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KURTUBÎ, Muhammed b. Ahmed Skip to content Ebû Abdillâh Muhammed b. Ahmed b. Ebî Bekr b. Ferh el-Kurtubî (ö. 671/1273)
el-Câmiʿ li-aḥkâmi’l-Ḳurʾân adlı eseriyle tanınan tefsir, hadis ve fıkıh âlimi.
Kurtuba’da (Córdoba) dünyaya geldi. Doğum tarihi VI. (XII.) yüzyılın sonları veya VII. (XIII.) yüzyılın başları olarak tahmin edilmiştir (el-Kasabî Mahmûd Zelat, s. 8; Miftâh es-Senûsî Bel‘am, s. 85-86). Babası çiftçilikle geçinen bir kimseydi ve hıristiyan İspanyalılar’ın 3 Ramazan 627’de (16 Temmuz 1230) gerçekleştirdikleri bir saldırıda öldürüldü. Kurtubî, gençlik yıllarında çömlek yapımında kullanılan toprak taşımacılığı yaparak ailenin geçimine yardımcı oldu. Tahsilinin ilk yıllarını Kurtuba’da geçirdi ve burada İbn Ebû Hucce diye tanınan Ebû Ca‘fer Ahmed b. Muhammed el-Kaysî, Rebî‘ b. Abdurrahman b. Ahmed el-Eş‘arî, Ebü’l-Hasan Ali b. Kutrâl el-Ensârî gibi âlimlerden yararlandı. Kurtuba’nın 633 (1236) yılında Kastilya-Leon Kralı III. Fernando kuvvetleri tarafından ele geçirilmesinden sonra şehri terkederek İskenderiye’ye geçti; burada İbnü’l-Müzeyyen diye anılan Ahmed b. Ömer el-Kurtubî’den el-Müfhim fî şerḥi Ṣaḥîḥi Müslim adlı eserinin bir kısmını dinledi; ayrıca Ebû Muhammed Abdülvehhâb b. Revâc, Ebû Muhammed Abdülmu‘tî el-Lahmî’den faydalandı. Şehâbeddin el-Karâfî ile Feyyûm’a seyahat etti. 647’de (1249) Mansûre’ye uğradı ve burada Ebû Ali Hasan b. Muhammed el-Bekrî’den ders okudu. Kahire’de bir müddet kalan Kurtubî, Saîd bölgesinde Münyetü Benî Hasîb’e yerleşti ve hayatının sonuna kadar burada yaşadı. Kendisinden istifade edenler arasında oğlu Şehâbeddin Ahmed’le İbnü’z-Zübeyr, İsmâil b. Muhammed b. Abdülkerîm, Ebû Bekir Muhammed b. Ahmed b. Ali el-Meymûnî ve Ziyâeddin Ahmed b. Ebü’s-Suûd es-Satrîcî’nin adları zikredilebilir (Meşhûr Hasan Mahmûd Selmân, s. 89-94). Mütevazi kişiliği ve sade yaşayışıyla tanınan, zühd hayatına önem veren Kurtubî 9 Şevval 671’de (29 Nisan 1273) Münyetü Benî Hasîb’de vefat etti ve burada defnedildi. Kabri, 1971 yılında onun adına inşa edilen camideki türbesine nakledilmiş olup halen ziyarete açık bulunmaktadır (el-Kasabî Mahmûd Zelat, s. 30).
Tefsir, hadis, kıraat, fıkıh gibi alanlarda çok iyi yetişmiş olduğunu eserleriyle ortaya koyan Kurtubî’yi Zehebî “ilimde derya” olarak nitelendirmiş, diğer müellifler de hakkında benzer ifadeler kullanmıştır. Kurtubî eserlerinde Ehl-i sünnet’i savunmuş, başta Mu‘tezile olmak üzere İmâmiyye, Râfiziyye, Kerrâmiyye gibi fırkaları eleştirmiştir (meselâ bk. el-Câmiʿ , I, 193; VII, 277). Mâlikî olmakla birlikte mezhep taassubuna karşı çıkmış ve taklitçiliği bir metot olarak benimsemediğini dile getirmiştir (meselâ bk. a.g.e. , II, 212). Kitap ve Sünnet yolunu tutan tasavvuf ehline karşı çıkmamışsa da telakkileri cehalet ve hurafe temeline dayanan sûfîler hakkındaki olumsuz tutumunu açıkça ortaya koymuştur (a.g.e. , X, 366; XV, 215, 249-250). Bu arada devlet adamlarını çekinmeden eleştirmiş, zamanın idarecilerinin rüşvet aldığını ifade etmiş (a.g.e. , II, 340), onların hukuk dışı davrandıklarını, menfaat karşılığında hükmettiklerini, Allah’ın dinini değiştirdiklerini ileri sürmüştür (a.g.e. , XIII, 179; et-Teẕkire , II, 482).
Eserleri. 1. el-Câmiʿ li-aḥkâmi’l-Ḳurʾân . Kurtubî’nin en önemli eseri olup geniş hacmine rağmen ilim çevrelerinde büyük ilgi görmüş ve çeşitli baskıları yapılmıştır (I-IV, Kahire 1950; 1353-1369/1935-1950; 1380; I-XX, 1386-1387/1966-1967; nşr. Muhammed İbrâhim el-Hifnâvî ve Mahmûd Hâmid Osman, I-XXII, Kahire 1414/1994, 1416/1996 [bu baskının son iki cildi, Seyyid İbrâhim Sâdık ve Muhammed Ali Abdülkādir tarafından hazırlanmış fihristlerdir]; I-XX, Beyrut 1405/1985). Tefsirin mukaddimesini Alâeddin Ali Rızâ el-Vecîz fî feżâʾili’l-kitâbi’l-ʿazîz (Kahire 1412/1992; Kahire, ts.), Muhammed Talha Bilâl Muḳaddimetü Tefsîri’l-İmâm el-Ḳurṭubî (Beyrut 1418/1997) adıyla yayımlamış, Ahmed Hicâzî es-Sekkā, aynı mukaddimenin bir kısmını Feżâʾilü’l-Ḳurʾân ve âdâbü’t-tilâve ismiyle neşretmiştir (Kahire 1989). İbnü’l-Mülakkın eseri ihtisar etmiş (Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 534), el-Hey’etü’l-Mısriyyetü’l-âmme Muḫtaṣaru Tefsîri’l-Ḳurṭubî (Kahire 1977) ve Tevfîk el-Hakîm Muḫtâru Tefsîri’l-Ḳurṭubî el-Câmiʿ li-aḥkâmi’l-Ḳurʾân (Kahire 1977), Muhammed Kerîm Râcih Muḫtaṣaru Tefsîri’l-Ḳurṭubî (Beyrut 1986) adıyla yaptıkları ihtisarları neşretmişlerdir. Meşhûr Hasan Mahmûd Selmân ve Cemâl Abdüllatîf ed-Desûkī de eser için Keşşâf taḥlîlî li’l-mesâʾili’l-fıḳhiyye fî Tefsîri’l-Ḳurṭubî adıyla fıkıh konularına göre düzenlenmiş bir fihrist hazırlamışlardır (Tâif 1408/1988). el-Câmiʿ i M. Beşir Eryarsoy Türkçe’ye çevirmeye başlamış ve bu çalışmanın on bir cildi basılmıştır (İstanbul 1997-2000).
2. el-Esnâ fî şerḥi esmâʾillâhi’l-ḥüsnâ . Müellifin el-Câmiʿ de pek çok atıfta bulunduğu eser (meselâ bk. I, 56, 326; II, 191, 241) Muhammed Hasan Cebel’in tahkikiyle yayımlanmıştır (I-II, Tanta 1994).
3. el-İʿlâm bimâ fî dîni’n-naṣârâ mine’l-fesâd ve’l-evhâm ve iẓhâri meḥâsini dîni’l-İslâm ve is̱bâti nübüvveti nebiyyinâ Muḥammed ʿaleyhi’ṣ-ṣalâtü ve’s-selâm . Tuleytula’da (Toledo) adı bilinmeyen bir kişi tarafından kaleme alınıp Kurtuba’ya gönderilen bir risâleye reddiye olarak yazılmış olup Ahmed Hicâzî es-Sekkā tarafından neşredilmiştir (Kahire 1980). Nâşir kitabın kapağında müellif adını sadece el-İmâm el-Kurtubî olarak zikretmiş, yazma nüshanın sonunda müstensihin, “Eserin yazımı 726’da (1326) tamamlandı” şeklindeki ferâğ kaydından hareketle kitabın başka bir Kurtubî’ye ait olabileceğini ileri sürmüş, İbn Ferhûn’un müfessir Kurtubî’nin eserleri arasında bu eseri zikretmemesini de delil olarak kaydetmiştir. Ancak müelliflerin eserlerinin ölümlerinden asırlarca sonra da istinsah edilebildiği gerçeği karşısında bu tereddüde (ayrıca bk. Işık, sy. 40 [1993], s. 39) anlam vermek güçtür. Ayrıca eserin Köprülü Kütüphanesi’nde mevcut iki nüshasından birinde (nr. 794 [mükerrer]) müellif adı Muhammed b. Ahmed b. Ferh el-Kurtubî, diğerinde (nr. 814) İbn Ferh el-Kurtubî olarak belirtilmiştir. Fâiz Saîd Sâlih eseri tahkik ederek bir doktora çalışması yapmıştır (1405/1985, Câmiatü Ümmi’l-kurâ, Mekke).
4. el-İʿlâm fî maʿrifeti mevlidi’l-Muṣṭafâ ʿaleyhi’ṣ-ṣalâtü ve’s-selâm (el-İʿlâm bi-mevlidi’n-nebiyyi ʿaleyhi’s-selâm) . Eserin bir nüshası, el-İʿlâm fîmâ yecibü ʿale’l-enâm min maʿrifeti mevlidi’l-Muṣṭafâ ʿaleyhi’s-selâm adıyla Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Kütüphanesi’nde kayıtlıdır (nr. 443).
5. Urcûze fî esmâʾi’n-nebiyyi ṣallallāhü teʿâlâ ʿaleyhi ve sellem . Hz. Peygamber’in 300’den fazla isminin bir araya getirilip açıklamalarının yapıldığı belirtilen eserin (Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 62) günümüze ulaşıp ulaşmadığı bilinmemektedir.
6. et-Teẕkire fî aḥvâli’l-mevtâ ve’l-âḫire . Müellifin el-Câmiʿ de adını sıkça zikrettiği eserin (meselâ bk. I, 137, 378; II, 193, 241) çeşitli baskıları yapılmıştır (nşr. Ahmed Hicâzî es-Sekkā, Beyrut 1405/1985; nşr. es-Seyyid el-Cemîlî, I-II, Kahire-Beyrut 1407/1987; nşr. Ebû Süfyân Mahmûd b. Mansûr el-Bestavîsî, I-II, Medine 1417/1997; diğer baskıları için bk. Meşhûr Hasan Mahmûd Selmân, s. 129-130; Miftâh es-Senûsî Bel‘am, s. 138). Kitabı Abdülvehhâb eş-Şa‘rânî Muḫtaṣaru Teẕkireti’l-Ḳurṭubî (Kahire 1898, 1300, 1301, 1310, 1320, 1926, 1349), Ahmed b. Muhammed b. Ali es-Sühaymî et-Teẕkiretü’l-fâḫire fî aḥvâli’l-âḫire (Meşhûr Hasan Mahmûd Selmân, s. 133) ve M. İbrâhim Sâlim Yevmü’l-fevzi’l-ekber (Kahire 1405/1984) adıyla ihtisar etmiş, Şa‘rânî’nin muhtasarı Hasan Tahsin Emiroğlu tarafından Kısaltılmış Tezkire-i Kurtubî adıyla Türkçe’ye çevrilmiştir (Konya 1995). Süyûtî, et-Teẕkire ’yi Şerḥu’ṣ-ṣudûr fî şerḥi ḥâli’l-mevtâ fi’l-ḳubûr adıyla şerhetmiş, kısaca Kitâbü’l-Berzaḫ diye meşhur olan bu şerh (Kahire 1309, 1329) Farsça’ya da tercüme edilmiştir (Lahor 1871; bk. İA , XI, 262).
7. Ḳamʿu’l-ḥırṣ bi’z-zühdi ve’l-ḳanâʿa ve reddü ẕülli’s-süʾâli bi’l-kesb ve’ṣ-ṣınâʿa . Adı bazı kaynaklarda, bu arada müellifin tefsirinin değişik baskılarında biraz farklı şekilde zikredilen eser (el-Câmiʿ , XIII, 16, Beyrut ve Kahire baskıları; Miftâh es-Senûsî Bel‘am, s. 140-141), Mecdî Fethî es-Seyyid tarafından yayımlanmış (Tanta 1408/1988), muhakkik kitabın ikinci kısmını el-Kefâf ve’l-ḳanâʿa (Tanta 1408/1988), üçüncü kısmını ez-Zühd (Tanta 1408/1988) adıyla ayrı basım olarak da neşretmiştir. Müs‘ad Abdülhamîd Muhammed es-Sa‘denî eseri ayrıca tahkik etmiştir (Beyrut 1414/1994).
8. et-Teẕkâr fî efḍali’l-eẕkâr . Nevevî’nin et-Tibyân fî âdâbi ḥameleti’l-Ḳurʾân ’ının metodu üzere kaleme alınan, ancak Nevevî’nin eserinden daha doyurucu olduğu belirtilen kitap (İbn Ferhûn, II, 309) kırk bölüm halinde düzenlenmiştir (nşr. Ahmed b. Muhammed b. Sıddîk el-Gammârî, Kahire 1355/1936; nşr. Abdülkādir el-Arnaût – İbrâhim el-Arnaût, Beyrut 1972; nşr. Servet Muhammed Nâfi‘, Kahire 1979; nşr. Beşîr Muhammed, Beyrut 1406/1986, 1408/1988; Dımaşk-Tâif 1407/1987).
9. Ḳaṣîde fi’ṣṭılâḥi’l-ḥadîs̱ (Köprülü Ktp., nr. 1559).
10. el-Miṣbâḥ fi’l-cemʿ beyne’l-Efʿâl ve’ṣ-Ṣıḥâḥ . Muḫtaṣarü’ṣ-Ṣıḥâḥ adıyla da zikredilen eserin bir nüshası Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’ndedir (Şehid Ali Paşa, nr. 2682).
11. et-Taḳrîb li-Kitâbi’t-Temhîd . İbn Abdülber en-Nemerî’nin et-Temhîd limâ fi’l-Muvaṭṭaʾ mine’l-meʿânî ve’l-esânîd adlı eseri üzerine yapılmış bir çalışma olup bir nüshası Fas Karaviyyîn Kütüphanesi’ndedir (Brockelmann, GAL Suppl. , I, 298).
12. Şerḥu’t-Teḳaṣṣî . İbn Abdülber en-Nemerî’nin et-Teḳaṣṣî li-ḥadîs̱i’l-Muvaṭṭaʾ ve şüyûḫi’l-İmâm Mâlik adlı eser üzerine yazılmış bir şerh olup günümüze ulaşıp ulaşmadığı bilinmemektedir.
13. Risâle fî elḳābi’l-ḥadîs̱ (bk. Brockelmann, GAL Suppl. , I, 737).
Kurtubî bazı eserlerine bizzat kendisi atıfta bulunmuş olup bunlardan tesbit edilebilenler şunlardır: el-Lümaʿu’l-lüʾlüʾiyye fî şerḥi’l-ʿişrînâti’n-nebeviyye (el-Câmiʿ , X, 268; XVI, 146); Menhecü’l-ʿubbâd ve maḥaccetü’s-sâlikîne ve’z-zühhâd (a.g.e. , XV, 216); el-Muḳtebes fî şerḥi Muvaṭṭaʾi Mâlik b. Enes (a.g.e. , I, 173; III, 84; VIII, 3); el-İntihâz fî ḳurrâʾi ehli’l-Kûfe ve’l-Baṣra ve’ş-Şâm ve ehli’l-Ḥicâz (et-Teẕkâr , s. 29, 107, 135).
Kurtubî’nin hayatı ve eserleri üzerinde muhtelif çalışmalar yapılmış olup el-Kasabî Mahmûd Zelat, Miftâh es-Senûsî, Abdülkādir Rahîm el-Heytî ve Meşhûr Hasan Mahmûd Selmân’ın eserleriyle (bk. bibl.) bu müelliflerden sonuncusunun el-Ḳurṭubî ve’t-taṣavvuf (Zerkā 1988) ve Şekva’l-Ḳurṭubî min ehli zemânih (Zerkā 1988) adlı diğer iki kitabı burada zikredilebilir. Arif Gezer Kurtubî’nin Hadis İlmindeki Yeri (1999, Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü), Bû Şuayb Mihmâdî et-Tefsîrü’l-fıḳhî ʿinde’l-Ḳurṭubî (1992, Câmiatü Seyyidî Muhammed b. Abdullah, Fas) adıyla birer doktora çalışması yapmış, Ali b. Süleyman el-Abîd de el-Ḳurṭubî müfessir adlı bir yüksek lisans tezi hazırlamıştır (1402, Câmiatü’l-İmâm Muhammed b. Suûd el-İslâmiyye).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Kurtubî, el-Câmiʿ li-aḥkâmi’l-Ḳurʾân , Beyrut 1405/1985, I, 56, 137, 173, 193, 326, 378; II, 191, 193, 212, 241, 340; III, 84, 237; IV, 272; VII, 277; VIII, 3; X, 268, 270, 366; XIII, 16, 179; XV, 215, 216, 249-250; XVI, 146.
a.mlf., et-Teẕkire fî aḥvâli’l-mevtâ ve umûri’l-âḫire (nşr. Ebû Süfyân Mahmûd b. Mansûr el-Bestavîsî), Medine 1417/1997, I, 53; II, 482.
a.mlf., et-Teẕkâr fî efḍali’l-eẕkâr , Beyrut 1406/1986, s. 29, 107, 135.
Zehebî, Târîḫu’l-İslâm: sene 671-680 , s. 74-75.
Safedî, el-Vâfî , II, 122-123.
İbn Ferhûn, ed-Dîbâcü’l-müẕheb , II, 308-309.
Makrîzî, el-Muḳaffa’l-kebîr (nşr. Muhammed el-Ya‘lâvî), Beyrut 1411/1991, V, 147-148.
Dâvûdî, Ṭabaḳātü’l-müfessirîn , II, 65-66.
Makkarî, Nefḥu’ṭ-ṭîb , II, 210-212.
Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 62, 534.
Serkîs, Muʿcem , II, 1504.
Brockelmann, GAL , I, 529; Suppl. , I, 298, 737.
Îżâḥu’l-meknûn , II, 241.
Hediyyetü’l-ʿârifîn , II, 129.
Ziriklî, el-Aʿlâm , X, 185.
el-Kasabî Mahmûd Zelat, el-Ḳurṭubî ve menhecühû fi’t-tefsîr , Kahire 1399/1979, s. 6-64.
Meşhûr Hasan Mahmûd Selmân, el-İmâmü’l-Ḳurṭubî şeyḫu eʾimmeti’t-tefsîr , Dımaşk 1413/1993, tür.yer.
Abdülkādir Rahîm Ciddî el-Heytî, Ebû ʿAbdillâh el-Ḳurṭubî ve cühûdühû fi’n-naḥv ve’l-luġa fî kitâbihi’l-Câmiʿ li-aḥkâmi’l-Ḳurʾân , Amman 1417/1996, s. 21-40.
Miftâh es-Senûsî Bel‘am, el-Ḳurṭubî: Ḥayâtühû ve âs̱âruhü’l-ʿilmiyye ve menhecühû fi’t-tefsîr , Bingazi 1998, s. 85-150.
Hidayet Işık, “Kurtubî ve el-İ’lâm Adlı Eserine Göre Kitâb-ı Mukaddes’te Hz. Muhammed”, Din Eğitimi Dergisi , sy. 40, Ankara 1993, s. 39.
Abdülkadir Karahan, “Süyûtî”, İA , XI, 262.
R. Arneldez, “al-Ḳurṭubī”, EI2 (İng.) , V, 512-513.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2002 yılında Ankara’da basılan 26. cildinde, 455-457 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.