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KUŞADALI İBRÂHİM EFENDİ Skip to content (ö. 1262/1846)
Halvetî-Şâbânî tarikatının Kuşadaviyye kolunun kurucusu.
1188’de (1774) Aydın’ın Kuşadası kasabasının Çınarlı köyünde doğdu. Öğrenim çağına gelince okuma yazmayı annesinden öğrendi. Aydın, Denizli ve Anadolu’nun çeşitli şehirlerinde öğrenim gördükten sonra İstanbul’a giderek Fatih’te bugün Millet Kütüphanesi olarak kullanılan Feyziyye Medresesi’ne yerleşti. Burada Hoca Emin Efendi adlı bir âlimin öğrencisi oldu. Tahsilini tamamladığı bu yıllarda hücresine kapanarak vaktinin büyük bir kısmını ibadet ve mücahedeye ayırmaya başladı. Bir âyetin anlamı üzerinde çok düşündüğü halde çözümünü bulamamanın sıkıntısı içinde iken bir arkadaşı ona bu âyeti, o sırada Atpazarî Tekkesi’nde misafir olarak kalan Beypazarlı Ali Efendi’ye sormasını tavsiye etti. Halvetî-Şâbânî tarikatının Çerkeşiyye kolunun pîri Çerkeşî Mustafa Efendi’nin halifelerinden olan Ali Efendi’nin âyeti yorumlamasına hayran kalan Kuşadalı bu olayın ardından kendisine intisap etti. Kuşadalı 1188’de (1774) doğduğu ve Beypazarlı Ali Efendi’nin 1229’da (1814) İstanbul’a geldiği bilindiğine göre o bu sıralarda otuz dokuz-kırk yaşlarında olmalıdır.
1232’de (1817) Fındıkzade Kızılelma caddesindeki Beşikçizâde Dergâhı’nın şeyhliğine getirilen Beypazarlı Ali Efendi, muhtemelen aynı yıl Kuşadalı’ya hilâfet vererek irşad göreviyle Mısır’a gönderdi. Kahire’de Gülşenî Dergâhı’nda ikamet eden Kuşadalı bilinmeyen sebeplerle Mısır Valisi Kavalalı Mehmed Ali Paşa’ya şikâyet edildi ve paşanın ricası üzerine İstanbul’a dönmek zorunda kaldı. Onun yakınlarıyla birlikte zincire vurularak İskenderiye’den gemiye bindirilip İstanbul’a gönderildiği de rivayet edilmektedir. Bir görüşe göre Mehmed Ali Paşa, Kuşadalı’nın Bektaşîlik ve Bektaşîler’e karşı olduğunu öğrenince çok kızmış ve onu Mısır’ı terke zorlamıştır. Öte yandan onun Mehmed Ali Paşa aleyhine faaliyette bulunmak üzere II. Mahmud tarafından Mısır’a gönderilmiş olabileceği ihtimali üzerinde durulmuşsa da (Öztürk, s. 33) bu görüşleri doğrulayabilecek bir delil bulunmamaktadır.
1235 (1820) yılında İstanbul’a dönen Kuşadalı bir süre Feyziyye Medresesi’nde ikamet etti. Muhtemelen aynı yıl Evrenoszâde Sâmi Bey’e göre kendisine intisap eden zengin bir Bektaşî babası, Hüseyin Vassâf’a göre Usturacı Halil adlı biri tarafından Aksaray Sineklibakkal’da kendisi için yaptırılan tekkenin meşihatını kabul ederek irşad faaliyetine başladı. Kuşadalı’nın buradaki irşad faaliyeti tekkenin yandığı 1248 (1832) yılına kadar devam etti. Mahallede başlayan yangının tekkeye ulaşmak üzere olduğu o sırada tekkede sohbet etmekte olan Kuşadalı’ya haber verildiğinde sohbete devam ettiği, tekkenin yanmaya başladığı söylendiğinde “Haydi çıkalım, elhamdülillâh merasimden kurtulduk” dediği nakledilmektedir. Yangının ardından tekkenin yeniden yapılmasına, “Bundan sonra seyrüsülûk hususi sohbetlerle devam eder, artık tekkelerde eski feyiz kalmamıştır” diyerek izin vermeyen Kuşadalı, Koska civarında kiraladığı evde bir yıl kadar oturduktan sonra Fatih Çarşamba pazarında Papasoğlu Medresesi’nin karşısındaki konağı satın alarak buraya yerleşti. Bu tarihten, hacca gitmek üzere İstanbul’dan ayrıldığı 1259 (1843) yılına kadar yaklaşık on sene irşad faaliyetlerini açtığı ilim irfan ve sohbet meclisleriyle burada sürdürdü. Kuşadalı’nın bu dönemdeki faaliyetlerinin önemli tanığı Ahmed Cevdet Paşa, tasavvufa intisabı bulunmamakla birlikte komşusu olması dolayısıyla kendisiyle zaman zaman görüştüğünü, vüzerâdan ve devlet ricâlinden pek çok kişinin konağa gelip huzuruna girmek için sofada beklediklerini, en büyük hoca efendilerden sorup halledemedikleri soruların cevaplarını ondan aldıklarını, dinî ilimlerin hepsinde ve özellikle tefsire dair konularda olağan üstü bilgi sahibi olduğunu söyler (Tezâkir , IV, 15).
1843 yılında ifa ettiği hac dönüşü Şam’a gelen Kuşadalı, 1262 Şevvaline kadar (Ekim 1846) Kanavat mahallesindeki Dervişiyye Camii civarında ikamet etti. Onun burada geçirdiği üç yıllık dönem sırasındaki faaliyetleri hakkında bilgi bulunmamakta, sadece şehrin valisi Ali Paşa’nın kendisine intisap ettiği bilinmektedir. Kuşadalı, bu tarihte İstanbul’dan gelen kıdemli mensuplarından Bosnalı Mehmed Tevfik Efendi ve 100’ü aşkın müridiyle birlikte ikinci defa hacca gitmek niyetiyle Şam’dan ayrıldı. Medine’yi ziyaret ettikten sonra Mekke’ye giderken hacıların ihram giydikleri Râbiğ mevkiinde vefat etti. Hüseyin Vassâf 1264’te (1848), mensuplarından Aydî Baba divanında onun 1263’te (1847) öldüğünü söylüyorlarsa da İbnülemin Mahmud Kemal Sefîne-i Evliyâ-ı Ebrâr ’ın ilgili sayfasına düştüğü notta, Sayda müşiri Kâmil Paşa tarafından Meclis-i Vâlâ Riyâseti’ne gönderilen 15 Safer 1263 (2 Şubat 1847) tarihli yazıda Kuşadalı ve beraberindeki bazı kişilerin koleradan öldüğünün bildirildiğini kaydederek Kuşadalı’nın vefat tarihinin 1262 (1846) olduğunu tesbit etmiştir. Bu tarihi veren “şeyh-i ekmel-i devrân” ve “hâtem-i dehr bûd” ifadeleri vefatına tarih düşürülmüştür. Şam’da şeyhinin hacdan dönüşünü beklerken ölüm haberini alan mensuplarından Cerîde-i Havâdis muharriri Enderunlu Ali Âlî onun hakkında Hidâyetü’l-velî fî vâridâtı Kuşadalı adlı bir risâle kaleme almıştır. Kaynaklarda Kuşadalı’nın evlilik ve aile durumu hakkında bilgi bulunmamaktadır. Ancak bir mektubunda Süleyman adlı bir şahıstan kayınpederi olarak bahseder. Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi’nde bulunan 11 Şâban 1269 (20 Mayıs 1853) tarihli belgeden (İrade-Meclis-i Vâlâ, nr. 10512) onun evlendiği, vefatından sonra eşi Hatice Hanım ile kızı Hacer’e devlet tarafından maaş bağlandığı anlaşılmaktadır.
Kırk yaşına kadar zâhir ilimleriyle meşgul olan Kuşadalı, Ahmed Cevdet Paşa’nın tanıklığının gösterdiği gibi döneminin en üst seviyedeki âlimlerinden olmasına rağmen ne bu alanlarda ne de tasavvuf alanında eser vermiştir. Misal âleminde ara sıra Sümbül Sinan ile görüşerek birbirlerinden istifade ettiklerini, zaman zaman da İbn Kemal ile görüştüğünü, ancak her defasında kendisinin ondan istifade ettiğini söylemesi onun zâhir ilimlerine verdiği değeri göstermesi bakımından önemlidir. Kuşadalı’nın 1236 (1820-21) yılından itibaren müridlerinin terbiyesi amacıyla yazdığı mektuplar, onun düşünce dünyasını ve şahsiyetini anlama konusunda en önemli kaynaktır. Vefatından sonra mensupları tarafından istinsah edilerek derlenen ve büyük bir bölümü Millî Kütüphane ile (A. Yazmaları, nr. 480, 518) Millet Kütüphanesi’nde (Ali Emîrî Efendi, Şer‘iyye, nr. 1173) bulunan mektuplarının sayısı, çeşitli kütüphanelerde ve özel şahısların elindeki diğer mektuplarla birlikte 143’e ulaşmaktadır. Bu mektuplar Yaşar Nuri Öztürk tarafından derlenerek yayımlanmıştır.
Halvetî-Şâbânî tarikatına mensup olan Kuşadalı İbrâhim Efendi’nin tarikat silsilesi mürşidi Beypazarlı Ali Efendi vasıtasıyla bu tarikatın Çerkeşiyye kolunu pîri Çerkeşî Mustafa Efendi’ye, ondan sonra Mehmed Zoravî, Mudurnulu Abdullah Rüşdü, Mehmed Nasûhî, Karabaş Velî, Kastamonulu Mustafa Muslihuddin Çelebi, İsmâil Çorûmî, Ömer Fuâdî, Muhyiddin Kastamonî şeklinde devam ederek tarikatın pîri Şeyh Şâbân-ı Velî’ye (ö. 976/1568) ulaşır.
Kuşadalı, diğer esmâ tarikatları gibi esmâ-i hüsnâdan yedi ismin (kelime-i tevhid, Allah, hû, hay, hak, kayyûm, kahhâr) zikredilmesini seyrüsülûk esası olarak ele alan, halvet ve tekke merkezli tasavvuf anlayışına sahip Halvetiyye tarikatının tasavvuf anlayışına getirdiği yeniliklerle temayüz etmiş ve bu sebeple kendisine Halvetî-Şâbânî tarikatının kendi adıyla anılan Kuşadalı (Kuşadaviyye, İbrâhimiyye) kolu nisbet edilmiştir.
Tekkelerde artık feyiz kalmadığını söyleyerek tasavvuf anlayışında tekkeye yer vermeyişi, seyrüsülûkü tekke dışında bulunduğu her yerde sohbetlerle sürdürmesi, ilim tahsilini seyrüsülûkün yarısı sayması, esmâ zikrini zorunlu bir uygulama olmaktan çıkarıp müridde istidat zuhur edinceye kadar istiğfar ve salavât-ı şerîfe dersiyle yetinmesi, kul tertibi dediği evrâd ve ahzâb okuma yerine zikir olarak mânasını düşünüp yüksek sesle Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’i hatmetmeyi tavsiye etmesi, Nakşibendiyye’ye has bir uygulama olarak bilinen râbıtayı sırrullah, sırr-ı beytullah ve sırr-ı Resûlullah olduğunu söyleyerek tarikatın en önemli esası haline getirmesi, bazı mensuplarına zikir telkini konusunda izin vermekle birlikte hiç kimseyi halife tayin etmemesi, bu konu kendisine sorulduğunda hâl-i hilâfet kimde zâhir olursa ona tâbi olmalarını söylemesi gibi hususlar, Kuşadalı’nın toplumda yaygın olan tasavvuf ve tarikat anlayışına getirdiği önemli yeniliklerdir. Bunların büyük bir kısmının Hacı Bayrâm-ı Velî’den itibaren Bayramî Melâmiliği’nde uygulanagelen hususlar olduğu ve mürşidinin pîri Çerkeşî Mustafa Efendi’nin melâmete dair bir risâlesi bulunduğu dikkate alınırsa Kuşadalı’nın bu tarikattan etkilendiği söylenebilir. Bununla birlikte mektuplarında bu konuya temas etmediği görülmektedir.
Kuşadalı’nın vefatı üzerine ihvan hâl-i hilâfetin Bosnalı Mehmed Tevfik Efendi’de tecelli ettiğini görerek kendisine biat etmiştir. Kuşadalı’nın halifeleri olarak tanıtılan Rusçuklu Ali Fethi, Aydî Baba, Keçecizâde Hâfız Ali İzzet, Mehmed Kırîmî, Ahmed İzzet, Kadızâde Ömer Halvetî, Ali Fikri, Muhammed Necib, Muhammed Şevki gibi isimler onun zikir telkin etmekle görevlendirdiği kişilerdir. Bosnalı Mehmed Tevfik Efendi’den sonra Kuşadalı tarikatının hilâfet makamına Niğdeli Bekir Efendi ve ardından Fâtih türbedârı olarak tanınan Ahmed Amiş Efendi geçmiş, mücâhedatın bir kısmını Kuşadalı’nın, geri kalanını da kendisinin kaldırdığını söyleyen Ahmed Amiş Efendi, döneminde tarikat tam anlamıyla Melâmetî bir nitelik kazanarak günümüze ulaşmıştır. Şeyhülvüzerâ Nâmık Paşa, Abdülaziz Mecdi Tolun, Osman Nuri Ergin, Süheyl Ünver, Fethi Gemuhluoğlu bu tarikattan feyiz alan önemli şahsiyetlerdir.
Kuşadalı’nın yukarıda adı geçen mensuplarından Keçecizâde Hâfız Ali İzzet, Mehmed Kırîmî ve Ahmed İzzet efendiler, Fatih Çarşamba’da Lokmacı sokağında bulunan Rumeli Kazaskeri Hacı Hasan Refet Efendi’nin hankahında irşad faaliyetini sürdürmüşlerdir.
Kuşadalı’nın, Bektaşîliği tarikat ve tekkelerin yozlaşmasına çarpıcı bir örnek olarak gösterdiğine, yeniçeriliğin kaldırılması ve Bektaşîliğin yasaklanması konusunda II. Mahmud’un izlediği politikayı desteklediğine dair görüşlerin (Öztürk, s. 3, 4; İst.A , IV, 125) bir kanıtı bulunmamaktadır. Mehmed Esad adlı birine yazılmış mektuptan hareketle bu kişinin, Yeniçeri Ocağı’nın kaldırılması ve Bektaşî tekkelerinin kapatılmasına dair Üss-i Zafer adlı eseri yazan Vak‘anüvis Mehmed Esad Efendi olmasının kuvvetli bir ihtimal ve bunun yukarıdaki görüşü kesinleştiren bir kanıt olduğu ileri sürülmüşse de (Öztürk, s. 3, 136) mektubun Akhisar’da ikamet eden Kazasker Şehrîzâde Mehmed Esad Efendi’ye yazıldığının tesbit edilmesiyle (Azamat, IV [1984], 328) bu ihtimalin doğru olmadığı anlaşılmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
BA , İrade-Meclis-i Vâlâ, nr. 10512.
Enderunlu Ali Âlî, Hidâyetü’l-velî fî vâridâtı Kuşadalı , İÜ Ktp., TY, nr. 9949; a.e. , Ankara, ts.
Aydî Divanı (nşr. Ömer Asım Aksoy), Ankara 1954, s. XXIV-XXXV (Sami Evrenosoğlu’nun nâşire yazdığı mektup).
Cevdet, Tezâkir , IV, 15.
Bursalı Mehmed Tahir, Aydın Vilâyetine Mensûb Meşâyih, Ulemâ, Şuarâ, Müverrihîn ve Etibbânın Terâcim-i Ahvâli , İzmir 1324, s. 22.
a.mlf., Osmanlı Müellifleri , I, 151-152.
Tomar-Halvetiyye , s. 77-79.
Hüseyin Vassâf, Sefîne , IV, 71-80.
a.mlf., “Kuşadalı İbrâhim Efendi”, Cerîde-i Sûfiyye , sy. 191 (1330), s. 144.
Osman Nuri Ergin, Balıkesirli Abdülaziz Mecdi Tolun: Hayatı ve Şahsiyeti , İstanbul 1942, s. 143-147.
Zâkir Şükrü, Mecmûa-i Tekâyâ (Tayşi) , s. 28, 39, 60.
Yaşar Nuri Öztürk, Kuşadalı İbrahim Halvetî, Hayatı, Düşünceleri, Mektupları , İstanbul 1982.
Ahmed Güner Sayar, A. Süheyl Ünver, Hayatı, Şahsiyeti ve Eserleri , İstanbul 1994, s. 499-501.
Nihat Hayri Azamat, “Kuşadalı İbrahim Halveti”, Osm.Ar. , IV (1984), s. 325-335.
a.mlf., “Çerkeşî Mustafa Efendi”, DİA , VIII, 273.
Ekrem Işın, “İbrahim Efendi (Kuşadalı)”, İst.A , IV, 124-125.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2002 yılında Ankara’da basılan 26. cildinde, 468-470 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.