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KUSSÂS Skip to content Halk hikâyecisi veya vâiz anlamında terim.
Kass kökünün ism-i fâili kāss ın çoğulu olan kussâs hadislerde daha çok “bir olayı veya rüyayı anlatan, bir kimsenin izini takip eden, vaaz ve nasihat eden kimseler” anlamında kullanılmıştır. Bir olayı nakleden, hikâye yazan, kıssa ve destan anlatan ve dinî öğütler veren kıssacı vâize kās denmiş; insanları eğitmek, dinî duygularını geliştirmek maksadıyla Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de yer alan kıssaları nakledip açıklayan vâizlere de bu ad verilmiştir. “Hikâye, rivayet, haber ve iz” mânalarına gelen kasas kelimesi, ilk dönemlerde “dinî nasihat” anlamında kullanılmış, eski milletlere dair haberlere kasas denmiştir. Câhiliye toplumunda edebî, içtimaî ve kültürel hayatın içinde şiir ve hitabetin yanı sıra kıssa anlatma ve dinleme geleneğinin önemli bir yeri olduğundan kabilelerin şairleri, hatipleri ve kâhinleri sosyal hayattaki etkinlik ve tesirleri bakımından aynı zamanda birer kās sayılmaktaydı.
İslâmî dönemde kıssa anlatma faaliyetinin ne zaman başladığı ve ilk kıssacının kim olduğu konusunda değişik rivayetler vardır. Kıssacılığın Hz. Peygamber, Ebû Bekir ve Ömer devirlerinde görülmediği (İbn Mâce, “Edeb”, 40) veya ilk defa Temîm ed-Dârî’nin Hz. Ömer’den izin alarak kıssa anlattığı (Müsned , III, 449) yahut Hz. Osman’ın şehid edilmesinden sonra başladığı kaydedilmektedir (İbn Şebbe, I, 10; İbnü’l-Cevzî, s. 178-179). Hasan-ı Basrî kıssacılığın bid‘at olduğunu, İbn Sîrîn ise bu âdeti ilk defa Hâricîler’in ortaya çıkardığını söylemiş, fitnenin zuhurundan sonra kıssacılığı Muâviye b. Ebû Süfyân’ın ihdas ettiği de ileri sürülmüştür (İbnü’l-Cevzî, s. 179; Makrîzî, II, 253; Süyûtî, Taḥẕîrü’l-ḫavâṣ , s. 235, 275).
Resûl-i Ekrem, Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in emirleri ve genel prensipleri doğrultusunda vaaz ve nasihatte bulunmuş, vaazlarında tarihî ve temsilî kıssalara yer vermiş, kıssa anlatıldığını duyduğu halde bunu yasaklamamıştır (Müsned , III, 474, V, 261; Ebû Dâvûd, “ʿİlim”, 13; İbnü’l-Cevzî, s. 168-170). Bununla beraber Hz. Peygamber hayatta iken onun mescidinde kıssa anlatılmamış, namaz kılındıktan sonra halkalar halinde oturularak ilmî müzakereler yapılmış, zaman zaman Câhiliye haberlerinden söz açılmış, hikmetli şiirler okunmuştur. Öte yandan Resûl-i Ekrem’in emir, memur veya gösteriş düşkününden başkasının kıssa anlatamayacağını söylemesi (İbn Mâce, “Edeb”, 40; Ebû Dâvûd, “ʿİlim”, 13) ve kıssacılığın İsrâiloğulları’nı helâk eden sebepler arasında zikredilmesi (Heysemî, I, 190) herkesin kıssa anlatarak vaaz edemeyeceğini, sorumluluğu gerektiren bu işin bir noktada sınırlandırılması gerektiğini düşündürmektedir.
Rivayetlerin büyük çoğunluğunda, sahâbe arasında ibadete düşkünlüğüyle bilinen Temîm ed-Dârî’nin kıssa anlatmak için Hz. Ömer’den birçok defa izin istediği, onun da bu işin tehlikesine dikkat çektikten sonra kendisine sadece cuma günleri namazdan önce vaaz etmesi için izin verdiği belirtilmektedir.
Bazı kaynaklarda tâbiînden muhaddis Ubeyd b. Umeyr el-Leysî’den ilk kıssacı diye söz edilmekte (İbn Sa‘d, V, 463), Mekkeliler’in vâizi diye şöhret bulan bu âlim ilk dönem kaynaklarında kās, daha sonraki kaynaklarda vâiz diye geçmekte (Zehebî, Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ , IV, 156-157), bu da vâizlerin ilk devirlerde kās diye anıldığını göstermektedir. Ayrıca Hâris b. Muâviye el-Kindî’nin kıssa anlatmak için Hz. Ömer’e başvurduğu (Müsned , I, 18), yine ashaptan Esved b. Serî‘in Basra Mescidi’nde ilk defa kıssa anlattığı, Medine vâizi olarak bilinen İbn Ebü’s-Sâib’e Hz. Âişe’nin bazı tavsiyelerde bulunduğu, onun da bu tavsiyeler doğrultusunda cuma günleri müslümanlara vaaz ettiği kaydedilmektedir (Müsned , VI, 217; İbn Şebbe, I, 13). Hz. Ömer döneminde (634-644) resmî görevler arasında yer almaya başlayan kıssacılık Hz. Osman zamanında (644-656) aynı şekilde devam etmiş, hatta Temîm’e verilen izin haftada iki güne çıkarılmıştır (Zehebî, Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ , II, 448). Ancak Hz. Osman’ın şehid edilmesiyle başlayan siyasî ve fikrî karışıklıklar, Cemel ve Sıffîn savaşları ve bunların sonucunda ortaya çıkan çeşitli fırka ve mezheplerin kendi görüşlerini destekleme ihtiyacı uydurma hadislerin zuhuruna sebep olduğu gibi dönemin en etkili propaganda vasıtalarından olan hitabet ve belâgata, özellikle siyasî hitabelerle ideolojik vaaza büyük ölçüde zemin hazırlamıştır. Nitekim Hz. Ali’nin Sıffîn dönüşü kendi karşıtlarına kunut okutup beddua ettiği, bunun üzerine Muâviye’nin de mescid ve karargâhlarda sabah ve akşam namazlarından sonra kıssa anlatmak, kendisine ve Şamlılar’a dua etmek maksadıyla bazılarını görevlendirdiği, böylece “kasasu’l-hâssa” denilen resmî veya siyasî kıssacılığın başladığı, buna göre kıssacının sabah namazından sonra halifeye, taraftarlarına ve ordusuna dua, yönetim muhaliflerine ve müşriklere ise beddua ettiği, kıssacılığın “kasasü’l-âmme” denilen türünde vâizin halka öğüt verdiği belirtilmektedir (Makrîzî, II, 253). Emevîler dönemine gelindiğinde vaaz ve kıssacılık büyük ölçüde gelişme kaydetmiş, İslâm coğrafyasının çeşitli merkezlerinde hatip veya kās olarak adlandırılan pek çok kişi yetişmiştir (Emevîler döneminde hitabetin gelişme sebepleri, çeşitleri, bu dönemde vaaz ve kıssacılığın kaydettiği gelişme ile dönemin meşhur vâizleri hakkında geniş bilgi için bk. Şevkī Dayf, II, 405-435).
Muâviye, vâizlik ve kadılık görevlerini aynı şahsın sorumluluğuna verme uygulamasını başlatmış, Amr b. Âs’ın ordusunda kāslık görevi yapan ve Mısır’da ilk defa kıssa anlatan Süleym b. Itr et-Tücîbî’yi kadı tayin etmiştir (Kindî, s. 303). Emevîler döneminde halifeler vâizliğe gerekli desteği vermiş, vaaz ve kıssacılık bir taraftan siyasî bir mahiyet kazanırken diğer taraftan genelde dönemin siyasî ve iktisadî şartlarına bir tepki şeklinde ortaya çıkan zühd hareketinden etkilenmiş, âbid ve zâhid olarak bilinen pek çok vâiz ortaya çıkmıştır. Hasan-ı Basrî, Safvân b. Muhriz, İbrâhim et-Teymî, Mutarrif b. Abdullah, Yezîd er-Rekāşî, Ziyâd b. Abdullah en-Nümeyrî, Bilâl b. Sa‘d, Ebû Hâzım Seleme b. Dînâr bu ekole mensup ünlü vâizlerden bazılarıdır.
Tâbiîn döneminden itibaren değişik kültürlerle temasın sonucunda uydurma rivayetlerin ve İsrâilî haberlerin artışı tebeu’t-tâbiîn devrinde daha geniş boyutlara ulaşmış, bunların müslüman topluluklar arasında yayılmasında ve bazı asılsız haberlerin tarih, tefsir ve hadis kitaplarında yer almasında kās ve kārî gibi sıfatlarla anılan kıssacı vâizlerin rolü büyük olmuştur. Önceleri “vâiz” mânasında yaygın olarak kullanılan kās kelimesi, III. (IX.) yüzyıldan itibaren bazı olumsuzlukları çağrıştırması yüzünden terkedilmiş (Mustafa Sâdık er-Râfiî, I, 383), bunun yerine daha çok vâiz ve müzekkir kelimeleri kullanılmıştır. Abbâsîler döneminde sosyal, ekonomik ve kültürel hayatta görülen gelişmelerin sonucu olarak vaaz ve kıssacılık önemli ölçüde yaygınlık kazanmış, sûfî meşrepli âbid ve zâhid vâizler özellikle Basra ve Bağdat çevresinde etkili konuşmaları ve kendilerine has metotlarıyla halkı irşad etmeye çalışmış, daha çok tarihçi kimliği ön plana çıkan ve İsrâilî haberleri nakletmekle şöhret bulan kıssacı vâizler cami ve mescidlerde bu görevi devam ettirmişlerdir.
Kıssa geleneği, III. (IX.) yüzyılın ortalarından itibaren iyice yaygınlaşarak sokaklara taşmış, bir geçim ve kazanç kapısı haline gelmiş, nihayet 279’da (892) halife Bağdat’ta bir ferman yayımlayarak kıssacıların sokaklarda ve camilerde kıssa anlatmalarını yasaklamış, bu ferman 284’te (897) tekrarlanmıştır (Taberî, Târîḫ , X, 28, 54). Yine bu devrelerde, Bedîüzzaman el-Hemedânî’nin makāmelerinde görüldüğü gibi vaaz ve kıssacılığın makāme denilen edebî bir sanat halinde dilenciliğe ve insanları aldatmaya yönelik bir meslek haline dönüşmesi, onun sosyal hayat bakımından ulaştığı boyutları ve sebep olduğu karmaşayı göstermektedir. Bu dönemde yaşayan ünlü sûfî ve vâiz Ebû Tâlib el-Mekkî bid‘atçılık kabul ettiği kıssacılığa şiddetle karşı çıkmış, İmam Gazzâlî de kıssacı vâizlerin yol açtığı zararlara dikkat çekmiştir (İḥyâʾ , I, 53-58; II, 485; III, 578-579).
Kıssacılar ashap, tâbiîn ve diğer İslâm âlimleri tarafından ilmî yetersizlikleri, doğru sözlü olmamaları, şahsî çıkar peşinde koşmaları, konuşmalarında abartılı ifadelere yer vermeleri, siyasîlere veya muhtelif cereyanlara alet olmaları ve hadis uydurmaları yüzünden tenkit edilmiştir. Nitekim Abdullah b. Ömer, Mekkeliler’in vâizi Ubeyd b. Umeyr gibi şahsiyetlerin vaaz meclislerine katılmakla beraber seviyesiz kimselerin kıssa anlatması halinde ya mescidi terkederek veya emniyet güçlerinden yardım isteyerek tepkisini ortaya koymuştur (İbnü’l-Cevzî, s. 196; Şemseddin İbn Müflih, II, 82). Ebû Abdurrahman es-Sülemî talebelerine kussâs toplantılarına kesinlikle katılmamalarını tavsiye etmiş, fakih ve muhaddis Ebû Kılâbe el-Cermî kıssacıların ilmi öldürdüklerini söylemiş, Dımaşk kadısı ve muhaddis Ebû İdrîs el-Havlânî de kıssa anlatacak kimsenin fakih olması gerektiğini belirtmiştir. Meymûn b. Mihrân, Mâlik b. Enes ve Muhammed b. Kesîr es-San‘ânî de kıssacılara karşı olumsuz tutum ve beyanlarıyla tanınan âlimlerdir. Ahmed b. Hanbel kıssacıların yalancılığına işaret etmekle beraber kıssacı vâizlerin halk üzerindeki bazı olumlu etkilerine dikkat çekmiştir (Ebû Tâlib el-Mekkî, I, 151; Şemseddin İbn Müflih, II, 82-85).
Bir kısım kıssacılar hadis münekkitlerince değişik seviyelerde cerhedilerek zayıf sayılanlar tek tek ele alınıp değerlendirilmiş, bunların genellikle tasavvuf ekolüne mensup âbid ve zâhid şahsiyetler oldukları, konuşmalarında daha çok Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de yer alan cennet ve cehennem tasvirleri üzerinde durdukları, günah korkusu, cehennem azabı ve dünyaya önem vermemek gibi konuları işledikleri görülmüştür. Ehl-i kitaba ait kaynaklara başvurarak Merv Camii’nde kıssa anlatan Mukātil b. Süleyman tanınmış bir müfessir olmasına rağmen hadis münekkitlerince yalancı bir râvi kabul edilmiştir. Cu‘fe Mescidi’nde altmış yıl imamlık yapan ve Râfizî fikirleriyle tanınan kıssacı vâiz Amr b. Şemir el-Kûfî oldukça ağır lafızlarla eleştirilmiştir. Daha çok tarihçi kimliğiyle ön plana çıkan Basralı hatip ve kıssacı Ebû Bekir el-Hüzelî’nin rivayetleri güvenilir bulunmamıştır. Aynı yıllarda Basra’da vaaz edip kıssalar anlatan ve felsefî fikirleriyle tanınan Sâlih b. Abdülkuddûs zındıklık ithamıyla Halife Mehdî-Billâh tarafından öldürülmüştür. Kaderiyye mezhebi mensubu Mûsâ b. Seyyâr el-Üsvârî, siyere ve Kur’an’ın yorumlarına son derece vâkıf olduğu belirtilen Kaderî ve Mu‘tezilî fikirleriyle tanınan Amr b. Fâid, III. (IX.) yüzyılın kıssacı vâizlerinden Süleyman b. Amr el-Kûfî, Ebû Huzeyfe İshak b. Bişr, Abdülmün‘im b. İdrîs el-Yemânî, Gulâmu Halîl gibi isimler de en ağır cerh lafızlarıyla tenkit edilmiş yalancı râvilerden bazılarıdır.
Vâiz ve kıssacıların hadis ilmiyle olan münasebetlerini ilk dönemlerden itibaren tenkitçi bir yaklaşımla ele alan bazı önemli eserler şunlardır: İbn Ebû Âsım, el-Müẕekkir ve’t-teẕkîr ve’ẕ-ẕikr (nşr. Amr b. Abdülmün‘im, Tanta 1412/1992; nşr. Ebû Yâsir Hâlid b. Kāsım er-Redâdî, Riyad 1413/1993); Ebû Bekir Muhammed b. Hasan en-Nakkāş, Aḫbârü’l-ḳuṣṣâṣ (İbnü’n-Nedîm, s. 50; Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 62); İbnü’l-Cevzî, el-Ḳuṣṣâṣ ve’l-müẕekkirûn (nşr. Ebû Hâcer Muhammed Saîd b. Besyûnî Zağlûl, Beyrut 1406/1986; nşr. Merlin L. Swartz, Beyrut 1986; nşr. Muhammed Lutfî es-Sabbâğ, Beyrut 1409/1988); Ebü’l-Fütûh Es‘ad b. Mahmûd b. Halef el-İclî, Âfâtü’l-vuʿʿâẓ (Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 131); Ebü’l-Ferec Abdurrahman b. Necm ed-Dımaşkī, Târîḫu’l-vuʿʿâẓ (Zehebî, Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ , XXIII, 7); İbn Teymiyye, Eḥâdîs̱ü’l-ḳuṣṣâṣ (Fi’l-kelâm ʿale’l-ḳuṣṣâṣ , nşr. Abdülhamîd Şânûha, Cidde 1987; nşr. Muhammed Lutfî es-Sabbâğ, Beyrut 1408/1988); Zeynüddin el-Irâkī, el-Bâʿis̱ ʿale’l-ḫalâṣ min ḥavâdîs̱i’l-ḳuṣṣâṣ (bk. bibl.); Süyûtî, Taḥẕîrü’l-ḫavâṣ min ekâẕîbi’l-ḳuṣṣâṣ (nşr. Muhammed Lutfî es-Sabbâğ, Beyrut 1404/1984) ve Taḥẕîrü’l-eyḳāẓ min ekâẕîbi’l-vuʿʿâẓ (nşr. Ali Toksarı, Kayseri 1993); Muhammed Lutfî es-Sabbâğ, Târîḫu’l-ḳuṣṣâṣ ve es̱eruhüm fi’l-ḥadîs̱i’n-nebevî ve reʾyü’l-ʿulemâʾ fîhim (Beyrut 1405/1985). Konuyla ilgili olarak Hasan Cirit Hadiste Vaaz, Kıssacılık ve Kussâs adıyla bir doktora çalışması yapmıştır (1997, MÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Ebû Dâvûd, “ʿİlim”, 13.
İbn Sa‘d, eṭ-Ṭabaḳāt , V, 463-464.
İbn Şebbe, Târîḫu’l-Medîneti’l-münevvere , I, 10, 13.
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a.mlf., Câmiʿu’l-beyân , Kahire 1388/1968, XII, 150.
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Ebû Tâlib el-Mekkî, Ḳūtü’l-ḳulûb , Beyrut, ts., I, 148-149, 151, 156.
Hâkim, el-Müstedrek (Atâ) , II, 376.
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Zehebî, Mîzânü’l-iʿtidâl , I, 47; II, 668; IV, 173-175, 206.
a.mlf., Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ , II, 448; IV, 156-157; XI, 86, 300; XIV, 574; XXIII, 7.
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Zeynüddin el-Irâkī, el-Bâʿis̱ ʿale’l-ḫalâṣ min ḥavâdîs̱i’l-ḳuṣṣâṣ (nşr. M. Lutfî es-Sabbâğ, Eḍvâʾü’ş-şerîʿa , IV, Riyad 1393 içinde), s. 81-171.
Heysemî, Mecmaʿu’z-zevâʾid , I, 190.
Makrîzî, el-Ḫıṭaṭ , II, 253.
İbn Hacer, Tehẕîbü’t-Tehẕîb , I, 511.
Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 62, 131.
Süyûtî, Ḥüsnü’l-muḥâḍara , I, 551-552.
a.mlf., Taḥẕîrü’l-ḫavâṣ min ekâẕîbi’l-ḳuṣṣâṣ (nşr. M. Lutfî es-Sabbâğ), Beyrut 1404/1984, s. 191-192, 195-197, 233, 235-237, 239, 246, 248, 251-252, 260, 263, 275-276, 278.
a.mlf., Taḥẕîrü’l-eyḳāẓ min ekâẕîbi’l-vuʿʿâẓ (nşr. Ali Toksarı), Kayseri 1993.
Şevkī Dayf, Târîḫu’l-edeb , II, 405-435.
Vedîa Tâhâ en-Necm, el-Ḳaṣaṣ ve’l-ḳuṣṣâṣ fi’l-edebi’l-İslâmî , Küveyt 1972.
Mustafa Sâdık er-Râfiî, Târîḫu âdâbi’l-ʿArab , Beyrut 1394/1974, I, 383.
M. Yaşar Kandemir, Mevzû Hadisler , Ankara 1975, s. 86, 88, 89.
a.mlf., “Gulâmu Halîl”, DİA , XIV, 187.
Abdullah Aydınlı, Doğuş Devrinde Tasavvuf ve Hadis , İstanbul 1982, s. 209, 218.
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M. Lutfî es-Sabbâğ, Târîḫu’l-ḳuṣṣâṣ ve es̱eruhüm fi’l-ḥadîs̱i’n-nebevî ve reʾyü’l-ʿulemâʾ fîhim , Beyrut 1405/1985.
Fahreddin Atar, İslâm Adliye Teşkilâtı , Ankara 1991, s. 112.
Hasan Cirit, Hadiste Vaaz, Kıssacılık ve Kussâs (doktora tezi, 1997), MÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
Mücteba Uğur, “Va‘z, Kıssacılık ve Hadiste Kussâs”, AÜİFD , XXVIII (1986), s. 291-326.
D. B. Macdonald, “Kıssa”, İA , VI, 771-774.
Ch. Pellat, “Ḳāṣṣ”, EI2 (İng.) , IV, 733-735.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2002 yılında Ankara’da basılan 26. cildinde, 463-465 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.