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KUR’ÂNİYYÛN Skip to content Seyyid Ahmed Han’ın düşünceleri etrafında Abdullah Çekrâlevî tarafından Hindistan’da oluşturulan cemaat.
İslâm dünyasında “ehl-i Kur’ân” ve “Kur’âniyyûn” olarak bilinen bu ekol XIX. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında ortaya çıkmıştır. Sünneti tamamen reddederek sadece Kur’an’ı benimseme anlayışı ilk defa II. (VIII.) yüzyılda tartışma konusu olmuş ve günümüze kadar varlığını sürdürmüştür (İmam Şâfiî ile yapılan bir tartışma için bk. el-Üm , VII, 250-254). Mevdûdî, uzun bir aradan sonra Hindistan’da Seyyid Ahmed Han ve Çerağ Ali ile yeniden hayat bulan ve Çekrâlevî, Ahmedüddin Amritsarî, Muhammed Eslem Cerâcpûrî ve Gulâm Ahmed Pervîz tarafından devam ettirilen bu düşünceyi, müslümanların Batı felsefesi ve kültürü ile karşılaşmasının ve bunlar karşısındaki yenilmişliğin psikolojik bir sonucu olarak görür (Sünnet ki Âʾinî Ḥays̱iyyet , s. 16-17).
Sözü edilen düşünce, bir cemaat kimliğiyle 1902 yılında Abdullah Çekrâlevî tarafından “ehlü’z-zikr ve’l-Kur’ân” adıyla Lahor’da ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Asıl adı Gulâm Nebî olan ve 1899’da adının başına Abdullah’ı ekleyen Çekrâlevî, hayatının büyük bir kısmını ehl-i hadîsten biri olarak geçirmişken (Muhammed İkrâm, s. 71-72) XIX. yüzyılın sonlarında bu hareketten kopmuş ve katı bir hadis muhalifi olmuştur. Onun ve aynı dönemde yaşayan birçok ilim adamının bu değişiminde Hint alt kıtasına has dinî-fikrî hareketliliğin etkisi vardır. Büyük Britanya Krallığı’nın önce fiilen, 1857’den sonra aynı zamanda resmen etki alanına giren bölgeye gönderilen Batılı misyoner, ilim ve siyaset adamları Kur’an, hadis, fıkıh ve İslâm tarihi hususunda tartışma konuları açmışlar, yenilmişlik psikolojisi içerisinde bulunan bazı müslüman ilim adamları da bu yenilgilerinin temel sebeplerinden birinin ilerleme ve gelişmeye engel teşkil eden din anlayışı olduğunu düşünmüşlerdir. Bu din anlayışını besleyen asıl kaynak da onlara göre hadislerdir. Bölgede XVII. yüzyıldan itibaren din adamları ile sık sık münazaralar yapan misyonerler ve hâkimiyet yıllarında burada eğitim, bilim ve siyaset adamı olarak bulunan Sir William Muir, Aloys Sprenger, Josef Horovitz, Sir Thomas Walker Arnold, Arthur Stanley Tritton ve Otto Spies gibi şarkiyatçılar bu değişimin hızlanmasında etkili olmuşlardır. Batı’da hüküm süren pozitivizm ve natüralizmin de bu değişimde rolü olduğunu kabul etmek gerekir.
Bu faaliyetler sonucunda yeni bir söylem geliştiren en belirgin şahsiyet Seyyid Ahmed Han olmuş, arkadaşları Çerağ Ali, Muhsinülmülk ve Seyyid Emîr Ali de onun yolundan gitmiştir. Bunlar sünnet karşıtı söylemlerini sadece yayınlarında ortaya koymamışlar, açtıkları eğitim ve öğretim kurumlarını da buna göre yapılandırmışlardır. İngiliz yönetimi yeni eğitim kurumlarından yetişen gençlere sahip çıkarak kendilerine devlet görevi vermiş, üstün derecede başarılı olanlarına İngiltere’nin Cambridge ve Oxford gibi üniversitelerinde öğrenim imkânı sağlamıştır. 1920 yılına kadar yoğun biçimde devam eden bu faaliyetler sonucunda yüzyıllardan beri bölgede var olan dinî düşünceye karşı çıkan yeni bir nesil yetişmiştir. Seyyid Ahmed Han’ın temsil ettiği düşünceyi savunanlara önceleri “münkirîn-i hadîs” ve “neyçirî” (natüralist) gibi adlar verilirken Çekrâlevî ile birlikte ehl-i Kur’ân olarak anılmıştır.
Aynı yıllarda İslâm dünyasının diğer bölgelerinde de benzer eğilimler ortaya çıkmış, Muhammed Abduh ve M. Reşîd Rızâ’nın Kur’an’a vurgu yaparak hadise eleştirel açıdan yaklaşımları çağdaşlarını etkilemiştir. Tabip Muhammed Tevfîk Sıdkī, el-Menâr dergisinde yayımlanan “el-İslâm hüve’l-Kur’ân vahdeh” adlı makalesinde (IX/7 [1324/1906], s. 515-524; IX/12 [1324/1907], s. 906-925) sünneti tamamen dışlayan bir söylem geliştirmiştir. Aynı eğilimler Osmanlı coğrafyasında ve Kuzey Afrika’da da görülmüş, fakat bunlardan hiçbiri Hint alt kıtasındaki gibi sistemli ve sürekli olmamıştır (İslâm dünyasındaki sünnet tartışmaları için bk. Mustafa es-Sibâî, s. 138-149, 176-223; M. Mustafa el-A‘zamî, I, 26-29; Hatiboğlu, s. 206-387). Ancak Kur’âniyyûn hareketine eğitimli kesimin dışında halk fazla rağbet etmemiştir. Bunun temel sebebi imam, pîr, mevlânâ, şeyh gibi şahsiyetlerin halk üzerinde etkili olmasına karşılık yeni yapılanmada hiyerarşinin reddedilmesi ve konulara daha entelektüel bir boyutta yaklaşılmasıdır.
Hareketin oluşturulmasında İngilizler’den yardım aldığı iddia edilen (Hâdim Hüseyin İlâhîbahş, s. 30-31) ve ehl-i hadîs ekolü mensupları ile aralarında çok sert tartışmaların cereyan etmesi üzerine devlet tarafından koruma altına alınan Çekrâlevî (Aziz Ahmad, s. 120) eserlerinde tâvizsiz bir üslûp kullanmış, ayrıntıları hadisler ve mezhep imamlarının ictihadlarıyla belirlenen ibadetleri Kur’an’ı temel alarak yeniden şekillendirmeye çalışmıştır. Çekrâlevî’nin ölümünden (1914) bir süre sonra adı Ümmet-i Müslim Ehlü’z-zikr ve’l-Kur’ân olarak değiştirilen ve Pakistan’ın muhtelif şehirlerinde mescid ve merkezleri bulunan hareket İşâʿatü’l-Ḳurʾân ve Belâġu’l-Ḳurʾân adlı dergileri çıkarmaktadır.
Ekolün diğer önemli bir temsilcisi Ahmedüddin Amritsarî’dir. Bir misyoner okulunda Batı tarzı eğitim aldıktan sonra özel gayretleriyle kendini İslâmî ilimlerde de yetiştiren Ahmedüddin, halkın benimsediği ibadet tarzına açıktan muhalefet etmediği için gelenekçi âlimlerin tepkisini fazla çekmemiş, 1926’da Amritsar’da kurduğu Ümmet-i Müslime adlı cemiyet eğitim konusuna büyük önem vermiş, Belâġ , el-Beyân ve Feyz-i İslâm adlı dergileri yayımlamıştır. Pakistan’ın kurulması üzerine hareketin merkezi 1947’de Lahor’a nakledilmiştir. Daha sonra dağılma sürecine giren hareket 1970’li yıllarda yeniden toparlanarak faaliyetlerini yoğunlaştırmış, Pakistan’ın değişik şehirlerinde merkezler açmıştır.
Kur’âniyyûn’un en etkili kolu, Hâfız Muhammed Eslem Cerâcpûrî ve talebesi Gulâm Ahmed Pervîz tarafından oluşturulan “tahrîk-i tulû-i İslâm”dır. 1938 yılında Delhi’de ortaya çıkan hareket Hindistan’ın bölünmesi üzerine 1947’de Karaçi’ye intikal etmiş, Pervîz hareket için nihaî merkez olarak Lahor’u seçmiş ve 1958’de buraya yerleşmiştir. Pakistan’ın kurulması üzerine daha da güçlenen hareket, Pervîz’in çabalarıyla 1960-1980 yılları arasında üniversite gençliği üzerinde etkili olmuştur. Velûd bir yazar olan Pervîz çok sayıda eser kaleme almış ve eğitimli kesime hitap eden Kur’an derslerini ara vermeden sürdürmüştür. Zülfikar Ali Butto zamanında İslâm sosyalizmini savunduğu iddiasıyla eleştirilmiş, hadislere bakışı, İslâm’ın bazı temel prensiplerini değerlendirişi sebebiyle 1000 kadar âlim tarafından mürted ilân edilerek küfrüne fetva verilmiştir (Pervîz key Bârey meyn ʿUlemâʾ ka Müttefeḳa Fetvâ , Karaçi, ts.). Bu fetva onu halk nezdinde zor duruma sokmuşsa da yolundan alıkoyamamış, devlet kendisine mürted muamelesi yapmadığı için faaliyetlerine devam etmiştir. Pervîz’in ölümü (1985) hareketi olumsuz yönde etkilemişse de yöneticilerinin çabaları sayesinde bir kesinti olmamıştır. Teknolojiyi ve modern haberleşme araçlarını iyi kullanan ve iyi örgütlenen hareket mensupları Pakistan’ın kırk ayrı yerinde ve Avrupa ülkelerinde periyodik Kur’an derslerini sürdürmektedir (Ṭulûʿ-i İslâm , LII/3 [1999], s. 58-60). Bu hareket, 1938 yılından beri Urduca ve İngilizce olarak Ṭulûʿ-i İslâm adıyla bir dergi yayımlamaktadır. Kur’âniyyûn hareketinin içinde mütalaa edilen “tahrîk-i ta‘mîr-i insâniyyet”, Abdülhâliḳ Malvâde tarafından 1970’li yılların ikinci yarısında Lahor’da oluşturulmuştur. Hareketin en etkin kişilerinden Kādî Kifâyetullah el-Meşriḳ dergisi yazarlarından olup 1979’da Ümmet-i Müslime’nin bu oluşuma katılması için çaba göstermişse de bu gerçekleşmemiştir.
Hadisler hakkındaki düşünceleri sebebiyle Kur’âniyyûn içinde değerlendirilebilecek olan İnâyetullah Han daha çok kurmuş olduğu “hâksâr” hareketiyle tanınmaktadır. Çok iyi bir tahsil gören İnâyetullah Han lisans ve lisans üstü öğrenimine Cambridge’de devam etmiş, matematik, tabii bilimler, mekanik ve Doğu dilleri dallarında elde ettiği başarılarla İngiltere basınına konu olmuştur. 1931 yılında kurduğu hâksâr hareketi etrafında yüz binlerce insanı bir araya getirmeyi başarmış, ancak Kitap ve Sünnet’e bakışının yanında namaz, oruç, hac ve zekâtla ilgili görüşleri yüzünden büyük tepki görmüştür. Teẕkire adlı eserini (Lahor 1924) hâksâr hareketinin İncil’i ve değişmez kitabı olarak adlandıran İnâyetullah Han’ın ölümüyle (1963) hareket yavaş yavaş dağılmış ve günümüzde önemli bir etkisi kalmamıştır. el-Iṣlâḥ , el-Eks̱eriyyet , el-İʿlân ve The Radiance Weekly bu hareketin periyodik yayın organlarıdır.
Kur’âniyyûn hareketini ayrıntılara inildiğinde farklı görüşlere sahip şahsiyetler temsil etmiş olsa da bunların hepsi Kur’an’da nesih olmadığını ileri sürmüş, hadislerle ve ictihadla amel etmeyi şirk saymıştır. Bu konudaki delilleri ise “Hüküm ancak Allah’ındır” meâlindeki âyettir (el-En‘âm 6/57; Yûsuf 12/40, 67). Ahmedüddin, Cerâcpûrî ve Pervîz Kur’an’da yer alan, Allah’a ve resulüne itaat edilmesiyle ilgili âyetleri yorumlarken bunun “merkez-i millet” adını verdikleri otoriteyi ifade ettiğini söylemişlerdir; bu yetki Hz. Peygamber’den sonra devlet reisi tarafından kullanılacaktır. Merkez-i millet dinî konularda köklü değişiklikler yapma hakkına da sahiptir. Resûlullah’ın Kur’an’dan başka mûcizesinin bulunmadığını söyleyen (Birışık, s. 333-341) Kur’âniyyûn’un çoğunluğunun melek ve cinlerin varlığı konusunda Ehl-i sünnet’ten farklı görüşleri vardır. Ahmed Han ve Pervîz’e göre Cebrâil, Allah’ın peygamberlerine vahyi ulaştıran kuvvetidir (Gulâm Ahmed Pervîz, Luġātü’l-Ḳurʾân , I, 415). Hiçbir peygamberin âhirette şefaat yetkisi yoktur. Çekrâlevî ve bazı arkadaşları cennet ve cehennemin kıyametin vukuundan sonra yaratılacağını öne sürerler. Seyyid Ahmed Han, Eslem Cerâcpûrî, Seyyid Makbul Ahmed ise cennet, cehennem ve orada vuku bulacağı belirtilen şeylerin temsillerden ibaret olduğu görüşündedir. Pervîz, Ahmedüddin ve Ca‘fer Şah Belvârî’ye göre dünya hayatının iyi ve rahat olması cenneti, sıkıntılı olması cehennemi temsil eder (a.g.e. , I, 448-449, 454-455; a.mlf., Tebvîbü’l-Ḳurʾân , I, 255; II, 557; a.mlf., Cihân-ı Ferdâ , s. 126 vd.).
Kur’âniyyûn içerisinde ibadetler hususunda da farklı değerlendirme ve uygulamalar vardır. Özellikle Çekrâlevî’den sonra namaz vakitleri, rek‘at sayısı, kılınış âdâb ve erkânı ile diğer bazı konularda değişiklikler yapılmıştır. Çekrâlevî günde beş vakit namazdan söz ederken (Burhânü’l-furḳān , s. 89-93) Ahmedüddin sadece iki vakit namazın farz olduğunu ileri sürmüştür (Beyân li’n-nâs , I, 56-124). Kur’an’a dayanmayan cenaze ve bayram namazlarını kılma zarureti yoktur (Hâdim Hüseyin İlâhîbahş, s. 366-382). Zekâtın Kur’an’da belirtilen sınıflara verilmesi kabul edilmekle birlikte (Ahmedüddin, I, 222) zekâtı gerektiren mal ve kazancın cinsi, miktarı, farziyetin tahakkuk süresi, verilme şekli vb. hususlarda farklı yorumlar yapılmıştır. Pervîz, zekâtın İslâm devleti tarafından toplatılacağını ve bunun vergiden başka bir şey olmadığını söyler. Böyle bir devlet yoksa zekât sorumluluğu ortadan kalkar (Ḳurʾânî Fayṣaley , I, 116). Ekol mensuplarından çoğu ramazanda oruç tutulmasını Kur’an’ın nassına (el-Bakara 2/183-185) uygun görmekle birlikte orucun herhangi bir ayda tutulabileceği, oruç müddetinin sadece dokuz gün olacağı gibi bazı görüşler de ileri sürülmüştür (Hâdim Hüseyin İlâhîbahş, s. 396-401). Kur’âniyyûn’un zina, içki, kumar, hırsızlık, dinden dönme, miras ve çok eşlilik gibi konularda da farklı yaklaşımları vardır.
Hint alt kıtasında Kur’âniyyûn hareketine dair ekserisi reddiye olmak üzere çok sayıda kitap, risâle ve makale yazılmıştır. Ehl-i hadîsle aralarındaki karşılıklı reddiye ve sataşmalar bu literatürün en önemli kısmını oluşturur. Mevdûdî’nin Sünnet ki Âʾinî Ḥays̱iyyet adlı eseri (bk. bibl.) bu konuda yapılmış en ciddi çalışmalardandır (çalışmaların geniş bir listesi için bk. Halid Zaferullah Daudi, Fikr u Naẓar , XXXVII/4 [2000], s. 123-154). Hâdim Hüseyin İlâhîbahş’ın el-Ḳurʾâniyyûn adlı kitabı da (bk. bibl.) derli toplu çalışmalardan biridir. Halid Zaferullah Daudi (Pakistan ve Hindistan’da , s. 275-290) ve İbrahim Hatiboğlu (İslâm’da Yenileşme , s. 208-247, 332-386) bu ekolü hadis bağlamında incelemiş, Abdülhamit Birışık’ın Hind Altkıtası Düşünce ve Tefsir Ekolleri adlı kitabının (bk. bibl.) üçüncü bölümü de (s. 317-413) ekolün tanıtımına ve ekole mensup ilim adamları tarafından yazılan tefsirlere ayrılmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Şâfiî, el-Üm , VII, 250-254.
Mustafa es-Sibâî, es-Sünne ve mekânetühâ fi’t-teşrîʿi’l-İslâmî , Kahire 1949, s. 128-137, 138-149, 176-223.
M. Eslem Cerâcpûrî, Nükât-ı Ḳurʾân , Delhi 1371/1952, s. 79-81.
a.mlf., Hemârey Dînî ʿUlûm , Delhi 1989, s. 113.
a.mlf. – Gulâm Ahmed Pervîz, Maḳām-ı Ḥadîs̱ , Lahor 1992, s. 91-92.
Gulâm Ahmed Pervîz, Luġātü’l-Ḳurʾân , Lahor 1984, I, 415, 448-449, 454-455.
a.mlf., Tebvîbü’l-Ḳurʾân , Lahor 1984, I, 255; II, 557.
a.mlf., Cihân-ı Ferdâ , Lahor 1987, s. 126 vd.
a.mlf., Ḳurʾânî Fayṣaley , Lahor 1992, I, 116.
a.mlf., Mefhûmü’l-Ḳurʾân , Lahor, ts., II, 457.
a.mlf., Fırḳatü Ehl-i Ḳurʾân , Lahor, ts.
Abdullah Çekrâlevî, Burhânü’l-furḳān ʿalâ ṣalâti’l-Ḳurʾân , Lahor, ts., s. 89-93, 262.
Mevdûdî, Sünnet ki Âʾinî Ḥays̱iyyet (Lahor 1963), Lahor 1995, s. 16-17, 71-75, 142-146.
Aziz Ahmad, Islamic Modernism in India and Pakistan , London 1967, s. 120.
M. Hüseyin Arşî, Ḳurʾân sey Ḳurʾân tak , Lahor 1975.
M. Mustafa el-A‘zamî, Dirâsât fi’l-ḥadîs̱i’n-nebevî , Riyad 1401/1981, I, 26-29, 40-41.
Hâdim Hüseyin İlâhîbahş, el-Ḳurʾâniyyûn ve şübehâtühüm ḥavle’s-sünne , Tâif 1989, s. 30-31, 61-62, 210-256, 366-382, 396-401.
Ahmedüddin, Beyân li’n-nâs , Lahor 1990, I, 56-124, 222; II, 1000.
Muhammed İkrâm, Mevc-i Kevs̱er , Lahor 1992, s. 71-72.
Halid Zaferullah Daudi, Pakistan ve Hindistan’da Şâh Velîyullah ed-Dehlevî’den Günümüze Kadar Hadis Çalışmaları , İstanbul 1995, s. 275-290.
a.mlf., “Berr-i Ṣaġīr meyn Ḥücciyet-i Ḥadîs̱ per Tecziyâtî Litriçır”, Fikr u Naẓar , XXXVII/4, İslâmâbâd 2000, s. 123-154.
İbrahim Hatiboğlu, İslâm’da Yenileşme Düşüncesi Açısından Modernistlerin Sünnet Anlayışı (doktora tezi, 1996), MÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, s. 206-387.
Abdülhamit Birışık, Hind Altkıtası Düşünce ve Tefsir Ekolleri , İstanbul 2001, s. 317-413.
Reşîd Rızâ, “Mesʾeletü’l-İslâm hüve’l-Ḳurʾân vaḥdeh”, el-Menâr , XXI/9, Kahire 1338/1920, s. 491-495.
A. N. M. Wahidur Rahman, “Modernist Muslim’s Approach to Ḥadīth: Aligarh School”, HI , XVI/4 (1993), s. 13-26.
Ṭulûʿ-i İslâm , LII/3, Lahor 1999, s. 58-60.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2002 yılında Ankara’da basılan 26. cildinde, 428-429 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.