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KUSTÂ b. LÛKĀ Skip to content Kustâ b. Lûkā el-Ba‘lebekkî (ö. 300/912-13)
Hıristiyan mütercim, hekim ve bilim adamı.
205 (820-21) yılı civarında Grek kökenli hıristiyan bir ailenin çocuğu olarak Suriye’nin Ba‘lebek (Heliopolis) şehrinde dünyaya geldi. Tahsili hakkında bilgi yoktur. İlim hayatının başlarında Bizans’ın yönetiminde olan Anadolu topraklarını ziyaret etmiş ve memleketine daha sonra Arapça ve Süryânîce’ye tercüme edeceği Grekçe eserlerle dönmüştür. Şöhretinin yayılmaya başlamasıyla Bağdat’a çağrılan Kustâ, burada dönemin Abbâsî halifesi Müstaîn-Billâh (862-866) için başta hekimlik olmak üzere çeşitli ilmî hizmetlerde bulunmuştur. Muhtemelen 865’ten önceki bir tarihte yönetici Senhârîb (Sancherib) tarafından Ermenistan’a davet edildi ve buraya yerleşerek hayatının daha sonraki dönemini burada geçirdi. Tecrübeli bir hekim, iyi bir mütercim ve âlim olarak Bağdat’ta kazandığı şöhreti burada da sürdü ve yüksek çevrelerden itibar gördü. Özellikle patrik Ebü’l-Gışrîf’in himayesi altında yaptığı çalışmalar arasında Hz. Muhammed’in nübüvvetiyle ilgili olarak Ebû Îsâ Ali b. Yahyâ el-Müneccim’e cevaben yazdığı risâle dikkati çekmektedir. Kustâ b. Lûkā Ermenistan’da öldü.
Kustâ b. Lûkā’nın ilmî şahsiyeti hakkında bilgi veren müslüman kaynakları onun Grekçe, Süryânîce ve Arapça’ya olan hâkimiyetiyle üslûbunun akıcılığını özellikle vurgulamaktadır. Tercümelerdeki başarısının yanı sıra tıptaki şöhreti İbnü’n-Nedîm tarafından hekim ve mütercim Huneyn b. İshak ile karşılaştırılmıştır (el-Fihrist , s. 353). Kustâ b. Lûkā başta tıp olmak üzere felsefe, aritmetik, geometri, astronomi, mantık ve siyaset gibi alanlarda altmıştan fazla eser kaleme almıştır. Çevirilerinin sayısı da on yediyi bulmaktadır. Tıbba dair eserlerine Ebû Bekir er-Râzî ve İbnü’l-Cezzâr gibi müslüman hekimlerce başvurulduğu bilinmektedir. Öklid’in Elementa ’sı üzerine Kitâb fî şükûki Kitâbi Öḳlîdis ile Risâle fi’stiḫrâci mesâʾil ʿadediyye mine’l-maḳāleti’s̱-s̱âlis̱e min Öḳlîdis adlarıyla bilinen yorumları yahut Diophantus’un Arithmetica ’sı üzerine yaptığı tercüme ve Tefsîr li-s̱elâs̱ maḳālât ve nıṣf min Kitâbi Diyûfanṭis fi’l-mesâʾili’l-ʿadediyye ismiyle bilinen şerhi matematik konusundaki uzmanlığının birer göstergesidir. Astronomi alanında ise genel konular hakkında yazdıklarının yanı sıra el-Küretü’n-nücûmiyye adlı küresel usturlaba dair eseri etkili olmuştur. Kendisinin psikoloji-tıp ilişkilerini açıklayan eski teorilere de ilgi duyduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Nitekim muskaların hastalar üzerindeki olumlu etkisi, karakter farklılıklarının sebebi, nefis ve ruh kavramları arasındaki terminolojik ayırımlar üzerine yazdıkları daha sonra Latin dünyasında yankı uyandırmıştır. Arapça’ya yaptığı, günümüze de ulaşan tercümeleri arasında yer alan İskenderiyeli Heron’un Mechanica ’sı (Fî Refʿi’l-eşyâʾi’s̱-s̱aḳīle ), Samoslu Aristarchus’un De Magnitudine et distantia solis et lunae ’sı (Kitâbü Cirmi’n-neyyireyn li-Aristarhis ), Autolycus’un De ortu occasione siderum inerrantium ’u (Kitâbü’ṭ-Ṭulûʿ ve’l-ġurûb li-Utûlîkûs ), Hypsicles’in De ascensionibus ’u (Kitâbü’l-Meṭâliʿ li-İbsiklâvûs ), Bithynialı Theodosius’un De sphaeris ve De habitationibus ’u (Kitâbü’l-Mesâkin li-Taʾûdusiyûs ) İslâm bilim dünyasına önemli katkılar sağlamıştır. Bu çevirilerden bazıları, Cremonalı Gerard’ın Theodosius tercümelerinde olduğu gibi daha sonra yapılan Latince çevirilere esas teşkil etmiş ve Grek-Latin bilim dünyasını birbirine bağlayan bir köprü oluşturmuştur. Yine Latince’de Placita Philosophorum ismiyle bilinen, sözde Plutarchos’a (aslında Aetius’a) ait, çeşitli filozofların tabiat felsefesine dair görüşlerini içeren Fi’l-Ârâʾi’ṭ-ṭabîʿiyye adlı tercümesi de Ortaçağ Batı felsefe dünyasında sıkça okunmuştur. Kustâ’nın Latin dünyasına etkisi Arapça tercümeleriyle sınırlı değildir. Telif çalışmaları arasında küresel usturlapla ilgili eserini Stephanus Arnaldus De sphaera solide ismiyle, muskalar (veya tılsımlar) üzerine olan eserini de Villanovalı Arnald De physicis ligaturis (De incantatione) adıyla Latince’ye çevirmiştir. Özellikle nefis ve ruh kavramlarının farkı üzerine yazdığı (aş.bk.), Johannes Hispelansis tarafından Latince’ye tercüme edilen eserine Albertus Magnus ve Roger Bacon gibi ünlü düşünürler bilhassa Aristo’nun De Anima adlı eserinin açıklamaları çerçevesinde başvurmuştur. Onun Latince eserlerde genellikle Costa ben Luca yahut Constabulus şeklinde yazılan ismi Ortaçağ’ın sonlarına doğru oldukça yaygın şekilde bilinmekteydi; ancak eserlerinin sık sık başka yazarlarla, özellikle de Afrikalı Konstantin ile karıştırıldığı belirtilmelidir (DSB , XI, 244-246).
Kustâ b. Lûkā’nın ilmî ve felsefî perspektifi insan bilgisinin birikime dayalı niteliğini esas almaktadır. Ona göre ilâhî bilgi her şeyi kuşattığından, içgüdü ise teorik akla dayanmadığından artmaz. Halbuki insan aklı için bilgi, bilinenden bilinmeyene doğru gittikçe artan bir birikimi ifade etmekte ve giderek ilerlemektedir. İnsan aklının ortaya koyduğu çeşitli uygarlık ürünleri arasında felsefe teori ve pratiği kendinde birleştiren yegâne sanattır. Teorik açıdan felsefe, var olan bütün nesnelerin hakikatini konu edinirken pratik açıdan insan nefsinin ıslahıyla meşgul olur. Bu uğraşında başvurduğu alet mantıktır. Son amacı ise insanın kapasitesi elverdiğince Tanrı’ya benzemeye çalışmasıdır. Buna paralel biçimde felsefî ilimleri teorik ve pratik olarak ikiye ayıran Kustâ b. Lûkā ilk kategoriye fizik, matematik ve metafiziği, ikincisine ahlâk, ev yönetimi ve politikayı koymaktadır (Daiber, Zeitschrift , VI [1990], s. 102-110). Onun dile getirilmiş bilgi, teorik araştırma ve araçlı uygulamayı kendinde birleştiren bir sanat olarak gördüğü tıp alanında ortaya koyduğu eserler akılcı yöntemleri esas alan ilmî perspektifin birer ürünüdür; ancak müellifin tıpla büyü uygulamalarını yan yana getirdiği de bilinmektedir. Muskaların tıbbî etkisi üzerine yazdığı bir risâlede bu konuyu ele almış ve etkilerinin tecrübeyle sabit olduğunu ileri sürmüştür. Kustâ’ya göre muskaların etkisi akılcı yöntemlerle açıklanamazsa da gözlemlenebilmektedir. Modern tıp açısından bilim dışı sayılabilecek bu tutumun günümüz anlayışı bakımından anlamlı olan boyutu ise Kustâ’nın muska uygulamalarının hastanın zihninde iyileşeceği yönünde güçlü bir inanç doğurduğunu tesbit etmesidir. Bu yaklaşım onun, bugünün tıbbında “placebo etkisi” denilen olguyu ilk defa tanımlayan hekim olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır (Wilcox – Riddle, I/1 [1995], s. 2). Uykusuzluk üzerine yazdığı bir risâlede uykusuzluğun mahiyetini anlamak için uykunun mahiyetinin kavranması gerektiğini, uykusuzluğa yol açan sebeplerin ancak bu şekilde çözümlenebileceğini belirtmiştir. Bu çerçevede uyku ve uykusuzluğun mahiyetiyle ilgili yaptığı tesbitler (Kahl, XLIII/2 [1998], s. 313) zamanımızda bilimsel sayılmayan eski tıbbın verilerine dayansa da onun bilimin temeli olan tanım ve sebep fikrine bağlı kaldığını göstermektedir. Ayrıca kendi çağında hâkim olan ruh ve nefis kavramlarının yol açtığı karışıklığı ortadan kaldırmak için bir kavram analizine yöneldiği de bilinmektedir. Kustâ’ya göre ruh kavramı daha ziyade organizma içinde bulunan latif bir cismi ifade etmekte iken nefis kavramı “cismanî olmayan cevher” anlamıyla metafizik bir boyuta sahiptir (Risâle fi’l-farḳ beyne’n-nefs ve’r-rûḥ , s. 108). Tıptaki mânasıyla ruh organizmanın mizacıyla yakından ilgili olup herhangi bir organın mizacındaki farklılıklar bu organda bulunan ruhu da etkilemektedir. Ancak Kustâ’ya göre insan karakterlerindeki farklılıkların sebebi sadece bu değildir. İnsan cevherinin doğuştan iyi veya kötü olması yahut sonradan edinilen kültürel alışkanlıklar da bu farklılaşmada etkili olmaktadır (Kitâbü ʿİleli iḫtilâfi’n-nâs , s. 113, 120). Bir hıristiyan Melkit olan ve dinî inançlarına bağlı kalan Kustâ b. Lûkā’nın fikrî çalışmalarında teolojik bir boyut vardır. Kendisi, Ebû Îsâ Ali b. Yahyâ el-Müneccim’in Hz. Muhammed’in nübüvvetini “geometrik delil” ile kanıtlamaya çalıştığı bir mektubuna cevap olarak tarihî, edebî, psikolojik deliller ileri sürmüş ve dinî inançlarını savunmuştur (Samir Khalil Samir, s. 112).
Eserleri. 1. Kitâb fi’l-iʿdâʾ . Hastalıkların bulaşması (enfeksiyon) hakkında olup neşri ve Almanca tercümesi Hartmut Fähndrich tarafından gerçekleştirilmiştir (Abhandlung über die Ansteckung von Qustâ ibn Lûqâ , Stuttgart 1987).
2. Risâle fî tedbîri seferi’l-ḥac . Hacılar için hazırlanmış on dört bölümden oluşan bir sağlık kılavuzudur (nşr. Gerrit Bos, Leiden 1992).
3. Kitâb fi’s-seher . Uykusuzluk (insomnia) ve sebeplerine dair olan eseri Oliver Kahl yayımlamış ve İngilizce’ye çevirmiştir (bk. bibl.).
4. De physicis ligaturis . Yalnızca Villanovalı Arnald tarafından yapılan Latince tercümesi mevcut olan eserin bilim tarihi açısından önemini, Latince neşrini ve İngilizce çevirisini Judith Wilcox ile John M. Riddle bir çalışmada ortaya koymuşlardır (bk. bibl.).
5. Risâle fi’l-farḳ beyne’r-rûḥ ve’n-nefs . Müellifin Eflâtun, Aristo, Teophrastos ve Câlînûs’un ruh hakkındaki görüşlerini derlediği ünlü eseri olup Giuseppe Gabrieli (“La Risalah di Qustâ b. Lûqâ ‘Sulla differenza tra lo spirito e l’anima’”, Rendiconti della Reale Accademia dei Lincei , XIX [Roma 1910], s. 622-655 [İtalyanca tercümesiyle birlikte]), Luvîs Şeyho (bk. bibl.) ve Hilmi Ziya Ülken (Resâilu’bn Sînâ [2] içinde [İstanbul 1953], s. 83-108) tarafından neşredilmiştir. Johannes Hispalensis’in yaptığı Latince çeviriyi Carl Sigmund Barach “Costa-Ben-Lucae, De Differentia Animae et Spiritus” başlığıyla yayımlamıştır (Bibliotheca Philosophorum Mediae Aetatis , Innsbruck 1878, II, 115-139). Hüseyin Aydın’ın “Kustâ b. Lûkā ve Ruh ile Nefs Arasındaki Ayırım Kitabı” başlığıyla bir makalesi neşredilmiştir (AÜİFD , XL [Ankara 1999], s. 387-402).
6. Kitâbü ʿİleli iḫtilâfi’n-nâs fî aḫlâḳıhim ve siyerihim ve şehevâtihim ve iḫtiyârihim . Paul Sbath tarafından Fransızca tercümesiyle birlikte yayımlanmıştır (bk. bibl.).
7. Maḳāle fi’l-burhân ʿalâ ʿameli ḥisâbi’l-ḫaṭâʾeyn . Aritmetiğe dair olan eseri Heinrich Suter Almanca’ya çevirmiştir (“Die Abhandlung Qostâ ben Lûqâs und zwei andere anonyme die Rechnung mit zwei Fehlern und mit der angenommenen Zahl”, Bibliotheca Mathematica , IX/2 [1908], s. 111-122).
8. Kitâb fi’l-ʿamel bi’l-küreti’n-nücûmiyye . Usturlabın kullanım yöntemiyle ilgili olup W. H. Worrel tarafından “On the Use of the Celestial Globe” (ISIS , XXXV [Baltimore 1944], s. 285-293) başlıklı bir çalışmada özetlenerek incelenmiştir.
9. Min Kelâmi Ḳusṭâ b. Lûḳā . İlimlerin taksimine dair bu kısa risâleyi Hans Daiber, Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’ndeki bir yazma nüshaya dayanarak (Ayasofya, nr. 4855, vr. 78b -81a ) Almanca tercümesi ve notlarla birlikte neşretmiştir (bk. bibl.).
Müellifin kütüphanelerde kayıtlı çok sayıdaki eserinden tıbba dair olan bazıları da şunlardır: Risâle fi’l-edviyeti’l-müshile ve’l-ʿilâc bi’l-ishâl , Risâle fi’t-taḥarruz mine’z-zükâm ve’n-nezelâti’lletî taʿriżu fi’ş-şitâʾ , Kitâb fî ʿileli’ş-şaʿr , Maḳāle fi’d-dem , Kitâb fi’l-aḫlâṭi’l-erbaʿa ve mâ teşterikü fîh , Kitâb fî ʿilleti’l-mevt fücʾeten (bir listesi için bk. Sezgin, III, 270-274). Matematik ve astronomiye dair eserleri arasında el-Medḫal ile’l-hendese , Kitâbü’l-Medḫal ilâ ʿilmi’n-nücûm , Risâle fîmâ yecibü en yuḳraʾe mine’l-mütevessiṭât ḳable’l-Macesṭî sayılabilir (a.g.e. , V, 285-286; VI, 180-182).
Kustâ b. Lûkā’nın aslı kayıp olan Mechanica tercümesini Carra de Vaux Fransızca tercümesiyle birlikte neşretmiştir (JA , IX/1 [1893], s. 386-472; IX/2, s. 152-209, 420-514; daha sonra bu çalışma Donald R. Hill’in girişi ve A. G. Drachman’ın açıklamalarıyla Les mécaniques ou l’élévateur des corps lourds adıyla yeniden yayımlanmıştır, Paris 1988). Diophantus tercümesi, Jacques Sesiano tarafından Books IV to VII of Diophantus’ Aritmetica başlığını taşıyan geniş bir incelemeyle birlikte neşredilmiştir (Paris 1982). Fi’l-Ârâʾi’ṭ-ṭabîʿiyye tercümesini Abdurrahman Bedevî yayımlamıştır (Arisṭûtâlîs fi’n-Nefs , Kahire 1954, s. 191-227). Aslı yanlış olarak Plutarchos’a nisbet edilen bu risâlenin Aetius adlı müellifle ilişkisi Hans Daiber tarafından Aetius Arabus adlı müstakil bir araştırmada ortaya konmuştur (Wiesbaden 1980). Kustâ’nın Romalı hekim Rufus’tan Kitâbü’n-Nebîẕ ve şurbih fi’l-velâʾim adıyla tercüme ettiği bir risâleyi Hakîm Seyyid Zıllurrahman ilim âlemine tanıtmıştır (“Risalah-i Nabidh of Qustā b. Lūqā”, Studies in History of Medicine & Science , IX/3-4 [1985], s. 185-201).
Giuseppe Gabrieli, Kustâ b. Lûkā’nın hayatı ve eserleri üzerine bir çalışma yapmış (“Nota biobibliografica su Qustā Ibn Lūqā”, Rendiconti della Reale Accademia dei Lincei , XXI [Roma 1912], s. 341-382), Carl Sigmund Barach, Luvîs Şeyho ve Giuseppe Gabrieli’nin yukarıda anılan çalışmaları ile Paul Sbath’ın anılan neşri Fuat Sezgin tarafından tıpkıbasım olarak topluca yayımlanmıştır (Islamic Medicine , XXXIV, Frankfurt 1996). Kustâ’nın, Ebû Îsâ Ali b. Yahyâ el-Müneccim ile giriştiği teolojik tartışmayla ilgili olarak Khalil Samir ve Paul Nwyia’nın Une correspondance islamo-chrétienne entre Ibn al-Munaǧǧim, Ḥunayn Ibn Isḥāq et Qusṭā Ibn Lūqā (Turnhout 1981) adlı çalışmaları da burada zikredilmelidir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Kustâ b. Lûkā, Risâle fi’l-farḳ beyne’n-nefs ve’r-rûḥ (nşr. L. Şeyho, el-Meşriḳ içinde), XIV, Beyrut 1911, s. 94-109.
a.mlf., Kitâbü ʿİleli iḫtilâfi’n-nâs fî aḫlâḳıhim ve siyerihim ve şehevâtihim ve iḫtiyârihim: Le livre des caractères de Qosṭâ Ben Loûqâ, grand savant et célèbre médecin chrétien au IXe siècle (nşr. ve trc. P. Sbath, BIE içinde), XXIII (1941), s. 113, 120.
İbnü’n-Nedîm, el-Fihrist (Teceddüd) , s. 353.
İbnü’l-Kıftî, İḫbârü’l-ʿulemâʾ , s. 262-263.
İbn Ebû Usaybia, ʿUyûnü’l-enbâʾ , s. 244-245.
Sezgin, GAS , III, 270-274; V, 285-286; VI, 180-182.
R. Ruth Harvey, “Qustā Ibn Lūqā al-Ba‘labakkī”, DSB , XI, 244-246.
S. H. Griffith, “Ferith and Reason in Christian Kalām”, Christian Arabic Apologetics during the Abbasid Period (ed. Samir Khalil Samir – J. S. Nielsen), Leiden 1994, s. 5.
Samir Khalil Samir, “The Earliest Arab Apology for Christianity”, a.e. , s. 112.
H. Daiber, Bibliography of Islamic Philosophy , Leiden 1999, II, 455-456.
a.mlf., “Qostâ Ibn Lûqâ [9. JH.] Über Die Einteilung der Wissenschaften”, Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Arabisch-Islamischen Wissenschaften , VI, Frankfurt 1990, s. 102-110.
J. Wilcox – J. M. Riddle, “Qusṭā Ibn Lūqā’s Physical Ligatures and the Recognition on the Placebo Effect”, Medieval Encounters , I/1, Leiden 1995, s. 1-50.
O. Kahl, “Qusṭā Ibn Lūqā on Sleeplessness”, JSS , XLIII/2 (1998), s. 311-326.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2002 yılında Ankara’da basılan 26. cildinde, 465-467 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.