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KUTADGU BİLİG Skip to content KUTADGU BİLİG Yûsuf Has Hâcib tarafından XI. yüzyılda yazılmış, Türk dilinin, edebiyatının ve kültür tarihinin en önemli kaynaklarından.
Müellif: DİA
Yûsuf Has Hâcib (Uluğ Has Hâcib) hakkında bilinenler Kutadgu Bilig ’e sonradan eklenmiş olan biri mensur, diğeri manzum iki mukaddimede ve eserin bazı beyitlerinde yer alan bilgilerden ibarettir. Buna göre şair Balasagun’da (Kuz-Ordu) soylu bir aile içinde dünyaya gelmiş, bilimi, erdemi, zühd ve takvâsı ile temayüz etmiş, eserini bir buçuk yılda Balasagun’da yazıp Kâşgar’da tamamlayarak (6645. beyit) 462 (1069-70) yılında Karahanlılar’ın hakanı Süleyman Arslan Hakan oğlu Tavgaç Uluğ Buğra Han’a sunmuştur. Şairin kudretini takdir eden hakan kendisine “görevlerin en incesi olan” (2484. beyit) has hâciblik mansıbını vermiştir. Eserdeki bazı beyitlerden hareketle (365-371. beyitler) müellifin doğum yılının 1019 dolaylarında olduğu tahmin edilmektedir. Yûsuf Has Hâcib ile Kâşgarlı Mahmud’un aynı dönem ve çevrede yaşamış, eserlerinde aynı dili ve kültür malzemesini kullanmış olmakla beraber birbirlerini ve eserlerini tanımamış oldukları anlaşılmaktadır.
Kutadgu Bilig (kut+ad-gu bil-i-g “mesut olma bilgisi”), insana her iki dünyada saadete ermek için takip edilecek yolu göstermek amacıyla kaleme alınmış bir eser olup iddia edildiği gibi mansıp sahiplerine ahlâk dersi veren kuru bir öğüt kitabı değil, insan hayatının anlamını tahlil ederek onun cemiyet ve dolayısıyla devlet içindeki görevlerini belirleyen bir hayat felsefesi sistemidir. Yûsuf Has Hâcib birbirine çok sıkı bağlarla bağlı bulunan fert, cemiyet ve devlet hayatının ideal bir biçimde düzenlenmesinde zaruri olan zihniyet, bilgi ve faziletlerin nelerden ibaret olduğu, bunların nasıl elde edileceği ve nasıl kullanılacağı üzerinde sanatkârane bir şekilde durmuştur.
“Feûlün feûlün feûlün feûl” vezninde yazılmış olan eser mesnevi tarzındadır. Sonuna eklenen parçalardan, gençliğine acıyıp ihtiyarlığından bahseden kırk dört beyitlik bir kısımla (6521-6564. beyitler) zamanın bozukluğundan ve dostların vefasızlığından söz eden kırk beyitlik bir parça (6565-6604. beyitler) “feûlün feûlün feûlün feûlün” vezninde olup kaside şeklinde kafiyelenmiştir. Yûsuf Has Hâcib’in kendisine öğüt verdiği kırk bir beyitlik parça da (6605-6645. beyitler) asıl eserin veznindedir ve kaside tarzında kafiyelenmiştir. Türk edebiyatında yeni olan aruzun ekleme parçaları dışında şair tarafından pürüzsüz bir biçimde kullanıldığı görülmektedir. Türk yazı diline hâkim olan Yûsuf Has Hâcib eserini, seçmiş olduğu yarı hikâye yarı temsil tarzında, arada hareketi sağlayıcı ve açıklayıcı konuşmaların, canlı tasvirlerin süslemiş olduğu sahneleriyle mükemmel bir üslûp ve mimari çerçeve içine yerleştirmiştir.
Ekleriyle birlikte seksen sekiz başlıktan oluşan eserin başında yer alan tevhid, na‘t ve dört sahâbenin zikrinden sonra parlak yaz mevsiminin tasviriyle hakan Tavgaç Uluğ Buğra Han’ın methiyesi gelir. Bunu, insanoğlunun bilgisi ve aklı sayesinde hürmet kazanması ile dilin meziyet ve kusurları, yarar ve zararları hakkındaki bablar takip eder. Kutadgu Bilig dört esas (neng “şey”) üzerine düzenlenmiş olup bunlardan doğru kanun (köni törü) Kün-Toğdı (hakan), saadet (kut) Ay-Toldı (vezir), akıl (ukuş) Ögdülmiş (vezirin oğlu), hayatın sonu (âkıbet) Odgurmış (zâhid) tarafından temsil edilmektedir. Bunların dışında Ay-Toldı’nın Hâcib ile buluşmasını sağlayan Küsemiş, huzura kabulü sağlayan Hâcib, arada hizmet gören Oğlan, haber getiren Yumuşçı ve zâhidin yanında çalışan Kumaru da görevli olarak temsilî mahiyet taşımaktadır. Bütün meziyet ve kusurları ile görülen bu şahıslar çok canlı bir biçimde süren buluşma, konuşma, münazara, münakaşa ve değişik tasvirleriyle bir dram havası içinde ele alınmaktadır. İnsanların her iki dünya için ele geçirmek istedikleri saadetle (Ay-Toldı) bütün kâinatın üzerine kurulduğu doğru kanun (Kün-Toğdı) arasındaki konuşmalarda o devrin ferdî ve içtimaî ahlâk ilkelerine, bu sonuncunun akılla (Ögdülmiş) sürdürdüğü konuşmalarda da cemiyet hayatının, bilgi nazariyesinin ve hayat felsefesinin meselelerine temas edilmektedir (1679. beyit vd., 1796. vd. ve bilhassa 1817. vd., 1835. vd., 1850. vd.). Ölüm burada da bir son teşkil etmektedir; fakat asıl mesele iyi adla yaşamak ve öldükten sonra da bu adla yaşamayı sürdürebilmektir. Öteki dünya göz önünde bulundurulmakla birlikte oradaki hayatın tasvirleri yerine iyiliğe karşı iyilik, kötülüğe karşı kötülük fikri telkin edilmektedir. Değişik bablarda insanların yetişmesi, hayatın anlamı, dünya zevkleri ve her iki dünyada mesut olmak için kişilerin davranışı üzerinde duran şair, fertlerin cemiyet içindeki vazife ve meşguliyetleri bakımından sosyal kurumlarla bunlar arasındaki münasebetlere de geniş yer ayırmıştır.
Ay-Toldı’nın büyüyen ve hakanın güvenini kazanarak babasının yerine vezir olan oğlu Ögdülmiş her türlü fazilet ve meziyete sahip, devlet işlerinde olduğu kadar şahsî düşünce ve hareketlerinde de hakanın yardımcısı olarak sahneye çıkarılmakta, ona devletin en yüksek kurumları hakkında konuşma fırsatı verilmektedir. Kısmen hakanın ve kısmen zâhid Odgurmış’ın sorularına cevap biçiminde ortaya konan bu fikirler Türk devlet teşkilâtının felsefesini ve ahlâkî temelini teşkil eder ki eski ve yeni dönemleri birbirine bağlamış olması açısından büyük bir değer taşımaktadır. Böylece sırasıyla hakan (XXVIII), vezir (XXIX), kumandan (XXX), hâcib (XXXI), mâbeyinci (XXXII), sefir (XXXIII), sır kâtibi (XXXIV), hazinedar (XXXV), aşçıbaşı (XXXVI), şarabdar (XXXVII) mansıpları ve bunları işgal eden kişilerin nitelikleri ve görevleri ayrı bablar içinde anlatılmaktadır. Daha sonra memurların hakanlar üzerindeki haklarına temas edilerek (XXXVIII) bunların bir çeşit ortaklık içinde olup hakanların memurlar üzerinde hakları bulunduğu gibi memurların da hakanlar üzerinde hakları olduğu anlatılıp karşılıklı münasebetin önemi belirtilmektedir. Hakan, vezir ve diğer memurlar müellifin tasvir ettiği ideal bir durumda, maddî ve mânevî hayatı her bakımdan tanzim edilmiş bulunmakta, halk da hakana dua etmektedir. Fakat hakan ilerisini düşünerek Ögdülmiş gibi her bakımdan kendisine güvenilebilecek, bilgili ve faziletli birini aramaktadır. Müellif böylece, bütün zevkleriyle birlikte bu dünyadan yüz çevirip hayatı ancak âhiret için hazırlık yeri telakki eden aşırı bir zâhid tipi ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Dünya hâkimiyetine kadar uzanan beşerî ihtiraslarla bu dünyayı benimsemeyen görüşlerin birbiriyle çarpışmasının canlı safhalarını takip eden okuyucu, Türk’ün amelî ve aklî diye nitelendirilebilecek dünya görüşünün gelişmesine şahit olmakta ve eserin kahramanlarıyla birlikte herkesin hissî taşkınlıklarına hâkim olarak elinden geldiği kadar iyilik yapmasının en doğru ve bütün arzu ve zevkleri tatmin eden en mükemmel bir hal çaresi olduğuna inanmaktadır.
Bu arada hakanlara hizmet etmenin usul ve âdâbı (XLVII), kapıdaki adamlar (XLVIII), halk (XLIX), seyyidler (L), bilginler (LI), tabipler (LII), efsuncular (LIII), rüya tabircileri (LIV), müneccimler (LV), şairler (LVI), çiftçiler (LVII), tâcirler (LVIII), hayvan besleyiciler (LIX), zanaatçılar (LX) ve fakirlerle münasebet (LXI), evlenme (LXII), çocuk terbiyesi (LXIII), hizmetçilere karşı muamele (LXIV), ziyafete gitme (LXV) ve ziyafete davet (LXVI) gibi kişilerin devlet idaresinde ve toplum hayatındaki hareket tarzıyla ilgili mâlûmat verilmektedir. Asıl konunun 6425. beyte kadar sürdüğü eserde bundan sonra müellif kendi döneminden şikâyet ederek bunu tasvir ettiği ideal bir devirle karşılaştırmaktadır. Ardından tekrar esere dönerek yazılış yılını ve önemini belirtip sözlerine dua ile son verir.
Kutadgu Bilig ’in yazıldıktan bir süre sonra unutulmuş ya da çok dar bir çevre tarafından yararlanılmış olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Eser iki defa aydınlığa çıkarılmıştır. Her ikisinde de esere eklenmiş olan mukaddimeler bunları yazanların fikir seviyelerini gösterdiği gibi bu çevrelerin kitap hakkındaki görüşlerini de içermektedir. İlk eklenen manzum mukaddimede bir yandan müellifi hakkında bilgi verilmekte, öte yandan yazanın fikrine göre eserin en önemli kısımları belirtilmektedir. Manzum mukaddimenin dili ve üslûbu eserinkine çok yakın olmakla birlikte esas fikrin iyice kavranamadığı görülmektedir. Burada Kutadgu Bilig bir nevi siyasetnâme kabul edilmekte, asıl insanî ve sosyal değeri arka planda bırakılmaktadır. Mensur mukaddime ise manzum mukaddimenin eksik ve kötü bir özetinden ibarettir. Bu mukaddimelerden, Kutadgu Bilig ’in ikinci ve üçüncü defa canlanmasının eserin asıl yazıldığı çevrenin dışında ve birbirinden oldukça uzun fâsılalarla olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Mukaddimelerdeki tabirler, bunların Kâşgar’ın batısında ve muhtemelen Semerkant’ta yazılmış olduğunu göstermektedir.
Kutadgu Bilig ’in şu ana kadar bilinen, biri Uygur, ikisi Arap harfleriyle yazılmış yazma nüshalarının üçü de eserin üçüncü tedvinine aittir. Aynı yazmanın istinsahları olan bu nüshalar arasındaki farklara bakılırsa bu metinlerin zaman içinde oldukça önemli değişikliklere uğradığı görülür. Mevcut yazmaların en iyisi Arap harfleriyle yazılan Fergana nüshasıdır. Yazı özelliklerine göre istinsah tarihi XIII. yüzyıldan daha eski olmamalıdır. Yine Arap harfleriyle yazılmış Kahire nüshası, Kölemen sultanlarından el-Melikü’n-Nâsır’ın kölesi İzzeddin Ay-Demir ed-Devâtdâr için (ö. 762/1361 veya 776/1374) hazırlanmıştır. Viyana nüshası olarak bilinen Herat yazması, 843’te (1439) Arap harfleriyle yazılmış bir nüshadan Uygur harfleriyle istinsah edilmiştir. Bu yazma, XV. yüzyılda Orta Asya ile Anadolu arasındaki kültür ilişkilerini göstermesi bakımından önemlidir. Eklenen bir kayıttan anlaşıldığına göre eser, Fâtih Sultan Mehmed zamanında Orta Asya kaleminde çalışan Uygur kâtiplerinden Şeyhzâde Abdürrezzak Bahşı için Fenârî oğlu Kadı Ali tarafından 879’da (1474) Tokat’tan getirilmiştir. Buradaki Kadı Ali, Molla Fenârî’nin torunu olup Herat, Buhara ve Semerkant’ta eğitim görmüş ve Fâtih Sultan Mehmed devrinin başlarında Anadolu’ya dönmüş olan Alâeddin Ali Fenârî’dir.
Pierre Amédée Emilien Jaubert tarafından 1825 yılında ilk defa bilim çevrelerine tanıtılmasından bugüne kadar geçen müddet içinde Kutadgu Bilig çeşitli kimselerce ele alınmış ve birçok bakımdan incelenmiştir. 1870’te Hermann Vámbéry Uygurlar, memleketleri, içtimaî hayatları ve dil yâdigârları ile bunların dilinden ve yazılarından söz ederken Kutadgu Bilig ’in menşei ve tarihiyle dili üzerinde durmuştur. Daha sonra Wilhelm Radloff 1890’da eserin bilinen ilk yazmasının faksimilesini neşretmiş, Kahire’de Hidîviyye Kütüphanesi’nde bulunan yazma ile de karşılaştırarak birinci kısmını 1900’de, ikinci kısmını 1910’da yayımlamıştır.
Her üç nüshanın Türk Dil Kurumu tarafından tıpkıbasım olarak yayımının (1942-1943) ardından Reşit Rahmeti Arat’ın hazırladığı tenkitli metin 1947’de, tercümesi 1959’da basılmıştır. Arat’ın 1964’te ölümü üzerine bu çalışmanın devamı olarak düşündüğü dizini öğrencilerinden oluşan çalışma arkadaşları tamamlamıştır (1979). 3000 kadar madde başı içeren bu çalışma ilkin Semih Tezcan tarafından eleştirilmiştir. Bunu tamamlayıcı mahiyette G. Doerfer, Aysu Ata, Zafer Önler ve Yon-Song Li tarafından yayınlar gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu yayınlardan sonra eserin muhtemel kaynakları, dil özellikleri, eğitim, bilim ve ahlâk anlayışı, devlet idaresi, sosyal yapı, dayandığı Kur’an, hadis ve diğer dinî temeller gibi pek çok konuda Türkiye’de ve Türkiye dışında yüksek lisans ve doktora tezleri hazırlanmış, araştırmalar yapılmıştır. Bunların önemlileri arasında eserin yazılışının 900. yılı münasebetiyle A. Dilaçar’ın incelemesi, Kafesoğlu’nun Türk kültür tarihi bakımından değerlendirmesi, Ercilasun ve Kargı-Ölmez’in dil yönünden araştırmaları zikredilebilir (Kutadgu Bilig ve hakkında yapılan çalışmalar üzerine daha geniş bilgi için bk. İA , VI, 1038-1047; Gülensoy, II/4 [1973], s. 109-116; ayrıca bk. bibl.). Eserin Doğu Türkçesi’ne çevirisi Pekin’de (1983), Özbekçe çevirisi Taşkent’te (1990), Kırgızca çevirisi Moskova’da (1993) neşredilmiştir. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti postaları eserin yazılışının 900. yıl dönümü dolayısıyla 1969’da bir posta pulu yayımlamıştır. Bu arada Kutadgu Bilig adıyla felsefe ağırlıklı bir dergi çıkarılmaya başlanmıştır (2002).BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Yusuf Has Hâcib, Kutadgu Bilig (nşr. ve trc. Reşid Rahmeti Arat), Ankara 1947-59, I-II; a.e.: İndeks (nşr. Kemal Eraslan v.dğr.), İstanbul 1979; a.e.: Wisdom of Royal Glory (Kutadgu Bilig): A Turko-Islamic Mirror for Princes (trc. R. Dankoff), Chicago-London 1983 (bu eser hakkında bk. Talat Tekin, Türk Dilleri Araştırmaları , I, Ankara 1991, s. 197-200); a.e. (nşr. Abdurahim Ötkür v.dğr.), Picing 1984; a.e.: Günümüz Türkçesi ile Kutadgu Bilig Uyarlaması (nşr. Fikri Silahdaroğlu), Ankara 1996.
Halil İnalcık, “Kutadgu Bilig’de Türk ve İran Siyaset Nazariye ve Gelenekleri”, Reşid Rahmeti Arat İçin , Ankara 1966, s. 259-271.
A. Dilaçar, 900. Yıldönümü Dolayısıyla Kutadgu Bilig İncelemesi , Ankara 1972.
Reşat Genç, Karahanlı Devlet Teşkilâtı , İstanbul 1981, tür.yer.
Yücel Öztürk, Kutadgu Bilig’de İlim (yüksek lisans tezi, 1982), İÜ Merkez Ktp., nr. T 2894.
Ahmet Bican Ercilasun, Kutadgu Bilig Grameri -Fiil- , Ankara 1985.
Muallâ Zeren, Kutadgu Bilig’de Eğitim (yüksek lisans tezi, 1985), İÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
Kemal Beslen, Kutadgu Bilig’de Eğitim (yüksek lisans tezi, 1985), MÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
M. Erdal, “Kutadgu Bilig’de Değişkin Ekler ve Kelimeler”, Beşinci Milletlerarası Türkoloji Kongresi Tebliğler: Türk Dili , İstanbul 1985, I, 89-94.
a.mlf., “Constraints on Petic Licence in the Qutadgu Bilig: The Converb and Aorist Vowels”, TDED , XXIV-XXV (1986), s. 205-214.
Mahmut Arslan, Kutadgu Bilig’deki Toplum ve Devlet Anlayışı , İstanbul 1987.
a.mlf., “Kutadgu Bilig Üzerine Sosyolojik Düşünceler”, Sosyoloji Dergisi (İstanbul 1992), s. 131-166.
Nebahat Akgün, Kutadgu Bilig’in Türkiye Türkçesinden Uygurca’ya İndeksi (yüksek lisans tezi, 1988), İÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
G. Aneer, “Kingship Ideology and Muslim Identity in the 11th Century as Reflected in the Siyāsatnāma by Nizām al-Mulk and in the Kutadgu Bilig by Yūsuf Khass Ḥādjib”, The Middle East Viewed from the North (ed. B. Utas – K. S. Vikør), Uppsala 1989.
Ziya Hotamışlı, Yusuf Has Hacib’de Bilgi ve Ahlak Anlayışı (yüksek lisans tezi, 1990), SÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
Hatice Yiğitbaşı, Kutadgu Bilig’deki İsim ve Zamir Çekimleri (yüksek lisans tezi, 1991), Trakya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
Cusup Balasagın v.dğr., Kuttuu Bilim Dastan: Bayırkı Türk Tilinen Kotorgon , Moskva 1993 (Nik).
Mübahat Türker-Küyel, “Kutadgu Bilig ile Kenz ül-Küberâ Arasında Bir Karşılaştırma”, Uluslararası Türk Dili Kongresi 1992 , Ankara 1996, s. 175-188.
a.mlf., “Fârâbî, Hikmet ve Kutadgu Bilig”, Erdem , VII/20, Ankara 1991, s. 375-470.
R. Devereux, “Yūsuf K̲h̲āṣṣ Ḥād̲j̲ib and the Kutadgu Bilig”, MW , LI (1961), s. 299-310.
Ali Fehmi Karamanlıoğlu, “Yusuf Hâs Hâcib’den Osman Gazi’ye”, TK , I/3 (1963), s. 4-16.
a.mlf., “Kutadgu Bilig ve Kumandan”, a.e. , V/58 (1967), s. 741-744.
Saadet Çağatay, “Kutadgu Bilig’de Odgurmış’ın Kişiliği”, TDAY Belleten , 1967 (1968), s. 39-49.
Agâh Sırrı Levend, “Yazılışının 900. Yıldönümünde Kutadgu Bilig”, TDl. , sy. 211 (1969), s. 1-5.
Sh. Abilov, “Kutadgu Bilig v bulgarotatarskoy literature”, Sovyetskaya Tyurkologiya , sy. 6, Bakü 1970, s. 77-89.
İbrahim Kafesoğlu, “Yazılışının 900. Yılı Münasebetiyle Kutadgu Bilig ve Kültür Tarihimizdeki Yeri”, TED , sy. 1 (1970), s. 1-38.
TK , IX/98 (1970), s. 69-184 (Kutadgu Bilig Özel Sayısı).
Tuncer Gülensoy, “Kutadgu Bilig Üzerine Bir Bibliyografya Denemesi”, Bibliyografya , II/4, Ankara 1973, s. 109-116.
R. Dankoff, “Animal Traits in the Army Commander”, TUBA , I (1977), s. 95-112.
a.mlf., “Yūsuf K̲h̲āṣṣ Ḥād̲j̲ib”, EI2 (İng.), XI, 359-360.
Semih Tezcan, “Kutadgu Bilig Dizini Üzerine”, TTK Belleten , XLV/178 (1981), s. 23-78.
G. Doerfer, “Türkolojide Eleştiri Sorunları”, TDAY Belleten , 1980-81 (1983), s. 87-99.
Otto Alberts, “Bir Türk Lehçesi Olan Uygurca ile Yazılmış Kutadgu Bilig’in (1069-70) Şairi: İbn Sinâ’nın Bir Öğrencisi” (trc. Mübahat Türker-Küyel), Erdem , I/1 (1984), s. 217-230.
Fatma Özkan, “Tarihî Miras Kutadgu Bilig Hekkide Bayan-1”, TK , XXV/292 (1987), s. 505-508.
M. Cemal Sofuoğlu, “Kur’an ve Hadis Kültürünün Kutadgu Bilig’deki İzleri”, DÜİFD , V (1989), s. 127-180.
Aysu Ata, “Kutadgu Bilig Üzerinde Bir Düzeltme Denemesi Kör mü? Kür mü?”, TD , XI/1 (1993), s. 301-308.
Zafer Önler, “Kutadgu Bilig’de Ekçek Kelimesi Üzerine”, TDl. , sy. 497 (1993), s. 342-344.
K. Müminov, “Kutadgu Bilig’in Taşkent Nüshası”, TK , XXXI/357 (1993), s. 39-42.
Zuhal Kargı-Ölmez, “Kutadgu Bilig’de İkilemeler (1)”, Türk Dilleri Araştırmaları , VII, Ankara 1997, s. 19-40.
Yon-Song Li, “Kutadgu Bilig’de Gözden Kaçan İki Sontakı: körü ve sayu Üzerine”, a.e. , s. 233-260.
Semih Tezcan, “Additional Iranian Loan-words in Early Turkic Languages”, a.e. , s. 157-164.
Sadık Türker, “Fikrî Muhtevası İçerisinde Kutadgu Bilig’in Kültür ve Medeniyet Tarihimizdeki Yeri”, Kutadgu Bilig , sy. 2, İstanbul 2002, s. 14-28.
Gökhan Yılmaz, “Yusuf Has Hâcib ve Kutadgu Bilig Hakkında Ön Bilgi”, Kutadgu Bilig , sy. 2, İstanbul 2002, s. 8-13.
Reşid Rahmeti Arat, “Kutadgu Bilig”, İA , VI, 1038-1047.
Cahit Kavcar, “Kutadgu Bilig”, TA , XXII, 387-389.
“Kutadgu Bilig”, TDEA , VI, 16-17.
[Bu madde, Reşid Rahmeti Arat’ın İslâm Ansiklopedisi ’ndeki maddesi esas alınarak Mustafa Kaçalin tarafından hazırlanmıştır].
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2002 yılında Ankara’da basılan 26. cildinde, 478-480 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.