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KUYUCU MURAD PAŞA Skip to content KUYUCU MURAD PAŞA (ö. 1020/1611) Osmanlı vezîriâzamı.
Müellif: Ömer İşbilir
Doğum tarihi ve yeri kesin olarak bilinmemektedir. Vefatı sırasında yaşının doksanı geçtiği kaydedildiği için 928 (1522) yılı dolayında doğduğu tahmin edilmektedir. Koca lakabıyla da anılır. Kaynaklarda Hırvat asıllı olduğu belirtilir. Devşirme usulüyle saraya alındı ve burada yetişti. Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman’ın son yıllarında Yemen beylerbeyi olan (1560-1565) Mahmud Paşa’ya intisap ederek kethüdâlığını yaptı. Onun Mısır valiliği sırasında da yanında bulunup mirlivâlık ve emîr-i haclık vazifelerini ifa etti. Bu arada Mahmud Paşa’nın kızıyla evlendi (Âlî Mustafa, vr. 362b ). 983’te (1575) Yemen beylerbeyi oldu. Dört yıla yakın bir süre Yemen’de kaldı ve burada birçok hayır eseri meydana getirdi. Ancak Yemen’de haksız yere büyük servet kazandığı şâyiası üzerine azledilerek İstanbul’a getirtildi (988/1580). Yedikule’de bir süre hapsedildiği gibi serveti de müsâdere olundu.
Daha sonra affedilip Trablusşam beylerbeyiliğine gönderildi, ardından kendisine Karahisarışarkî sancağı tevcih edildi. 993’te (1585) Serdar Osman Paşa’nın (Özdemiroğlu) Tebriz Seferi’ne Karaman beylerbeyi olarak katıldı. Hamza Mirza idaresindeki Safevî kuvvetleriyle yapılan ve gece karanlığına kadar uzayan çarpışma sırasında geri çekilirken atıyla birlikte derin bir kuyuya düşerek esir alındı ve Alamut (Kahkaha) Kalesi’ne hapsedildi (Selânikî, s. 162). 998 (1590) Osmanlı-Safevî Antlaşması sonrasında serbest bırakılarak İstanbul’a döndü.
Aynı yıl Kıbrıs beylerbeyiliğine, iki sene sonra 1592 Şubatında Trablusşam’a, haziran ayında tekrar Kıbrıs’a tayin edildi. 1002 (1594) yılında Şam beylerbeyi olan Murad Paşa 1003’te (1595) Diyarbekir beylerbeyiliğine getirildi. Bu sırada devam etmekte olan Avusturya savaşlarına Diyarbekir beylerbeyi olarak katıldı. Cigalazâde Sinan Paşa ve Kırım Hanı Fetih Giray’la birlikte öncü kuvvetler içinde yer aldı ve Haçova Meydan Savaşı’nda büyük yararlılık gösterdi. 1008’de (1599) imparatorluk temsilcileriyle barış görüşmeleri yapan Osmanlı heyetinde görev aldı. Bu arada Rumeli eyaletiyle beraber Budin muhafazasıyla görevlendirildi. I. Ahmed’in cülûsunun ardından 28 Cemâziyelâhir 1014’te (10 Kasım 1605) dördüncü vezirliğe getirildi. Uzun süreden beri Avusturya cephesinde bulunduğundan kendisine Lala Mehmed Paşa tarafından Macaristan serdarlığı verildi. Serdarlığı sırasında Budin ve Belgrad kalelerinin muhafazasına çalıştı. Bu arada barış görüşmelerini geliştirdi. Onun riyâsetinde, damadı Kadızâde Ali Paşa ve Budin kadısı Hâbil Efendi tarafından 17 Cemâziyelâhir – 10 Receb 1015 (20 Ekim – 11 Kasım 1606) tarihleri arasında yürütülen müzakereler neticesinde Zitvatorok Antlaşması imzalandı.
Bu arada Anadolu’da Celâlî isyanları alevlenmiş ve Bursa’yı tehdit eder bir mahiyet kazanmıştı. Serdar Ferhad Paşa’nın Konya ve Kayseri’den başarısızlık haberlerinin gelmesi Vezîriâzam Derviş Paşa’nın bundan sorumlu tutulmasına yol açtı. Şeyhülislâm Sun‘ullah Efendi ve Muallim-i Sultânî Mustafa Efendi’nin tesir ve telkinleriyle azl ve idam edilen Derviş Paşa’nın yerine Sun‘ullah Efendi’nin tavsiyesiyle Murad Paşa tayin edildi (10 Şâban 1015 / 11 Aralık 1606). Sadâret mührünü Belgrad’da alan Murad Paşa İstanbul’a dönerek Anadolu’daki Celâlîler’e karşı hazırlık yapmaya başladı. İlk hedefi Suriye bölgesinde isyan eden Canbolatoğlu Ali Paşa oldu.
Rebîülevvel 1016’da (Temmuz 1607) harekete geçen Murad Paşa geçtiği bölgelerdeki irili ufaklı âsileri ortadan kaldırarak ilerlemeye başladı. Adapazarı civarında eşkıyalık yapan Parmaksız lakaplı şahsı ve etrafındakileri dağıtması ilk faaliyeti olarak gösterilir (Topçular Kâtibi Abdulkadir Efendi, s. 395). Bursa ve havalisini tehdit eden Kalenderoğlu’na Ankara sancak beyliğini vererek Orta Anadolu’yu sükûna kavuşturup arkasını emniyete aldı ve Konya, Lârende, İçel, Adana üzerinden Canbolatoğlu üzerine yürüdü. Konya’ya ulaştıktan sonra eski Celâlî Saraçoğlu’nu, Adana yöresinde faaliyet gösterip Canbolatoğlu ile ittifak halinde olan Cemşîd’i ve daha başka âsi gruplarını ortadan kaldırdı. Canbolatoğlu’nun Bakras Boğazı’nda mevzilenerek kendini beklediğini öğrenen Murad Paşa, eski bir Celâlî olan Maraş Beylerbeyi Zülfikar Paşa’nın da orduya katılmasından sonra uzun bir yoldan dolaşmak suretiyle İskenderun havalisindeki Beylan (Belen) Boğazı’ndan geçerek Oruç ovasına indi. Çatışmalar 2 Receb 1016 (23 Ekim 1607) günü başlamakla birlikte esas savaş ertesi günü cereyan etti. Murad Paşa, Lübnanlı Dürzî lideri Ma‘noğlu Fahreddin ile birlikte hareket eden Canbolatoğlu’nun kuvvetlerini bozguna uğrattı. Lübnan Emîri Ma‘noğlu Fahreddin ile Dürzî kabileleri firar ettiler. Canbolatoğlu ise önce Kilis’e, oradan Halep’e gitti. Burada tutunamayacağını anlayınca az sayıda maiyetiyle birlikte İstanbul’a gelerek padişaha sığındı. Murad Paşa, Canbolatoğlu’nun kaçan kuvvetlerini takip ve imha ederek Halep’e girdi ve kışı burada geçirdi.
Murad Paşa daha sonra, kendisine Ankara sancak beyliği verilen, fakat şehre sokulmayınca burayı kuşatan ve üzerine gönderilen Tekeli Mehmed Paşa’yı bozguna uğratan, ardından da Bursa ve yöresini yağmalayan Kalenderoğlu üzerine yürüdü. Muslu Çavuş’a İçel sancağını tevcih ederek onun Kalenderoğlu ile olabilecek ittifakını önledi ve Göksun yaylasında mevzilenen Kalenderoğlu’nu Rebîülâhir 1017’de (Ağustos 1608) Alaçayır mevkiinde cereyan eden savaşta yenilgiye uğrattı. Savaş meydanından kaçan Celâlîler’in geçecekleri yerlerin beylerbeyilerini bölgelerine gönderen Murad Paşa, Amasya civarında faaliyet gösteren Tavil Halil ve kardeşi Meymun’un İran’a doğru firar eden Kalenderoğlu ile birleşmek niyetinde olduklarını haber alınca yanlarına sadece bir haftalık erzak almalarını emrettiği yeniçerilerle onları takibe koyuldu. Altı gün altı gecelik sıkı bir kovalamanın ardından Karahisarışarkî sancağının Kara Hasan Derbendi’nde âsileri yakalayarak büyük kısmını imha etti. Ancak daha yolda iken hastalandığından Celâlîler’den artakalanların takip işini Seyfoğlu Hüseyin Paşa’ya havale ederek kendisi Sivas’a döndü. Bu arada davet edildiği halde Celâlî seferlerine katılmadığından dolayı orduya gelerek af dileyen Diyarbekir Beylerbeyi Nasuh Paşa’nın bu isteğini kabul eden Murad Paşa, İstanbul’daki rakipleri Sadâret Kaymakamı Mustafa Paşa, Defterdar Ekmekçi Ahmed Paşa, müftü ve kızlar ağasının padişaha telkinleri neticesinde o kışı da Anadolu’da geçirerek ertesi yıl İran üzerine yürümesine dair bir ferman aldı. Ancak kendisi I. Ahmed’i ikna edip İstanbul’a doğru harekete geçti. 10 Ramazan 1017’de (18 Aralık 1608) beraberinde 400 civarında Celâlî bayrağı olduğu halde İstanbul’a ulaştı ve büyük merasimlerle karşılandı.
I. Ahmed, Sadrazam Murad Paşa’nın İran üzerine yürümesini istiyordu. Kuyucu Murad Paşa ise geride kalan âsileri tamamen ortadan kaldırmak niyetindeydi. Bu niyetini padişahtan da gizleyerek kışı birtakım hazırlıklarla geçirdikten sonra Rebîülevvel 1018’de (Haziran 1609) İran üzerine sefer olduğu şâyiasıyla ordusunu Üsküdar’da topladı. Esas amacı âsileri sefer bahanesiyle davet edip onları ortadan kaldırmaktı. Aydın civarında isyan eden Yûsuf Paşa sadrazamın davetine uyup Üsküdar’a gelerek orduya katıldı. Bu arada Murad Paşa, Zülfikar Paşa’yı daha önce İçel sancağını tevcih ettiği Muslu Çavuş üzerine göndermişti. Zülfikar Paşa’nın Muslu Çavuş’u bertaraf ettiği haberini getirmesi üzerine Yûsuf Paşa’yı da ortadan kaldırdı. Kaynaklarda bu olaya “Üsküdar seferi” adı verilir. Kışı sefer hazırlığı ile geçiren Murad Paşa, bir yandan da Celâlî isyanları yüzünden Anadolu’da durma noktasına gelen iktisadî ve sosyal hayatı canlandırmak üzere faaliyete geçti. Bunun için bir adâletnâme neşrederek özellikle devlet görevlilerinin vazifelerini suistimal suretiyle reâyâya zulmetmemelerini, böylece yerlerini terkeden ahalinin tekrar yurtlarına dönmelerini sağlamaya çalıştı.
Anadolu’da Celâlî isyanlarını yatıştıran Murad Paşa 1019’da (1610) doğrudan doğruya İran üzerine yürüdü. Şah Abbas’ın Tebriz’de beklediğini haber alınca Erzurum’dan Hasan Kal‘ası, Çaldıran, Hoy yoluyla Tebriz’e ilerledi. İki ordu Tebriz’in kuzeyinde Acıçay mevkiinde karşı karşıya geldiyse de herhangi bir çatışma olmadı. Murad Paşa kış mevsiminin yaklaşması, mühimmat ve erzak sıkıntısı yüzünden Ahlat, Van, Bitlis yoluyla Diyarbekir’e gelerek kışı burada geçirdi. Aynı zamanda şah ile mektuplaşmalar devam etmekteydi. Kışı Diyarbekir’de geçirdikten sonra yeni sefer hazırlıkları yaparken 25 Cemâziyelevvel 1020’de (5 ağustos 1611) Cülek’te vefat etti. Onun, aralarında daha önceden husumet bulunan Nasuh Paşa tarafından bir ziyafette zehirletildiği de rivayet edilir. Ölümünden sonra Murad Paşa’nın orduda bulunan bütün erzak, esvap ve 6,5 milyon akçeye ulaşan nakit parası Vezîriâzam Nasuh Paşa tarafından müsadere edildiği gibi kethüdâsı Ömer ve kapıcıbaşısı Sarı Hüseyin Ağa da katledildi (Peçuylu İbrâhim, II, 339-340). Vefat ettiğinde doksan yaşı civarında bulunan Murad Paşa’nın cesedi önce Diyarbekir’de muvakkaten defnedildi, ardından İstanbul Vezneciler semtinde yaptırdığı medresesi bitişiğindeki türbesine nakledildi.
Kaynaklarda, Murad Paşa’nın Osmanlı devlet nizamına ve an‘anelerine bağlı bir devlet adamı olduğu, dindar kişiliğine rağmen Celâlîler’i ortadan kaldırmada ifrata varan uygulamalarda bulunduğu, bu arada 60-70.000 civarında Celâlî’yi ortadan kaldırdığı, konakladığı yerlerde derin kuyular kazdırıp öldürdüğü âsileri bu kuyulara doldurduğu rivayet edilir (a.g.e., II, 337). Yine kaynaklarda Nakşibendî tarikatına mensup olduğu, hac farîzasını yerine getirdiği, seferlerde yanında Yemen’de iken elde ettiği Hâlid b. Velîd’e ait olduğu söylenen kılıcı taşıdığı belirtilir (Hadîkatü’l-vüzerâ, s. 59). Koca lakabı yaşının bir hayli ileri olmasından kaynaklanmaktadır. Kuyucu lakabının verilmesi ise bir rivayete göre âsileri katlettikten sonra kuyuya doldurtması, diğer bir rivayete göre de 1585 Tebriz Seferi’nde atıyla birlikte kuyuya düşüp İranlılar’a esir düşmesi dolayısıyladır. 9 Ekim 1609 günü Sultan Ahmed Camii’nin temeli atılırken ilk kazmayı vuran devlet ricâli arasında Kuyucu Murad Paşa da vardı. Vezneciler semtinde medresesiyle birlikte türbe, sebil ve çarşısı sağlığında inşa edilmiştir.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2002 yılında Ankara’da basılan 26. cildinde, 507-508 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.