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LÂEDRİYYE Skip to content İnsan aklının Tanrı ve evren hakkındaki mutlak gerçeği bilemeyeceğini ileri süren felsefî akım, agnostisizm.
Arapça’da “bilmiyorum” anlamına gelen lâedrî fiilinden türetilmiştir. Terim olarak ilk ortaya çıkışı klasik İslâm düşünce geleneği içinde, özellikle kelâmcıların sofistler hakkındaki değerlendirme ve eleştirileri çerçevesinde gerçekleşmiş (Tehânevî, I, 666), daha sonra modern müslüman müellifler tarafından XIX. yüzyıl Batı felsefesinde benimsenen agnostisizm e karşılık olarak kullanılmıştır (İsmail Fenni, s. 25; Cemîl Salîbâ, II, 258). Yine modern kullanımda irfâniyye şeklinde ifade edilen gnostisizmin (bk. İRFÂNİYYE ) karşıtı olarak lâirfâniyye nin daha uygun olacağı ileri sürülmüştür (Çankı, I, 87). Türkçe’de bilinmezcilik şeklinde karşılanan agnostisizm, XIX. yüzyılın ikinci yarısı boyunca bir Tanrı’nın var olup olmadığının bilinemeyeceği iddiası etrafındaki görüşleri ifade etmek üzere yaygınlık kazanmıştır.
Sokrat öncesi filozofların tabiat araştırmaları sonrasında ortaya çıkan sofistler, kanıtlanmış bilgiye ulaşmak yerine bir iddia konusunda muhatabı ikna sanatı olarak retoriği felsefî eğitimin esası kabul etmiş, bu yöndeki etkinlikleri bilginin imkânı ve değeri konusunda agnostik, septik ve rölativist eğilimleri beslemiştir. Sofistlerden Protagoras, agnostisizmin temel yaklaşımını belirgin biçimde ortaya koyan bir filozoftur. Protagoras insanın her şeyin ölçütü olduğunu ileri sürmüş, bu görüş, algı yahut inançlardan bağımsız sabit bir gerçeklik olmadığı biçimindeki bir ana fikre dayandığı için gerçeğin bilgisinin de mümkün olmadığı şeklinde bir sonuç doğurmuştur. Protagoras’a göre ölçüt özne olunca insanın bilgi ve inançlarını belirleyen sabit bir gerçeklik ilkesi söz konusu olmayıp aksine insanın algı, duygu ve zanları dış dünyanın gerçekliğini belirlemektedir. Dolayısıyla gerçek herkese göre başkadır ve her bir görüş diğerinden daha doğru yahut daha yanlış değildir. Protagoras, tanrıların varlığı ve mahiyeti konusunda bilgi edinmenin insanın gücünü aştığı görüşündedir (Guthrie, s. 234-235). Sofistler arasında Protagoras gibi sübjektivist ve agnostik veya Gorgias gibi septik filozofların yanında Diagoras, Prodicus ve Critias gibi ateistler ve Antisthenes gibi monoteistler de vardır. Ancak septik, agnostik ve sübjektivist-rölativist olanlarının İslâm’ın klasik çağında ortaya konan Sûfestâiyye tasniflerine karşılık geldiği söylenebilir.
Agnostik ve septik tutumların İslâm düşüncesinin erken dönemlerinden itibaren tartışma konusu yapıldığı görülmektedir. Bunda eski Fars kültür coğrafyasından İslâm entelektüel çevrelerine, özellikle de Cündişâpûr okulundan Abbâsî saraylarına intikal eden “sûfestâî” telakkilerin gündem oluşturmasından başlayarak çeşitli âmiller rol oynamış görünmektedir. Arapça’ya çevrilen felsefî metinlerde Sûfestâiyye ile ilgili olarak yer alan aktarımlar, yine Şiî eğilimli kelâmcıların mâsum imamın ilmî otoritesini temellendirmek maksadıyla nazarî bilginin değeri hakkında şüphe uyandırma gayretleri bu çerçevede zikredilmektedir. Nihayet din hakkında yapılan farklı yorumların, bir fikrî dinamizmi ifade ettiği kadar neyin doğru olduğu konusunda tereddüt uyandırıcı bir olumsuz etkiye yol açtığı da anlaşılmaktadır. Eş‘arî ve Mâtürîdî gibi büyük kelâmcıların sofistlerle ilgili değerlendirme ve eleştirileri, Sûfestâiyye terimi etrafında daha önceden oluşmuş gündemin derinleşerek devam ettiğini göstermektedir (Maḳālât , s. 433-434; Kitâbü’t-Tevḥîd , s. 153-156; ayrıca bk. Makdisî, I, 48-49). Ebû Hafs el-Haddâd ve İbnü’r-Râvendî gibi Şiî eğilimli müelliflerin agnostik tarzdaki yaklaşımları nazarî bilginin epistemolojik temellerini tehdit eder görünse de bunlar, Mu‘tezile’nin teşekkülünden itibaren kelâm ilmine duyulan yaygın güveni sarsmaya yetmemiş, bu arada mantık çalışmalarının hızla gelişmesi sofistik yöntemin geçersizliği hakkında derin bir bilinç oluşturmuştur. Özellikle Bâtınî çevrelerin beslediği epistemolojik bunalımın Gazzâlî gibi etkili bilginlerin gayretiyle aşılması sonucu agnostik ve septik tutumlar İslâm düşünce geleneğinde yaygınlık kazanamamıştır (Ess, s. 83-98).
Sofistleri gruplar halinde tasnif ederek agnostik eğilimleri orada zikretmek İslâm kelâmcılarının bir uygulamasıdır. İbn Hazm’ın grup adı vermeden üçlü bir tasnife gittiği bilinmektedir (el-Faṣl , I, 43). Nasîrüddîn-i Tûsî, muhtemelen kelâmcıları kastederek bir topluluğun felsefî bir ekol saydığı sofistleri lâedriyye (agnostikler), inâdiyye (septikler) ve indiyye (rölativist/sübjektivistler) şeklinde üç gruba ayırdığını belirtmekte, lâedriyyeyi “şüphe edenler ve şüphe edip etmediklerinden de şüphe edenler” şeklinde tanıtmaktadır. Buradaki şüphe, bilginin imkânsızlığı hakkındaki kesin bir septisizmden çok bilinmezci bir tutumu ifade etmektedir (Telḫîṣü’l-Muḥaṣṣal , s. 40). Terimin benzeri bir tasnif içinde bu kadar açık biçimde kullanılmasına İbn Teymiyye’nin eserlerinde de rastlanmaktadır. İbn Teymiyye, filozofların Tanrı’nın sıfatları konusundaki tutumlarını lâedriyye ile karşılaştırmakta, lâedriyyenin yanı sıra “mütecâhile” (bilgisizlik taslayanlar) kelimesini de kullanmakta ve agnostiklerin temel tezini onların ağzından, “Biz hakikatin ve bilginin var olup olmadığını bilmiyoruz” şeklinde aktarmaktadır (Minhâcü’s-sünne , I, 231; II, 525).
Felsefe geleneğinde sofistlik daha ziyade bir teknik (sınâa, mihne) olarak kavranmış ve bu tekniğin genel adı olan safsata bir mantık disiplini olarak ele alınmıştır. Fârâbî’ye göre sofistler, bazı kimselerin zannettiği şekilde Sûfestây adlı birinin öncülüğünde kurulmuş bir felsefî ekol olmadığı gibi bilginin imkânını reddedenlerin toplu adı da değildir; safsata tekniğini uygulama gücünde olan herkes bu adı almaktadır (el-Elfâẓü’l-müstaʿmele , s. 105; krş. Nasîrüddîn-i Tûsî, s. 40; İbn Teymiyye, Beyânü telbîsi’l-Cehmiyye , I, 322). Filozofa göre temel işlevi hakikat konusunda yanıltmak (galat), saptırmak (telbîs) ve şaşkınlığa düşürmek (tahyîr) olan safsatayı mantığın bir disiplini olarak öğrenmek ve böylece yanıltıcı hikmetten (el-hikmetü’l-mümevvihe) korunmak gerekir (İḥṣâʾü’l-ʿulûm , s. 66). Fârâbî gibi İbn Sînâ’da da lâedriyye terimine rastlanmamaktadır. Ancak filozof, sofistlerin üçüncü şıkkın imkânsızlığını reddedişleriyle ilgili olarak çözümlemelerde bulunurken bazı sofistler için agnostik çağrışımı yapacak şekilde “mütehayyir” (şaşkın, aklı karışık) kelimesini kullanmaktadır. Buna göre iki şeyin aynı anda doğru olamayacağını bilen bir filozof bu konuda inatlaşan sofisti bir şekilde susturmalı, fakat gerçeği görmesi muhtemel olan ve aslında yol gösterilme ihtiyacı içinde olan mütehayyiri de aydınlatmalıdır (eş-Şifâʾ, el-İlâhiyyât [I] , s. 49-50, 53). Fahreddin er-Râzî ise metafizik bilginin imkânı açısından agnostik tutum geliştirenlerin kanıtlarını aktarmakta, cisimler hakkındaki bir meselede bile şaşkınlık ve dehşete kapılan insan aklının cismanî olmayan varlıkları, özellikle Tanrı’yı bilme konusunda ne durumda olabileceği iddiasına dikkat çekmektedir (el-Meṭâlibü’l-ʿâliye , I, 41-59).
Lâedriyye hakkındaki açıklama ve eleştiriler, Adudüddin el-Îcî ve onun ünlü şârihi Seyyid Şerîf el-Cürcânî’nin eserlerinde artık oturmuş şekilleriyle yer almaktadır. Cürcânî’nin açıklamalarına göre Sûfestâiyye hem aklın apriori bilgilerini (bedîhiyyât) hem de duyu algılarını inkâr eden bir akımdır. Bu akım lâedriyye, inâdiyye ve indiyye olarak anılan üç gruptan oluşmaktadır. Lâedriyye duraksama (tevakkuf) tutumunu benimseyen gruptur. Lâedriyyeye göre duyu ve akılla elde edilen algıların gerçeklik hakkında bilgi sağladığı yolundaki fikirler duyumcu ve akılcı akımlarca karşılıklı olarak geçersiz kılındığına göre bir yargıya varmak için akıl ve duyular dışında başka bir yargı gücüne başvurmak gerekmektedir. Fakat bunun için nazarî araştırmadan başka bir yol yoktur. Nazarî bilgi de zorunlu bilgiler gibi aklî kavrayışın bir parçasından ibarettir. Eğer nazarî yolla ulaşılan yargı doğru kabul edilecekse bu bir döngüye (devr) yol açacaktır. Dolayısıyla bu mesele karşısında susup agnostik kalmak icap eder. Cürcânî’nin lâedriyyeye verdiği cevap şudur: Eğer kendileri bu görüş ve tutumları konusunda kesin bilgiye sahiplerse bu onların lâedrî olmadıkları anlamına gelir. Eğer kesin bilgiye sahip olmadıklarını söylüyorlarsa iddialarının doğruluğu teziyle çelişiyorlar demektir. Her iki durumda da lâedrîliğin temelsiz olduğu ortaya çıkmaktadır. İnâdiyye denilen grup ise varlığın gerçekliğini inkâr konusunda lâedriyye gibi duraksamayan, gerçekliği kesin şekilde inkâr edenlerdir. Onları lâedriyyeden ayıran husus, ikincilerin eşit güçteki deliller karşısında besledikleri şüphenin kesinlik taşıdığı iddiasıdır. İndiyye ise eşyanın gerçekliğinin inançlar (itikad) tarafından belirlendiğini ileri sürer. Bu telakkiye göre her grubun görüşü kendince doğru olup karşıtlarına göre yanlıştır. Bunda bir saçmalık yoktur; çünkü hiçbir şey kendi başına doğru olamaz; daima bir izâfîlik söz konusudur. Cürcânî de öteki kelâmcılar gibi sofistlerin bir ekol olduğunu düşünmektedir (Şerḥu’l-Mevâḳıf , I, 81).
Modern Batı’da agnostik terimini ilk defa 1869’da kendi zihnî tutumunu nitelemek için kullanan Huxley ateist, teist, panteist, materyalist, idealist, hıristiyan veya serbest düşünenler gibi akımların varlık problemini kendilerince çözdüklerini, ancak problemin kendisi için çözülemez olduğundan emin bulunduğunu ifade etmiştir. Huxley, teorik akla dayalı bilginin imkânını sorguladıkları için septik filozof David Hume ve kritisizmin büyük filozofu Immanuel Kant ile kendini aynı safta görmüştür. Sir William Hamilton, Kant’ı kendince yorumlayarak Tanrı hakkındaki bilginin insan aklının sınırları içinde gerçekleşemeyeceğini, Tanrı’nın mutlak ve sonsuz varlık olarak bütün izâfetlerin ötesinde ve bilinemez olduğunu savunmuştur. Henry Longueville Mansel de Hamilton’u izleyerek onun fikirlerini Hıristiyanlık savunması lehine geliştirmiş, Tanrı’nın mahiyeti hakkında spekülasyonlara girişmenin boşuna bir çaba olduğunu, bağlanma duygusunun ve mânevî basiretin tatmin etmek istediği ihtiyacı ancak inancın yerine getirebileceğini düşünmüştür. Herbert Spencer ise bilimin bilinemezliğin (nescience) sınırında durması, dinin de bilinemeyen karşısında huşû ile tatmin olması gerektiğini ileri sürmüştür. Filozof, Hamilton ve Mansel’den yararlanarak bilginin izâfîliği üzerinde de durmuş, her şeyi belirli izâfetler içinde kavrayan zihnin nesnelerin bizâtihi kendisini kavramasının mümkün olmadığını, dolayısıyla tabiatı itibariyle kavranamaz olan gerçekliği kabul etmede dinle bilimin uzlaştığını söylemiştir. Leslie Stephan teologlara karşı agnostisizmi savunmuş; Robert Flint de Hamilton ve diğerlerinin benimsediği dinî nitelikli agnostisizmin ne olumlu ne de olumsuz bir yargıya varmaktan kaçınan yaklaşımlarını eleştirerek onların tutumunun bilinmeyen bir Tanrı karşısında inanıyor gibi yapıp hiçliğe tapmaktan öte anlam taşımayacağını ileri sürmüştür. James Ward da benzer eleştiriler ortaya koymuştur.
XIX. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında hararetli tartışmalara yol açan agnostisizmin XX. yüzyılda aynı bütünlük, süreklilik ve canlılığa sahip bir gündem oluşturduğu söylenemez. Güncel anlamıyla tipik bir agnostik olmak, Tanrı’nın yokluğunu kanıtlamak için özel bir çaba içine girmeyen, ancak hayatını da Tanrı’nın varlığı kabulüne göre düzenlemeyen bir kişi olmak demektir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Tehânevî, Keşşâf , I, 666.
İsmail Fenni [Ertuğrul], Lugatçe-i Felsefe , İstanbul 1341, s. 25.
M. Namık Çankı, Büyük Felsefe Lûgatı , İstanbul 1954, I, 87-89.
F. E. Peters, Grek Philosophical Terms , New York-London 1967, s. 6.
Cemîl Salîbâ, el-Muʿcemü’l-felsefî , Beyrut 1982, II, 258.
Eş‘arî, Maḳālât (Ritter) , s. 433-434.
Mâtürîdî, Kitâbü’t-Tevḥîd , s. 153-156.
Makdisî, el-Bedʾ ve’t-târîḫ , I, 48-49.
Fârâbî, el-Elfâẓü’l-müstaʿmele fi’l-manṭıḳ (nşr. Muhsin Mehdî), Beyrut 1968, s. 105.
a.mlf., İḥṣâʾü’l-ʿulûm (nşr. Osman M. Emîn), Kahire 1968, s. 66, 80-82.
Ebû Hayyân et-Tevhîdî, el-İmtâʾ ve’l-muʾânese (nşr. Ahmed Emîn – Ahmed ez-Zeyn), Beyrut 1373/1953, III, 193-195.
İbn Sînâ, eş-Şifâʾ el-İlâhiyyât (1) , s. 48-53.
İbn Hazm, el-Faṣl (Umeyre) , I, 43-45.
Fahreddin er-Râzî, el-Meṭâlibü’l-ʿâliye (nşr. Ahmed Hicâzî es-Sekkā), Beyrut 1407/1987, I, 41-59.
Nasîrüddîn-i Tûsî, Telḫîṣü’l-Muḥaṣṣal (Fahreddin er-Râzî, Muḥaṣṣal içinde, nşr. Tâhâ Abdürraûf Sa‘d), Kahire, ts. (Mektebetü’l-külliyyeti’l-Ezheriyye), s. 40.
Takıyyüddin İbn Teymiyye, Minhâcü’s-sünne (nşr. M. Reşâd Sâlim), Riyad 1406/1986, I, 231; II, 525.
a.mlf., Beyânü telbîsi’l-Cehmiyye (nşr. Muhammed b. Abdurrahman b. Kāsım), Mekke 1392, I, 322.
Cürcânî, Şerḥu’l-Mevâḳıf , I, 81.
J. van Ess, “Skepticism in Islamic Religious Thought”, God and Man in Contemporary Islamic Thought (ed. Charles Malik), Beirut 1972, s. 83-98.
E. Zeller, Outines of the History of Grek Philosophy (trc. L. R. Palmer), New York 1980, s. 76-87.
W. K. C. Guthrie, The Sophists , Cambridge 1995, s. 50-51, 181-188, 234-235.
Alfred E. Garvie, “Agnosticism”, ERE , I, 214-220.
Ronald W. Hepburn, “Agnosticism”, The Encyclopedia of Philosophy (ed. Paul Edwards), London-New York 1982, I, 56-59.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2003 yılında Ankara’da basılan 27. cildinde, 41-42 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.