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KÜTÜB-i ERBAA Skip to content İmâmiyye Şîası’nın dört temel hadis kitabı.
Kütüb-i erbaa Küleynî’nin el-Kâfî , Şeyh Sadûk’un Men lâ yaḥḍuruhü’l-faḳīh ve Ebû Ca‘fer et-Tûsî’nin Tehẕîbü’l-aḥkâm ile el-İstibṣâr adlı hadis koleksiyonlarını ifade eder. İlki IV. (X.) yüzyılın ilk çeyreğinde, diğerleri Abbâsî Devleti içinde Şiî bir hânedan olan Büveyhîler döneminde telif edilen eserler başlangıçta siyasî otoritenin de desteğiyle meşhur olmuş, büyük ihtimalle VI. (XII.) yüzyıldan itibaren kütüb-i erbaa (veya yalnız el-erbaa) diye anılmaya başlanmıştır. Bu tabir, muhtemelen Ehl-i sünnet hadisçilerinin daha önce tamamladıkları Kütüb-i Sitte ’ye alternatif olarak düşünülmüştür.
Sünneti “Hz. Peygamber ile on iki imamın söz, fiil ve takrirleri” şeklinde tanımlayan Şîa âlimleri İslâm’ın ilk asrından itibaren bunların yazılıp derlendiğini söyler. Hz. Ali devrinden itibaren başlayan yazım faaliyeti Zeynelâbidîn, Muhammed el-Bâkır ve özellikle Ca‘fer es-Sâdık zamanında sürdürülmüş, birçok âlim, önemli bir bölümü imamların sözlerinden oluşan hadis mecmuaları kaleme almıştır. On birinci imam Hasan el-Askerî’nin vefatına kadar (260/874) derlemelerin sayısı binleri bulmuş, bunların içinde her biri “asıl” diye adlandırılan 400 derleme (el-usûlü’l-erbaa mie) kabul edilmiştir. Bazı müellifler sayının daha çok olduğunu, 400 aslı sadece Ca‘fer es-Sâdık’ın talebeleri tarafından toplanan kitapların teşkil ettiğini, bazıları ise imamlar dönemindeki bütün rivayetleri içine alan kitapların 6600’ü geçtiğini belirtmiş, ancak kaynaklar bunları toplayan müelliflerden pek azının ismini zikretmiştir (DİA , XV, 38-39).
Kütüb-i erbaa şu kitaplardan oluşmaktadır: 1. el-Kâfî (el-Kâfî fî ʿilmi’d-dîn veya kısaca el-Küleynî ). Küleynî (ö. 329/941), ilmî seviyesi ne olursa olsun herkesin Resûl-i Ekrem’den ve imamlardan gelen rivayetlere göre dinî ilimlerin bütün alanlarında yeterli bir esere sahip olması gerektiğini ve bu amaçla hazırladığı kitabını el-Kâfî diye adlandırdığını ifade etmekle birlikte (el-Kâfî , I, 8) bazı Şiî âlimleri (meselâ bk. Hânsârî, VI, 116), Küleynî’nin söz konusu çalışmasını tamamladıktan sonra gizli imam Mehdî el-Muntazar’a gösterdiğini, onun da kitabı beğenerek “Şîamıza kâfidir” dediğini, bu sebeple eserin bu isimle anıldığını belirtir. İki bölümden oluşan eserin el-Uṣûl mine’l-Kâfî adıyla anılan ilk bölümü inanç, el-Fürûʿ mine’l-Kâfî isimli ikinci bölümü fıkıh konularına ayrılmıştır (bk. el-KÂFÎ ).
2. Men lâ yaḥḍuruhü’l-faḳīh . Şeyh Sadûk diye anılan İbn Bâbeveyh el-Kummî (ö. 381/991) tarafından derlenen eser kısaca el-Faḳīh diye de zikredilir. Müellifin mukaddimede belirttiğine göre Belh’te tanıştığı ve istişarede bulunduğu, Peygamber soyundan gelen Ni‘me lakaplı Şerefeddin Ebû Abdullah kendisinden Muhammed b. Zekeriyyâ er-Râzî’nin, okuyanı doktordan müstağni kılan Men lâ yaḥḍuruhü’ṭ-ṭabîb adlı eseri gibi, okuyanı amele yönelik konularda fakihe başvurmaktan müstağni kılacak bir eser yazmasını istemiş, o da bu kitabını telif ederek Men lâ yaḥḍuruhü’l-faḳīh ismini vermiştir (I, 2-3). Şeyh Sadûk eserini hazırlarken Harîz b. Abdullah es-Sicistânî, Ubeydullah b. Ali el-Halebî, Ali b. Mehziyâr el-Ehvâzî ve Hüseyin b. Saîd gibi Şiî âlimlerinin adlarını belirtmediği kitapları ile Muhammed b. Ahmed b. Yahyâ’nın Kitâbü Nevâdiri’l-ḥikme , Sa‘d b. Abdullah’ın Kitâbü’r-Raḥme , Muhammed b. Hasan b. Velîd’in el-Câmiʿ , Muhammed b. Ebû Amîr’in en-Nevâdir ve babası Ali b. Hüseyin el-Kummî’nin er-Risâle adlı eserlerinden faydalandığını belirtmektedir (a.g.e. , I, 3-5). Eseri neşreden Hasan el-Harsân’ın dipnottaki ifadesine göre müellif Sicistânî’nin Kitâbü’ṣ-Ṣalât ’ı, Halebî’nin fıkha dair bir eseriyle Ehvâzî’nin otuz üç, Hüseyin b. Saîd’in otuz dolayındaki kitabından da istifade etmiştir (a.g.e. , a.y.). Yazılış tarihi hakkında bilgi bulunmayan eserdeki hadis sayısıyla ilgili önemli farklılıklar vardır. Meselâ Hasan es-Sadr toplam hadis sayısını 9044 olarak gösterirken (Teʾsîsü’ş-Şîʿa , s. 288) nâşir Hasan el-Harsân bu sayıyı 5963 olarak nakletmektedir (Men lâ yaḥḍuruhü’l-faḳīh , neşredenin girişi, I, s. ed). Aradaki bu fark, kitapta yer alan hadislerin müellifin yine hadisler çerçevesinde verdiği fetvalarla karıştırılmasından ileri gelmektedir. Bugün yaygın olarak kullanılan baskısı (Beyrut 1401/1981) dört cilt olup toplam 566 babdan meydana gelmektedir. Eserde bablar belli bir konu sıralamasına göre düzenlenmiştir. Şiî hadis âlimlerince güvenilirlik açısından el-Kâfî ’den sonra ikinci sırada kabul edilen eserde müellif hacimden dolayı sened zincirlerini tam olarak vermediğini belirtir. Ona göre topladığı bütün hadisler güvenilir olup kendisiyle Allah arasında hüccettir (a.g.e. , I, 3). Şeyh Sadûk bazan, “Ca‘fer es-Sâdık dedi ki” yahut, “İmam Rızâ dedi ki” şeklinde ifadeler kullanıp doğrudan mâsum imamın adını vererek, bazan da imamdan önce bir veya iki râvinin ismini zikrederek hadisleri nakletmektedir. Şiî hadisçileri tarafından ilki mürsel, ikincisi müsned olarak tanımlanan hadislerden ikinci türü eserde daha fazla yer almıştır. Eserin nâşiri Hasan el-Harsân toplam 5963 hadisten 2050’sinin mürsel, diğerlerinin müsned olduğunu kaydeder (a.g.e. , neşredenin girişi, I, s. ed). Yine Harsân’a göre Şiî âlimleri mürsel hadisleri de müsned hadisler kadar güvenilir bulmuşlardır. Bazı âlimler, Şeyh Sadûk’un rivayetleri zaptetmedeki dikkatini ve râvilerin sıhhatiyle ilgili bilgisinin genişliğini göz önüne alarak eserin kütüb-i erbaanın diğer üç kitabından daha çok güvenilir olduğunu belirtmiştir (a.g.e. , neşredenin girişi, I, ez). Muhtelif kütüphanelerde çok sayıda yazma nüshası bulunan eserin (Brockelmann, GAL , I, 200) dört cilt halinde çeşitli baskıları yapılmıştır (Leknev 1300, 1306-1307; Tebriz 1334; Tahran 1374; Necef 1377; Beyrut 1401/1981). Telif edildiği dönemden itibaren Şiî dünyasında büyük ilgi gören eser üzerine birçok şerh, hâşiye ve tâlik kaleme alınmıştır (a.g.e. , neşredenin girişi, I, s. ebâ-edâ).
3. Tehẕîbü’l-aḥkâm . Şeyhüttâife unvanıyla anılan Ebû Ca‘fer et-Tûsî’nin (ö. 460/1067) yazdığı eserin tam adı Tehẕîbü’l-aḥkâm fî şerḥi’l-Muḳniʿa ’dır. Mukaddimede belirttiğine göre müellif, hocası Şeyh Müfîd’in telif ettiği el-Muḳniʿa (er-Risâletü’l-muḳniʿa) adlı fıkıh kitabını esas alarak ilgili konulara ait hadisleri derlemiş ve çalışmasını bunun şerhi olarak planlamıştır. Müellif ayrıca, Şiî hadis rivayetleri arasında göze çarpan ve muhaliflerce (Sünnîler) istismar edilip bazı kimselerin mezhebi terketmesine sebep olan çelişkileri gidermek amacıyla eserini kaleme aldığını belirtir (Tehẕîbü’l-aḥkâm , I, 2-3). Tûsî, önce el-Muḳniʿa ’daki fıkıh konularıyla ilgili meseleleri ele alıp hem muhaliflerin hem de kendi mezhebinin hadislerini nakletmeyi, ardından belli prensipler çerçevesinde tercih yaparak konuları işlemeyi amaçlamış ve bunu ilk bölüm olan tahâret kitabının çeşitli konularında gerçekleştirmişse de eserini tamamlayamayacağı endişesiyle diğer bölümlerinde yalnız Şiî rivayetleri vermekle yetinmiştir (a.g.e. , neşredenin girişi, I, 46-47). Günümüzde yaygın olarak kullanılan baskısı (Beyrut 1401/1981) on cilt olan eserdeki toplam bab sayısı 393, hadis sayısı 13.590’dır. Hadisleri kısa senedleriyle nakleden müellif, eserini tamamladıktan sonra Meşyeḫatü Tehẕîbi’l-aḥkâm adıyla bir ek kaleme almış ve burada kendilerinden hadis aldığı kişilerin sened zincirini vermiştir. Tehẕîbü’l-aḥkâm ’ın nâşiri olan Hasan el-Harsân, Şiî ricâl kaynaklarından faydalanarak bu eke bir şerh yazmıştır. Kitabın ekiyle şerhi yukarıda sözü edilen baskının son cildinde yer almaktadır. Çok sayıda nüshası bulunan Tehẕîbü’l-aḥkâm (Brockelmann, GAL Suppl. , I, 707) Tahran (I-II, 1316-1318), Necef (I-X, 1377-1382) ve Beyrut’ta (I-X, 1401/1981) basılmıştır. Eserin hem aslı hem isnadıyla ilgili şerhler yazılmış, ayrıca üzerine çok sayıda hâşiye kaleme alınmıştır (Tehẕîbü’l-aḥkâm , neşredenin girişi, s. 47; Âgā Büzürg-i Tahrânî, VI, 51-53).
4. el-İstibṣâr . Ebû Ca‘fer et-Tûsî’nin diğer çalışması olup tam adı el-İstibṣâr fî ma’ḫtülife mine’l-aḫbâr ’dır. Temel özelliği itibariyle Tehẕîb ’in muhtasarı durumunda olan eser tertibi bakımından da ona benzer. Fıkhın ibadet ve muâmelât konuları “kitâb” adı verilen bölümlere ayrılmış, her kitap çeşitli sayıda hadislerin yer aldığı bablara bölünmüştür. Kitapta müellifinin sayımına göre 925 bab, 5511 hadis bulunmaktadır (Senedü’l-Kitâb [el-İstibṣâr içinde], IV, 343). Sayım farklılığı dolayısıyla bazı kaynaklarda bab sayısı 915, 930, hadis sayısı da 5531, 5558 olarak verilmiştir (a.g.e. , a.y., neşredenin notu). Telif tarihi itibariyle kütüb-i erbaanın sonuncusu olmakla birlikte önemli fıkıh konularını kapsadığı ve rivayetleri sıralamakla kalmayıp bunlar arasındaki çatışmaları gidermeye çalıştığı için eser tarih boyunca Şiî hadis geleneği içinde büyük ilgi görmüştür. Haberlerinin tamamı muttasıl olmayan kitabın sonuna müellif önceki çalışmasında yaptığı gibi isnadla ilgili bir ek koymuş ve bu ekte kendisinden haber naklettiği kişilerin mâsum imamlara kadar uzanan sened zincirini vermiştir. Burada sayılan kişiler ve onların Hz. Peygamber’e ya da on iki imama ulaşan râvi zinciri Tehẕîb ’in Meşyeḫa ’sı ile hemen hemen aynıdır (a.g.e. , IV, 303-343). Kütüphanelerde çok sayıda yazma nüshası bulunan el-İstibṣâr (Brockelmann, GAL , I, 512; Suppl. , I, 707) ilk defa Leknev’de basılmıştır (1307/1889). Daha sonra Tahran’da neşredilen eser (1317) Necef (1375-1376) ve Beyrut’ta da (1390) yayımlanmıştır. Kitabın tashih edilmiş ilmî neşri ise Hasan el-Harsân tarafından gerçekleştirilmiştir (Tahran 1390, 1395). el-İstibṣâr üzerine de birçok şerh ve hâşiye kaleme alınmıştır (Âgā Büzürg-i Tahrânî, VI, 17-19; XIII, 83-87).
Sünneti Kur’an’dan sonra dinin ikinci kaynağı olarak gören Şîa, kütüb-i erbaayı hadis ilminden başka tefsir, fıkıh ve kelâm sahalarında da temel başvuru kaynağı olarak kullanmıştır. Şîa’nın önemli kaynaklardan saydığı Feyz-i Kâşânî’nin el-Vâfî adlı eseri (I-III, Kum 1404/1984) kütüb-i erbaadaki hadislerin tekrarından ibarettir. Daha sonra Hür el-Âmilî tarafından kaleme alınan Vesâʾilü’ş-Şîʿa ile (I-XX, Beyrut 1412/1991) Muhammed Bâkır el-Meclisî’nin derlediği Biḥârü’l-envâr da (I-CX, Beyrut 1403/1983) önemli ölçüde kütüb-i erbaadan yararlanılarak hazırlanmıştır. Şîa geleneği içinde rivayet tefsiri yazan veya tefsirinde rivayetlere de yer veren müfessirler itikada dair âyetleri Uṣûl-i Kâfî , ahkâm âyetlerini Fürûʿ-i Kâfî ile diğer üç eserde yer alan rivayetlerle işlemiş, akaid ve kelâm âlimleri de özellikle Uṣûl-i Kâfî ’de geçen hadislere değer vermiştir (meselâ bk. Feyz-i Kâşânî, ʿİlmü’l-yaḳīn , Kum 1358, I, 192, 292, 547, 549; II, 858, 923, 992). Ancak Ahbârî ekolüne mensup âlimler kütüb-i erbaadaki hadislerin tamamıyla sahih olduğunu düşünmüş, rivayetler arasındaki çelişkilerin, haberlerin mâsum imamın sözü olmamasından değil takıyye gereği farklı söylenmesinden kaynaklandığını ileri sürmüşse de usûlî fakihleri söz konusu eserlerde yer alan rivayetler arasında sahih olmayanların bulunduğunu, kitapları derleyen müelliflerin eserlerinin mukaddimelerinde bunu açıkladığını (Ebü’l-Kāsım el-Hûî, I, 25-30), dolayısıyla rivayetlerin belli ölçüler çerçevesinde değerlendirilmesinin gerektiğini belirtmişlerdir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Küleynî, el-Kâfî (nşr. Ali Ekber el-Gaffârî), Beyrut 1401, I-VIII, tür.yer.
İbn Bâbeveyh, Men lâ yaḥḍuruhü’l-faḳīh (nşr. Seyyid Hasan el-Mûsevî el-Harsân), Beyrut 1401/1981, neşredenin girişi, I, s. ed, ez, ebâ-edâ.
Ebû Ca‘fer et-Tûsî, Tehẕîbü’l-aḥkâm (nşr. Seyyid Hasan el-Mûsevî el-Harsân), Beyrut 1401/1981, neşredenin girişi, I, 4-48.
a.mlf., Meşyeḫa (Tehẕîbü’l-aḥkâm X. cilt sonunda), s. 4.
a.mlf., el-İstibṣâr (nşr. Seyyid Hasan el-Mûsevî el-Harsân), Beyrut 1401/1981, I-IV, tür.yer.
a.mlf., el-Fihrist (nşr. M. Sâdık Âl-i Bahrülulûm), Beyrut 1403/1983, s. 165-166.
Hânsârî, Ravżâtü’l-cennât (nşr. Esedullah İsmâiliyyân), Kum, ts., VI, 108-118.
Brockelmann, GAL , I, 187, 200, 405, 512; Suppl. , I, 321-322, 706-707.
Hasan es-Sadr, Teʾsîsü’ş-Şîʿa , Beyrut 1401/1981, s. 288-289.
Cemal Sofuoğlu, Hadîs Tenkidi Yönünden el-Kâfî Üzerine Bir İnceleme (doçentlik tezi, 1982), AÜ İlâhiyat Fakültesi.
Âgā Büzürg-i Tahrânî, eẕ-Ẕerîʿa ilâ teṣânîfi’ş-Şîʿa , Beyrut 1403/1983, II, 14-16; IV, 223-224, 504-505; VI, 17-19, 51-53, 223-225; XIII, 83-87, 155-158; XVII, 245-246; XXII, 232-233.
Aʿyânü’ş-Şîʿa , I, 144.
E. Ruhi Fığlalı, İmâmiyye Şîası , İstanbul 1984, s. 180-181.
S. Waheed Akhtar, Early Shī‘ite Imāmiyyah Thinkers , New Delhi 1988, s. 9-23, 49-50, 218, 230-231.
Ebü’l-Kāsım el-Hûî, Muʿcemü ricâli’l-ḥadîs̱ , Beyrut 1409/1989, I, 17-36, 85-113.
Etan Kohlberg, “Al-Uṣūl al-Arbaʿumi’e”, Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam , X, Jerusalem 1987, s. 128-166.
Sâmir Hâşim Habîb el-Amîdî, “Târîḫu’l-ḥadîs̱ ve ʿulûmüh”, Türâs̱ünâ , XII/47-48, Kum 1417, s. 223-236.
M. Yaşar Kandemir, “Hadis”, DİA , XV, 38-40.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2003 yılında Ankara’da basılan 27. cildinde, 4-6 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.