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KÜTÜB-i SİTTE Skip to content Hadislerin büyük bir kısmını ve genellikle güvenilir olanlarını ihtiva eden altı hadis kitabı.
II (VIII) ve III. (IX.) yüzyıllarda tasnif edilen hadis kitaplarından bir kısmını hadis ilmiyle yeterince meşgul olmayanlara “kütüb-i sitte” adıyla tavsiye etme ihtiyacının ne zaman doğduğu bilinmemektedir. İbnü’s-Seken’in (ö. 353/964), kendisinden bazı hadis kitaplarını tavsiye etmesi istendiğinde Buhârî ve Müslim’in el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ ’leri ile Ebû Dâvûd ve Nesâî’nin es-Sünen ’lerini güvenilir bulduğunu belirtmesi (Mizzî, I, 168) böyle bir arayışın IV. (X.) yüzyılda da devam ettiğini göstermektedir. Daha sonra bu dört kitaba, Tirmizî’nin el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ ’i eklenerek ihtiva ettikleri hadislerin genellikle sahih olduğu kabul edilip “el-usûlü’l-hamse” (beş asıl kaynak) dendiği, bunlara bazı muhaddislerin İmam Mâlik’in el-Muvaṭṭaʾ ını, bazılarının Abdullah b. Abdurrahman ed-Dârimî’nin es-Sünen ’ini ilâve ederek kütüb-i sitte (el-kütübü’s-sitte) tabirinin ortaya konduğu görülmektedir. Bu altı eseri derleyen âlimlere de “eimme-i sitte” denir. Ancak sonraları “kütüb-i erbaa” diye anılacak olan Ebû Dâvûd, Tirmizî, İbn Mâce ve Nesâî’nin es-Sünen ’lerinin İslâm dünyasında V. (XI.) yüzyılda dahi o kadar yaygın olmadığı anlaşılmaktadır. Nitekim Ahmed b. Hüseyin el-Beyhakī’nin (ö. 458/1066) eserlerinde Kütüb-i Sitte ’den sadece Ṣaḥîḥayn ile Ebû Dâvûd’un es-Sünen ’ini kaynak olarak kullanması diğerlerini görmediği kanaatini uyandırmaktadır (Zehebî, Teẕkiretü’l-ḥuffâẓ , III, 1132). İbn Hazm’ın da İbn Mâce’nin es-Sünen ’i ile Tirmizî’nin el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ ’ini görmemiş olması bu iki eserin V. (XI.) yüzyılda Endülüs’e ulaşmadığını göstermektedir. “Kütüb-i hamse” diye de anılan ve hadislerin büyük çoğunluğunu ihtiva ettiği kabul edilen el-Uṣûlü’l-ḫamse ’ye, bilindiği kadarıyla ilk defa İbnü’l-Kayserânî (ö. 507/1113), bu eserlerde yer almayan bin kadar rivayeti ihtiva eden İbn Mâce’nin es-Sünen ’ini ilâve ederek kütüb-i sitte tabirini oluşturmuş, Şürûṭü’l-eʾimmeti’s-sitte ve Eṭrâfü’l-Kütübi’s-Sitte adlı eserlerini bu altı kitabı göz önünde bulundurmak suretiyle kaleme almış, aynı yüzyılın önde gelen muhaddislerinden Cemmâîlî de altı kitabın râvileri hakkındaki el-Kemâl fî esmâʾi (maʿrifeti)’r-ricâl ’ini yazmıştır. İbn Mâce’nin es-Sünen ’ini Kütüb-i Sitte dışında bırakanların gerekçesi, diğer beş kitapta bulunmayıp sadece bu eserde yer alan rivayetlerin zayıf olmasıdır. Endülüslü muhaddis Rezîn b. Muâviye es-Sarakustî ise (ö. 535/1140) Kütüb-i Ḫamse ’ye Endülüslü âlimlerin en sahih hadis kitabı kabul ettikleri İmam Mâlik’in el-Muvaṭṭaʾ ını ilâve ederek bir başka Kütüb-i Sitte oluşturmuş ve el-Cemʿ beyne’l-uṣûli’s-sitte (et-Tecrîd li’ṣ-ṣıḥâḥ ve’s-sünen ) adlı çalışmasında bu altı kitaptaki hadisleri bir araya getirmiştir. el-Muvaṭṭaʾ ın dahil olduğu bu altılı tertibi benimseyen Mecdüddin İbnü’l-Esîr, Rezîn’in eserinde hadislerin yerli yerine konulmadığını düşünerek onu Câmiʿu’l-uṣûl li-eḥâdîs̱i’r-Resûl adıyla yeniden düzenlemiştir. Ṣaḥîḥayn ile birlikte birinci tabaka hadis kitapları arasında sayılan el-Muvaṭṭaʾ ı İmam Şâfiî, henüz Ṣaḥîḥ-i Buḫârî ’nin tasnif edilmediği bir zamanda Kur’an’dan sonra en sahih kitap olarak kabul etmişse de esasen onu Kütüb-i Sitte ’ye dahil etmeyenler muhtevasının Ṣaḥîḥayn ’da aynen bulunduğunu dikkate almışlardır (Muhammed Zubayr Sıddiqi, s. 114). Kütüb-i Sitte ’nin altıncı kitabının Abdullah b. Abdurrahman ed-Dârimî’nin es-Sünen ’i olduğuna dair görüşler de vardır. İbnü’s-Salâh eş-Şehrezûrî, Alâî ve İbn Hacer el-Askalânî gibi âlimler, Dârimî’nin eserinde mürsel ve mevkuf rivayetler yer almakla beraber zayıf râvilerle şâz ve münker rivayetlerin daha az bulunduğu, ayrıca eserde âlî rivayetlerin yer aldığı gerekçesiyle onu Kütüb-i Sitte ’nin altıncı kitabı olmaya Sünenü İbn Mâce ’den daha lâyık görmüşlerse de (Sünen-i Dârimî , I, tercüme edenin girişi, I, 61) İbn Mâce’nin es-Sünen ’inde diğer beş kitapta yer almayan bin kadar zayıf hadis bulunmakla beraber genellikle Kütüb-i Sitte dendiği zaman İbn Mâce’nin eserinin dahil olduğu altı hadis kitabı kastedilmiştir. Hem Mâlik’in hem İbn Mâce’nin eserinden vazgeçemeyen bazı âlimler ise kütüb-i sitte yerine “kütüb-i seb‘a” tabirini kullanmışlardır (Kettânî, s. 13).
Kütüb-i Sitte ’nin Özellikleri. Zehebî, VIII. (XIV.) yüzyılda ana hadis kitapları olarak benimsenen bu eserlerden “kütübü’l-İslâmi’s-sitte” (İslâm’ın altı kitabı) diye söz etmiş (el-Muġnî , I, 5), ayrıca onlara “el-usûlü’s-sitte”, ihtiva ettikleri hadislerin diğer hadis kitaplarına göre genellikle güvenilir kabul edilmesi sebebiyle de “es-sıhâhu’s-sitte” (sıhâh-ı sitte) diyenler olmuştur. Nitekim Sıddîk Hasan Han bu konudaki eserine el-Ḥıṭṭa fî ẕikri’ṣ-ṣıḥâḥi’s-sitte adını vermiştir. Bir rivayetin Kütüb-i Sitte ’de bulunduğunu anlatmak için “revâhü’l-cemâa”, Buhârî ile Müslim dışındaki dört eserde yer aldığını göstermek için de “revâhü’l-erbaa” ibareleri kullanılmıştır. Hepsi de konularına göre tasnif edilen bu eserlerin musanniflerinin hadis bilgisi ve râvilerde aradıkları şartlar farklı olduğundan eserleri de sağlamlık bakımından farklı derecelerde kabul edilmiştir. Buhârî ile Müslim, el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ adlı eserlerine sadece sahih derecesinde olan hadisleri aldıkları ve bu konuda oldukça titiz davrandıkları için İslâm âlimlerinin büyük çoğunluğu en güvenilir hadis kitapları saydıkları bu iki esere Ṣaḥîḥayn adını vermiştir.
Kütüb-i Sitte ’deki hadislerin hangi esaslara göre seçildiği belirtilmediğinden onları inceleyerek bu şartları tesbit etmeye çalışan muhaddisler farklı görüşler ileri sürmüşlerdir. Bu konuda ilk çalışmayı Ebû Abdullah İbn Mende Risâle fî beyâni fażli (naḳli)’l-aḫbâr ve şerḥi meẕâhibi ehli’l-âs̱âr ve ḥaḳīḳati’s-sünen ve taṣḥîḥi’r-rivâyât (Şürûṭü’l-eʾimme fi’l-ḳırâʾeti ve’s-semâʿ ve’l-münâvele ve’l-icâze ) adlı eseriyle yapmış (nşr. Abdurrahman b. Abdülcebbâr el-Feryevâî, Riyad 1416/1995, Şürûṭü’l-eʾimme adıyla), daha sonra İbnü’l-Kayserânî Şürûṭü’l-eʾimmeti’s-sitte ’yi (nşr. Zâhid el-Kevserî, Kahire 1357; Beyrut 1405/1985, Hâzimî’nin Şürûṭü’l-eʾimmeti’l-ḫamse ’si ile birlikte), Hâzimî de İbn Mâce’nin es-Sünen ’i dışında kalan beş eser üzerinde Şürûṭü’l-eʾimmeti’l-ḫamse ’yi kaleme almıştır (nşr. Abdülfettâh Ebû Gudde, Beyrut 1417/1997, S̱elâs̱ü resâʾil fî ʿilmi muṣṭalaḥi’l-ḥadîs̱ adıyla ve Ebû Dâvûd’un Risâle ilâ ehli Mekke fî vaṣfi sünenih ve İbnü’l-Kayserânî’nin Şürûṭü’l-eʾimmeti’s-sitte ’si ile birlikte).
Buhârî ve Müslim kitaplarına, -şâz ve illetli olmayarak- muttasıl bir isnad ve güvenilir râvilerle nakledilen hadisleri almayı prensip edinmiş, ancak Buhârî, birbirinden hadis alanların en az bir defa görüştüklerinin bilinmesini şart koşmuş, Müslim ise râvilerin aynı asırda yaşamış olmasını ve görüşmelerinin imkân dahilinde bulunmasını yeterli saymış, bir hadisin semâ yoluyla alındığını bilmenin sadece müdellislerin rivayetlerinde gerekli olduğunu söylemiştir. İki muhaddis arasındaki bu görüş farkı sebebiyle Müslim’e göre sahih olan bazı hadisler Buhârî’ye göre sahih kabul edilmemiştir. el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ diye de anılan Tirmizî’nin es-Sünen ’i ile Kütüb-i Sitte ’ye dahil diğer üç Sünen ’in şartları arasında fazla bir fark görülmemekle beraber Nesâî’nin hadis kabulünde diğerlerinden titiz davrandığı belirtilmiştir. Nesâî, muhaddisler tarafından ittifakla terkedilmeyen râvilerin rivayetlerini kabul ettiğini söylese de Buhârî, Müslim, Ebû Dâvûd ve Tirmizî tarafından beğenilen bazı râvilerin rivayetlerini almadığı, bu sebeple onun hadis kabul şartlarının Buhârî ve Müslim’den daha ağır olduğu, es-Sünenü’l-kübrâ adlı kitabından seçerek meydana getirdiği, el-Müctebâ diye de anılan eserinin sağlamlık bakımından Ṣaḥîḥayn ’dan hemen sonra geldiği, hadislerin illetini göstermeyi ön plana aldığı için râvilerinin daha az tenkit edildiği söylenmiş, bu ölçülere uygunluk bakımından onun ardından Ebû Dâvûd ile Tirmizî’nin es-Sünen ’lerinin geldiği belirtilmiştir (Süyûtî, I, 4). Kütüb-i Erbaʿa ’yı Ṣaḥîḥayn ’dan ayıran en belirgin fark, zayıf râviler tarafından rivayet edilen bazı hadisleri de ihtiva etmeleridir. Sahih ölçülerine sahip olma şartı Ebû Dâvûd ile Nesâî’ye göre hadisin senedinin muttasıl olması, seneddeki bir râviyi âlimlerin ittifakla terketmemesidir. Bu eserlerdeki hadislerin bir kısmı ise sıhhat şartını taşımamakta ve bizzat musannifleri tarafından zayıf oldukları belirtilmektedir. Ahkâm hadislerini derlemedeki başarısıyla diğerlerinden önde gelen ve bir konudaki farklı rivayetleri, hadislerdeki ihtilâfları ve ziyadeleri yeterince veren Ebû Dâvûd, sahih hadis bulamadığı konularda Hz. Peygamber’e ait olması ihtimali olduğu için eserine zayıf hadis almakta sakınca görmemiş, bu tür rivayetleri fakihlerin kıyasına tercih etmiştir. Tirmizî de eserine zayıf hadisleri almakta sakınca görmemiş, Ebû Dâvûd’un aksine sened tenkidine ağırlık vererek bu tür hadislerin râvilerinin ne ölçüde güvenilir olduğunu belirtmiştir. Bu özelliği sebebiyle bazı âlimler Tirmizî’nin eserini Ṣaḥîḥayn ’dan sonra üçüncü sıraya almışlardır. Tirmizî, hadisleri seçerken fakihlerden birinin o hadisi delil olarak kabul etmesine özellikle dikkat ettiğini, iki hadis dışında eserindeki bütün rivayetlerle amel edildiğini söylemektedir (Tirmizî, V, 736). İbn Mâce, yalancılıkla suçlanmaları yüzünden kendilerinden Kütüb-i Sitte musanniflerinin hadis almadığı bazı râvilerin rivayetlerine yer verdiği için es-Sünen ’indeki bazı rivayetleri tenkit edilmiş ve eserinin Kütüb-i Sitte arasında sayılması konusunda tereddüt gösterilmiştir.
Kütüb-i Sitte Üzerine Yapılan Çalışmalar. İbnü’l-Kayserânî, Eṭrâfü’l-Kütübi’s-Sitte adlı eserinde (yk.bk.) bu altı kitaptaki hadislerin etrâf ını hazırlamış, dört sünenin etrâfını yapmış olan Ebü’l-Kāsım İbn Asâkir de bu kitabın müellif hattı nüshasını gördüğünü ve fâhiş hatalar tesbit ettiğini söylemiştir (Zehebî, Mîzânü’l-iʿtidâl , III, 587; nüshaları için bk. Brockelmann, I, 603). Ebü’l-Abbas Ahmed b. Sâbit et-Tarkī’nin, İbn Mâce’nin Sünen ’i dışındaki beş eserde bulunan hadislerin etrâfını hazırladığı el-Levâmiʿ fi’l-cemʿ beyne’ṣ-ṣıḥâḥ ve’l-cevâmiʿ (Eṭrâfü’l-Kütübi’l-Ḫamse ) adlı çalışmasının bir nüshası Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’nde kayıtlıdır (Şehid Ali Paşa, nr. 533). Bu konudaki en geniş çalışma, Mizzî’nin Tuḥfetü’l-eşrâf ’ı ile İbn Hacer el-Askalânî’nin onu tashih ve ikmal ettiği en-Nüketü’ẓ-ẓırâf ’ıdır. Kütüb-i Sitte musanniflerinin sadece hocalarını tesbit etmek maksadıyla ilk çalışmayı el-Muʿcemü’l-müştemil adlı alfabetik eseriyle Ebü’l-Kāsım İbn Asâkir yapmış, Kütüb-i Sitte ’de rivayetleri bulunan sahâbîler, tâbiîler ve diğer râvilerin hemen hepsini ihtiva etmek üzere daha kapsamlı bir çalışmayı da el-Kemâl fî esmâʾi (maʿrifeti)’r-ricâl adlı eseriyle Cemmâîlî ortaya koymuştur. Daha sonra Cemmâîlî’nin kitabı üzerinde Yûsuf b. Abdurrahman el-Mizzî, Zehebî, Ebü’l-Mehâsin el-Hüseynî, Sıbt İbnü’l-Acemî, İbn Hacer el-Askalânî, Safiyyüddin Ahmed b. Abdullah el-Hazrecî gibi muhaddisler zeyil ve ikmal çalışmaları yapmışlardır (bk. el-KEMÂL ). Sıddîk Hasan Han el-Ḥıṭṭa fî ẕikri’ṣ-ṣıḥâḥı’s-sitte adlı eserinin ikinci yarısında, Muhammed b. Muhammed Ebû Şehbe de et-Taʿrîf bi-kütübi’l-ḥadîs̱i’s-sitte adlı kitabında Kütüb-i Sitte ve musannifleri hakkında bilgi vermişlerdir (bk. bibl.). Ataullah Şahyar (Atawuxi Jiaerfu), Kütüb-i Sitte Müelliflerinin Müştereken Hadis Aldıkları Hocalar adıyla bir yüksek lisans tezi hazırlamıştır (1998, MÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü).
Kütüb-i Sitte ’de yer almayan hadisleri bir araya getirme gayreti zevâid çalışmalarını başlatmış, bu türün en önemli eserlerinin ortaya konduğu IX. (XV.) yüzyılda Nûreddin el-Heysemî, altı önemli hadis kitabında bulunup Kütüb-i Sitte ’de yer almayan hadisleri topladığı Mecmaʿu’z-zevâʾid ’ini, Mısırlı muhaddis Ahmed b. Ebû Bekir el-Bûsîrî dört önemli zevâid çalışmasını meydana getirmiş (DİA , VI, 468), İbn Hacer el-Askalânî de sekiz müsnedde bulunduğu halde Kütüb-i Sitte ’de yer almayan hadisleri el-Meṭâlibü’l-ʿâliye fî zevâʾidi’l-mesânîdi’s-semâniyye ’sinde toplamıştır (I-IV, nşr. Habîbürrahman el-A‘zamî, Küveyt 1393/1973).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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İbrahim Canan, “Kütüb-i Sitte İmamlarının Şartları”, İİFD , sy. 3 (1979), s. 103-126.
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a.mlf., “Câmiu’l-usûl li-ehâdîsi’r-resûl”, a.e. , VII, 136.
M. Yaşar Kandemir, “el-Kemâl”, a.e. , XXV, 222-224.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2003 yılında Ankara’da basılan 27. cildinde, 6-8 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.