ve her gün bir miktar âyeti ezberlettiğini belirtmektedir. Faslı âlim İbnü’l-Hâc el-Abderî’nin el-Muḳaddime ’sinde “mekteb” ve “küttâb” diye andığı Kur’an okullarıyla ilgili verdiği bilgiler, sıraladığı kurallar ve yer yer dile getirdiği eleştiriler, özellikle VIII. (XIV.) yüzyılda Kuzey Afrika’daki küttâbların durumunu yansıtması bakımından önemlidir (bk. KÜTTÂB ).
Cami ve mescidlerde diğer ilimlerle birlikte Kur’an dersleri için de halkalar oluşturulmaktaydı. Bazı küçük mescidlerde ise sadece Kur’an öğretilirdi (Hatîb, II, 239, 244). Ayrıca Emevîler döneminden itibaren yöneticilerin çocuklarının eğitimi için saraylarda görevlendirilen ve genellikle “müeddib” denilen hocaların ilk görevleri Kur’an’ı öğretmekti. İbn Şeddâd, VII. (XIII.) yüzyılda Kur’an ve fıkıh dersleri için vakfedilen ve bânisinin ismiyle anılan Şeyh Ebû Ömer Medresesi’nde on Kur’an hocasının ders verdiğini bildirir (Abdülcelîl Abdülmehdî, II, 527); İbn Battûta, Kur’an öğrenmek için Vâsıt’a gelen öğrenciler için burada 300 odalı bir medresenin yapıldığından bahseder (er-Riḥle , s. 183). Bazı önemli şahsiyetlerin türbeleri de birer Kur’an okulu olarak işlev görüyordu. Eyyûbî Hükümdarı el-Melikü’l-Eşref’in türbesinde Kur’an öğretildiği ve bir ara Ebû Şâme el-Makdisî’nin burada hocalık yaptığı bilinmektedir (Nuaymî [nşr. Selâhaddin el-Müneccid], neşredenin girişi, s. 9-10).
Osmanlılar’da ihtisas seviyesinde Kur’an ve kıraat eğitimi genellikle dârülkur’ânlarda verilirken bilhassa küçük çocuklara Kur’an okumayı öğreten asıl kurumlar sıbyan mektepleri olmuştur. “Mahalle mektebi, muallimhâne, mektephâne, taşmektep” gibi isimlerle de anılan bu okullar çoğunlukla mahalle mescidlerinin bitişiğinde, bazı yerlerde ise mahalle aralarında müstakil birim olarak hayır sever kimselerin yaptırdıkları, onların kurdukları vakıflarca yönetilen ilköğretim kurumlarıdır. Çocuklara Kur’an okutmak, bazı dua ve sûreleri ezberletmek, basit seviyede dinî bilgiler vermek, yazıyı öğretmek maksadıyla kurulduğu anlaşılan (Türkiye Maarif Tarihi , I, 86) sıbyan mekteplerine başlama yaşı dört-altı arasında değişiyordu. Bu mekteplerde genellikle erkek çocuklar okurdu; ancak kız ve erkek öğrencilerin karma olarak okuduğu mektepler yanında özellikle kızlara mahsus olanları da vardı.
Hükümdarlar ve hükümdar ailesinin ileri gelenleriyle diğer devlet erkânının yaptırdığı büyük camilerle külliyelerin de birer sıbyan mektebi bulunurdu (Unat, s. 6; Hızlı, s. 28). Yoksullara, yetimlere veya bütün müslüman çocuklarına Kur’an öğretilmesi şartı bu okullarla ilgili vakfiyelerin en başında yer alırdı. Hemen her mahalle ve köyde en az bir sıbyan mektebi bulunmaktaydı. Hüseyin Hüsâmeddin, sıbyan mekteplerinde hâfızlık da yaptırıldığını ve bu sayede Amasya’da çok sayıda hâfız yetiştirildiğini bildirir (Amasya Târihi , I, 265-268). Evliya Çelebi, gezdiği merkezlerde Kur’an ve kıraat eğitimi veren, hâfız yetiştiren kurumlarla bunların sayıları ve diğer özellikleri hakkında bilgi vermektedir. Aynı müellif, Fâtih Külliyesi bünyesindeki bir dârülkur’ândan söz ederken buranın “sıbyân-ı müslimîn için dârü’t-ta‘lîm-i Kur’ân” olarak yapıldığını belirtir (bk. DÂRÜLKURRÂ ).
1869’da çıkarılan bir nizamnâme ile rüşdiyelere daha iyi öğrenci yetiştirilebilmesi için sıbyan mekteplerinin programı elifbâ, Kur’an, tecvid, ahlâk, ilmihal, yazı, hesap, muhtasar Osmanlı tarihi, coğrafya ve “ma‘lûmât-ı nâfia” şeklinde düzenlenmiştir. Bu sıralarda İstanbul’da 360 kadar sıbyan mektebi bulunduğu belirtilmektedir (Türkiye Maarif Tarihi , I, 89; II, 464). Sıbyan mekteplerinin giderek önemini kaybettiği Tanzimat ve Meşrutiyet dönemlerinde bunların yerine açılan ibtidâî mekteplerinin müfredat programlarına da Kur’an dersi konulmuştur (a.g.e. , II, 465-466; Aytekin, s. 58-67; ayrıca bk. MEKTEP ).
Cumhuriyet döneminde çıkarılan 3 Mart 1924 tarih ve 430 sayılı Tevhîd-i Tedrîsat Kanunu ile, Şer‘iyye ve Evkaf Vekâleti yahut özel vakıflar tarafından yönetilen bütün medrese ve mekteplerle birlikle Kur’an’ın okutulup ezberletildiği okullar da Maarif Vekâleti’ne devredilmiş, 1926 tarihli Maarif Teşkilât Kanunu ile de tamamen kaldırılmıştır. Ancak dönemin Diyanet İşleri başkanı Rifat Börekçi’nin dârülkur’ânların birer ihtisas okulu olduğu ve bunların başkanlığa bağlı olarak öğretime devam etmesi gerektiği yönündeki görüşü üzerine bu kurumlar Kur’an kursuna dönüştürülerek on iki yaşın üstündeki öğrenciler için hizmetlerini sürdürmelerine izin verilmiştir. Necati Lugal’in verdiği bilgiye göre bu kurslar eskiden vakıf olarak kurulmuş binalarda, bunların bulunmadığı yerlerde ise camilerde, eski medreselerde ve özel evlerde hizmet vermekteydi (Jaeschke, s. 75). Kurslarda Kur’an’ı ezberleyenler imtihanla imam ve hatip olabiliyordu. 1933-1934’te dokuz resmî Kur’an kursunda 231 öğrenci okurken 1947-1948’de kurs sayısı doksan dokuza, öğrenci sayısı 5751’e yükselmiştir. 1933-1948 yılları arasında bu kurslardan diploma alan toplam 4653 mezundan 1286’sı kız öğrenciydi.
1928’deki harf inkılâbından sonra gayri resmî Kur’an kurslarıyla sıkı bir mücadeleye girişilmiş, bu arada Tevhîd-i Tedrîsat Kanunu’nun 4. maddesi gereğince açılan imam ve hatip mektepleri ilgisizlik yüzünden 1929-1930 yıllarında kapanmıştır (bk. İMAM-HATİP LİSESİ ); 1933’te de Dârülfünun İlâhiyat Fakültesi kapatılmıştır. 1924’te liselerin, 1927’de ortaokulların, 1929-1931 arasında kademeli olarak ilkokullarla öğretmen okullarının programlarından din bilgisi dersleri çıkarılmıştır. Bu dönemde çocuklar sadece camilerde imamların veya diğer hocaların verdiği Kur’an derslerinden yararlanabiliyordu (a.g.e. , s. 83).
Bu gelişmelerin din eğitimi ve öğretiminde meydana getirdiği ciddi boşluk ve bunun toplumda doğurduğu huzursuzluk, özellikle çok partili rejime geçildiği 1946’dan itibaren devlet kademelerinde de yankı bulmaya başlamıştır. 1950’deki iktidar değişikliğinin getirdiği özgürlük ortamı içinde din eğitimine duyulan ihtiyaç geniş bir toplumsal istek olarak daha yoğun biçimde dile getirilmeye başlanmış, sonuçta İmam-Hatip okullarının açılmasına paralel olarak tamamı halkın katkılarıyla yapılan Kur’an kursları hızlı bir gelişme sürecine girmiştir. 1950’de 127 resmî kursta 8706 öğrenci okurken 1980’de kurs sayısı 2730’a, öğrenci sayısı 80.911’e; 1994-1995 öğretim yılında kurs sayısı 5483’e, öğrenci sayısı -172.053’ü yüzünden okumayı öğrenenler (% 70,40’ı kız), 21.475’i hâfızlığa çalışanlar (% 35,2’si kız) olmak üzere- toplam 193.528’e ulaşmış, bu öğretim yılında 3208 erkek, 827 kız öğrenci hâfızlık belgesi almıştır. Ancak 1997’de kesintisiz zorunlu ilköğretime geçilmesiyle kurs sayısına paralel olarak öğrenci sayısında da azalma sürecine girilmiştir. 1996-1997 öğretim yılında kurs sayısı 5241, öğrenci sayısı 177.120 iken 2001-2002’de kurs sayısı 3368’e, öğrenci sayısı 104.109’a düşmüştür.
Türkiye dışında Türkler’in yoğun olduğu ülkelerde de Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı ile çeşitli sivil kuruluşlarca Kur’an öğretimi yapılmaktadır. 2000-2001 öğretim yılında Almanya, Hollanda, Fransa, Belçika, Avusturya, İsviçre, Danimarka, Avustralya ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı görevlilerince yürütülen Kur’ân-ı Kerîm ve dinî bilgiler kurslarında toplam 51.955 öğrenci okumuştur.
2000 yılında yürürlüğe giren Kur’an Kursları ile Öğrenci Yurt ve Pansiyonları Yönetmeliği’nde Kur’an kurslarının amacı Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’i usulüne uygun olarak yüzünden okumayı öğretmek, Kur’an’ı doğru bir şekilde okumayı sağlayıcı bilgileri (tecvid, tashîh-i hurûf ve tâlim) uygulamalı biçimde öğretmek, ibadetler için gerekli sûre, âyet ve duaları ezberletmek ve bunların meâllerini öğretmek, hâfızlık yaptırmak, İslâm dininin inanç, ibadet ve ahlâk esasları ile Hz. Peygamber’in hayatı ve örnek ahlâkı hakkında bilgiler vermek şeklinde düzenlenmiştir. 1977 tarihli yönetmeliğe göre Kur’an kurslarına beş yıllık ilkokulu bitirenler kaydedilirken son yönetmelikte sürekli kurslara ilköğretimi bitirenlerin, yaz kurslarına ise ilköğretimin 5. sınıfını geçenlerin kaydedilebileceği belirtilmiştir.
Suudi Arabistan gibi bazı İslâm ülkelerinde Kur’an öğretimi ağırlıklı olarak örgün eğitim programları içinde yapılırken yoğunluğu ülkeden ülkeye değişen Kur’an okullarında da -Türkiye’deki kadar yaygın ve sistemli olmamakla birlikte- Kur’an öğretilmekte, bazılarında hâfız yetiştirilmektedir. Mısır’da 1995-1996 öğretim yılında 5000 kadar Kur’an kursunda yaklaşık 250.000 öğrenci okumuş, bunlardan 4600’ü hâfız olmuştur. Ürdün’de 1987’de 116 Kur’an kursu (dârülkur’ân) bulunmaktaydı.
Afrika ülkelerinde Kur’an okulları çoğunlukla millî ve mahallî dillerle adlandırılmaktadır (meselâ Çad’da “massid” [mescid], Fas’ta “msid” [mescid], Nijerya’da “makaranto allo”, Sudan’da “halve”). Bu okullarda çocuklara Kur’an öğretiminin yanında basit seviyede Arapça dersleri de verilmektedir (Tibawi, s. 171). İngilizler, 1900 yılında Nijerya’da 25.000 kadar Kur’an okulu tesbit etmişlerdi (Coulon, s. 127). Mali’de 1991’de 1673 Kur’an okulunda 55.874 öğrenci okumaktaydı (Kavas, s. 64). Sudan’da modern ilköğretim kurumlarının gelişmesi üzerine XIV. yüzyılın ortalarında başlayan geleneksel Kur’an okulları üç kısma ayrılmıştır. Daha çok köy mescidlerinin bitişiğinde bulunan yerlerde Kur’an ve okuma yazma öğretilmekte, nizâmiye okullarının programında bunların yanında aritmetik dersi verilmekte, Kur’an okullarında ise hâfız yetiştirilmektedir.
Millî dilleri Arapça olmayan diğer İslâm ülkelerinde Kur’an okullarının sayısı daha yüksektir. Meselâ Endonezya’da küçük çocuklara Kur’an’ın öğretildiği, temel dinî bilgilerin verildiği, yetenekli olanların hâfızlığa çalıştırıldığı “pengajian al-Qur’an” denilen çok sayıda Kur’an okulu faaliyet göstermektedir. 1973’te Endonezya’daki 12.600 Kur’an okulunda 571.000 öğrenci okumaktaydı. Ayrıca son yıllarda şehir merkezlerinde “Kur’an eğitimi bahçesi” (taman pendidikan al-Qur’an) denilen ve modern yöntemlerle işletilen din eğitimi merkezleri faaliyet göstermektedir. Hindistan’da müslümanların yaşadığı bölgelerle Pakistan’da köklü bir geleneğe sahip olan mektep ve medreselerde Kur’an öğretimi ve hâfız yetiştirilmesi işi günümüzde de sürdürülmekte, özellikle pek çok cami ve mescidle bunlara bitişik kurslarda bu faaliyet devam etmektedir. Pakistan’da 1988’de faaliyet gösteren 2991 medreseden 195’i hâfızlık ve kıraatle ilgili hizmet vermekteydi (bk. HÂFIZ ). Köy ve mahalle mescidlerinde Kur’an öğretilmesi geleneği günümüzde de bütün İslâm ülkelerinde sürdürülmektedir. Ayrıca müslümanların azınlıkta bulunduğu ülkelerde mescidlerde veya müslümanların oluşturduğu dernek ve merkezlerde Kur’an öğretimi yapılmaktadır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İbn Sa‘d, eṭ-Ṭabaḳāt , III, 151; IV, 205.
İbn Hazm, el-Faṣl (Umeyre) , I, 195; II, 216.
Hatîb, Târîḫu Baġdâd , II, 239, 244.
Ebû Bekir İbnü’l-Arabî, Aḥkâmü’l-Ḳurʾân , IV, 1895.
İbnü’l-Hâc el-Abderî, el-Medḫal , 1401/1981, II, 305-334.
İbn Battûta, er-Riḥle , Beyrut, ts. (Dâru Sâdır), s. 183.
İbn Haldûn, Muḳaddime , III, 1249-1253.
Amasya Târihi , I, 265-268.
Türkiye Maarif Tarihi , I, 82-96; II, 460-475.
İstatistik Yıllığı (Başbakanlık İstatistik Genel Müdürlüğü), Ankara 1949, XVII, 148.
Faik Reşit Unat, Türkiye Eğitim Sisteminin Gelişmesine Tarihî Bir Bakış , Ankara 1964, s. 6-9.
İsmet Parmaksızoğlu, Türkiye’de Din Eğitimi , Ankara 1966, s. 5-7, 12-13.
Hamîdullah, İslâm Peygamberi (Mutlu) , II, 77.
Ahmet N. Yücekök, Türkiye’de Örgütlenmiş Dinin Sosyo-Ekonomik Tabanı (1946-1968) , Ankara 1971, s. 142-149.
A. L. Tibawi, Islamic Education , London 1972, s. 26-27, 171.
Nuaymî, Dûrü’l-Ḳurʾân fî Dımaşḳ (nşr. Selâhaddin el-Müneccid), Beyrut 1972, neşredenin girişi, s. 9-10.
G. Jaeschke, Yeni Türkiye’de İslâmlık (trc. Hayrullah Örs), Ankara 1972, s. 75-76, 81-83.
Ahmed Çelebi, İslâmda Eğitim-Öğretim Târihi (trc. Ali Yardım), İstanbul, ts. (Damla Yayınevi), s. 33-52, 59.
Yahyâ M. İbrâhim, Târîḫu’t-taʿlîmi’d-dînî fi’s-Sûdân , Beyrut 1407/1987, s. 79, 250-253, 396-398.
Abdülcelîl Abdülmehdî, “el-Müʾessesâtü’l-ʿilmiyye fî bilâdi’ş-Şâm”, et-Terbiyetü’l-ʿArabiyyetü’l-İslâmiyye , Amman 1410/1989, II, 527.
Halil Aytekin, İttihâd ve Terakkî Dönemi Eğitim Yönetimi , Ankara 1991, s. 58-67.
Sâlih Ziyâb el-Hindî, Teṭavvürü’t-taʿlîmi’l-İslâmî fi’l-Ürdün , Amman 1991, s. 124-127.
C. Coulon, “Les nouveaux oulemas et le renouveau islamique au Nord-Nigeria”, La radicalisme islamique au sud du Sahara (ed. R. Otayek), Paris 1993, s. 127.
Mefail Hızlı, Bursa Sıbyan Mektepleri , Bursa 1995, s. 28.
Ahmet Kavas, L’évolution de l’enseignement moderne arabo-islamique en Afrique francophone (doktora tezi, 1996), Paris Üniversitesi, s. 30-64.
Madrasa: La transmission du savoir dans le monde musulman (ed. N. Grandin – Marc Gaborieau), Paris 1997, s. 187-188, 200, 227, 247, 261, 264.
Din İşleri ve İlgili Mevzuat (der. Remzi Özmen), Ankara 2001, s. 195-217.
L. Brunot – Vedad Günyol, “Mektep”, İA , VII, 652-659.
J. M. Landau, “Kuttāb”, EI2 (Fr.) , V, 572-575.
I. Goldziher, “Education (Muslim)”, ERE , V, 199.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2002 yılında Ankara’da basılan 26. cildinde, 423-426 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.