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LALA Skip to content Osmanlılar’da şehzadelerin yetiştirilmesinden sorumlu görevli.
Farsça olan lâlâ kelimesi sözlükte “kul, köle; efendinin çocuğuna bakmakla yükümlü hizmetkâr” anlamına gelir. Tarihî seyir içerisinde zamanla ileri gelenlerin, varlıklı kişilerin, yüksek dereceli idarecilerin, bey, han, hükümdar çocuklarının eğitimiyle ilgilenen, onlara yönetim sanatını öğreten, her türlü bakımından ve yetişmesinden sorumlu olan kişileri ifade eden bir mâna kazanmıştır. Böylece daha önceki atabeglik kurumunun bir benzeri olarak gelişme göstermiş, ancak bu kurum kadar siyasî bir niteliğe sahip olmamıştır (bk. ATABEG ).
Lala kelimesinin Anadolu’da Farsça’nın etkisiyle XIII. yüzyıldan itibaren kullanılmaya başlandığı sanılmaktadır. Kelimenin atabeglik sıfatını kazanması muhtemelen XV. yüzyılda gerçekleşmiştir. Aslında atabegin lalalığa dönüşmesi yahut ikisinin aynı anlamda kullanılmasıyla ilgili kayıtlara XIV. yüzyılda rastlanır. Anadolu Selçuklu kaynaklarında lala ve atabeg kelimelerinin birlikte geçtiği dikkati çeker (Uzunçarşılı, Medhal , s. 79). Yine Memlükler’de, Akkoyunlu-Karakoyunlular’da lala tabiri hem sultan hem de ümerâ çocuklarını eğiten kimseler için kullanılmıştır (a.g.e. , s. 273, 318). Anadolu sahasında eserini XIV. yüzyılın ilk çeyreğinde kaleme alan Eflâkî lala kelimesine yer vermiştir. Aynı şekilde İbn Bîbî ve Aksarâyî’nin eserlerinde de lala kelimesi geçmektedir. Bu durum lalanın atabeg karşılığı olarak yerleştiğini gösterir. Fakat atabeglik gibi siyasî bir kurum özelliğine sahip olmadığından Osmanlılar’da lala kelimesi atabeg kavramı içerisinde veliahdın, hatta tahta geçen hükümdarın nâibi, onun yerine devleti idare eden kişi niteliğini hiçbir zaman kazanmamıştır.
İlk Osmanlı kaynaklarında atabeg ve lala kelimelerine bir arada rastlanmaktadır. XV. yüzyıl tarihçilerinden Tursun Bey, Manisa’ya gönderilen Şehzade Mehmed’e (Fâtih Sultan Mehmed) Zağanos Paşa’nın “atabeg koşulduğunu” yazar (Târîh-i Ebü’l-Feth , s. 36). II. Bayezid’in oğlu Şehinşah’tan söz ederken de onun lalasının Karagöz Bey olduğunu belirtir (a.g.e. , s. 207). II. Murad’ın gazâlarını anlatan anonim bir eserde gerek Çandarlı Halil Paşa gerekse Şâhin Paşa için lala tabiri sıkça geçer (Gazavât-ı Sultân Murâd b. Mehemmed Hân , s. 33, 56, 66). Yine burada, Şehzade Mehmed’in Manisa’ya gönderilmesinden sonra onun bölgedeki idareciliğini kendisine refakat eden iki lalasıyla (Kassaboğlu Mahmud Bey ve Nişancı İbrâhim Bey) danışarak yapmakta olduğundan bahsedilir (a.g.e. , s. 2). Bu kayıtlara rağmen bir kurum olarak lalalığın Osmanlılar’da ne zaman ortaya çıktığı hakkında herhangi bir bilgiye ulaşılamamaktadır. Bazı araştırmacılar bunun I. Murad devrinde bir müessese haline geldiğini kaydeder.
Fâtih Sultan Mehmed’in teşkilât kanunnâmesi, şehzade lalalığının resmî bir nitelik kazanmış olduğunun ilk önemli ve açık belgesini oluşturur. Burada lalalık makamının protokoldeki derecesine işaret edilir ve yerinin mal defterdarının altında olduğu belirtilir. Bu durum, bir taşra görevi olması dolayısıyla lalalığın Osmanlı merkezî bürokratik yapılanmasının ve hiyerarşisinin altında bulunduğunu gösterir. Ancak daha sonra bu makamın giderek XVI. yüzyılda önem kazandığı ve ileri derecelere ulaştığı anlaşılmaktadır. Lala elkābındaki değişmeler bunun bir göstergesidir.
Osmanlı şehzadelerinin sancağa çıkışları ve bulundukları bölgede idarecilik (sancak beyliği) yapmaları sebebiyle lalalar sadece onların eğitiminden değil aynı zamanda mahallî idareden de sorumlu bir vasıf kazanmıştır. Taşra yönetiminde şehzadenin maiyetinde bulunan görevlilerin başı ve en önde geleni laladır. Lalalar çok defa Enderun’dan yetişmiş, tecrübeli, güvenilir şahıslar arasından titizlikle seçilir ve merkezden tayin edilirdi. İlk dönemlerde lalalar arasında yerli ümerâ ailelerine mensup kimselerin olduğu bilinmektedir. XV. yüzyılın sonlarından itibaren genellikle kul asıllı devlet görevlileri bu makama getirilmiştir. Lalalar sancak beyi, beylerbeyi rütbesindeki devlet adamları arasından seçilebildiği gibi bu göreve daha alt seviyede hizmetliler de tayin edilebilirdi. Bu makamda sürelerini tamamlayanlar çok defa daha yüksek dereceli taşra görevlerine gönderilirdi. Meselâ Manisa’ya yollanan Şehzade Süleyman’ın (Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman) lalası, defterdarlıkta ve vezirlikte bulunmuş tecrübeli devlet adamı olan Kasım Paşa idi (Celâlzâde, s. 180-181). II. Selim’in lalası olan Mustafa Paşa sancak beyi iken onun lalalığına getirilmiş, daha sonra beylerbeyiliklerde bulunmuş ve ikinci vezirliğe yükselmişti. III. Mehmed’in padişah oluşu sırasında lalalık görevini yürüten Mehmed Paşa ise önce vezir olmuş, ardından sadrazamlığa getirilmiştir. Lalaların görev süreleri sancak beylerine benzer tarzda iki üç yıl kadardı. Bazı durumlarda sık sık lala değişikliklerinin olduğu görülmektedir. Bunun en önemli sebebi, bulundukları yerlerde şehzadeyi etki altına alarak bir güç unsuru haline gelmelerini önlemek olmalıdır. Fakat yine de lalalık ileride daha yüksek görevlere getirilmeyi sağlayan bir basamak haline gelmiştir. Bilhassa lalalıklarında bulundukları şehzadelerin padişah olması onlara büyük bir nüfuz ve makam temin etmiştir.
Lalanın görevleri arasında şehzadenin eğitimi yanında onun siyasî meselelere vukufuna yardımcı olmak, Dîvân-ı Hümâyun’un küçük bir modeli olan şehzade divanına vezir makamında başkanlık etmek, sancak askerleriyle sefere çıkmak yahut sefer vakti bulunduğu bölgenin büyük bölümünün muhafaza hizmetini görmek, merkezle şehzade arasındaki bağı sağlamak, herhangi bir meselede merkezle doğrudan irtibata geçmek ve gereken tedbirleri almak başta geliyordu. Lalanın idarî fonksiyonu şehzadenin yaşının küçük olması durumunda daha da önem kazanıyordu. Yetişkin şehzadelerin yanında ise pasif bir konumda kalabiliyor, şehzadenin bizzat kendisi siyaset ve idarede etkin oluyordu. Bu durumda lalalar ikinci planda kalırken vazifeleri daha çok merkezle şehzade arasında belirginleşen bir şekil alıyordu. II. Bayezid’in oğulları Yavuz Sultan Selim, Korkut, Ahmed gibi şehzadelerin yanındaki lalaların idarî fonksiyonları ve etkileri çok azdı, bunlar âdeta ismen tayin edilmiş bir mevkide kalmışlardı. Buna karşılık Fâtih Sultan Mehmed’in, Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman’ın, II. Selim’in, III. Murad ve III. Mehmed’in lalaları siyasî ve idarî bakımdan ön plana çıkmışlardır. Lalaların idarî yetki dereceleri özellikle Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman’ın oğlu Şehzade Bayezid olayının ardından artmıştır. Bu hadiseden sonra yegâne veliaht sancağı haline gelen Saruhan sancağının merkezi Manisa’ya gönderilen şehzadelerin (III. Murad ve III. Mehmed) yanında bulunan lalaların bütün idarî işlerde ön planda olduğu, merkezden gönderilen hükümleri lala adına hitaben kaleme aldıkları dikkati çekmektedir (Emecen, s. 35). Lalaların şehzadeler üzerindeki denetiminin artması onların vazife alanlarını da giderek genişletmiş, lalalar mahallî tayinler, timar tevcihleri, muhafaza, asayiş temini gibi pek çok konuda yetkili konuma gelmiştir.
Lalalık, III. Mehmed’den sonra şehzadelerin sancağa çıkma usullerine nihayet verilmesiyle idarî yönünü tamamen yitirmiştir. Saltanat sistemindeki değişme ve şehzadelerin sarayda sıkı bir gözetim altında tutulmaları, lalalığa sadece eğitim fonksiyonunun ön plana çıktığı yeni bir sıfat kazandırdığı gibi kimliklerinin değişmesine de yol açmıştır. Şehzadelerin maiyetine harem ağalarından (has odalı) üç kişi tayin edilmeye ve bunların en tecrübelisi ve yaşlısı başlala unvanıyla onun eğitiminden sorumlu tutulmaya başlanmıştır. Hadım ağalardan seçilen bu lalalar sarayda sadece şehzadenin eğitimiyle ilgilenmişlerdir. Bunların XVII. yüzyılda saray içinde çeşitli entrikalara karıştıkları ve bazılarının büyük nüfuz sahibi oldukları bilinmektedir. IV. Mehmed’in başlalası Uzun Süleyman Ağa, Kösem Sultan’ın katli işine karışmış, sarayda büyük nüfuz sahibi olmuştur (Uzunçarşılı, Osmanlı Tarihi , III/1, s. 257-260). Adları çeşitli olaylar dolayısıyla geçen diğer lalalar arasında II. Süleyman’ın lalası Ahmed Ağa, III. Selim’in lalası Mahmud Bey, II. Mahmud’un lalaları Anber Ağa, Recebpaşazâde Mehmed Bey ile Başlala Tayyar Efendi zikredilebilir. Bu dönemlerde padişahların vezîriâzamlara lala tabiriyle hitap etmeye başladıkları da belirtilmelidir. Lala kelimesi “eğitici, bakıcı” anlamında halk arasında da yaygın bir şekilde kullanılmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İbn Bîbî, el-Evâmirü’l-Alâiyye: Selçukname (trc. Mürsel Öztürk), Ankara 1996, I, 275.
Aksarâyî, Müsâmeretü’l-ahbâr (trc. Mürsel Öztürk), Ankara 2000, s. 30.
Eflâkî, Âriflerin Menkıbeleri (trc. Tahsin Yazıcı), Ankara 1995, II, 507-508.
Gazavât-ı Sultân Murâd b. Mehemmed Hân (nşr. Halil İnalcık – Mevlûd Oğuz), Ankara 1978, s. 2, 33, 56, 66.
Tursun Bey, Târîh-i Ebü’l-Feth (nşr. Mertol Tulum), İstanbul 1977, s. 36, 207.
Celâlzâde Mustafa Çelebi, Selimnâme (nşr. Ahmet Uğur – Mustafa Çuhadar), Ankara 1990, s. 180-181.
İbn Kemal, Tevârîh-i Âl-i Osmân , VIII. Defter, s. 2, 20, 97.
Ahmed Câvid, Hadîka-i Vekāyi (haz. Adnan Baycar), Ankara 1998, s. 141.
Mehmed Zeki, Maktûl Şehzadeler , İstanbul 1336, s. 2-3.
Uzunçarşılı, Osmanlı Tarihi , III/1, s. 257-260.
a.mlf., Medhal , s. 79, 273, 318.
a.mlf., “Sancağa Çıkarılan Osmanlı Şehzadeleri”, TTK Belleten , XXXIX/156 (1975), s. 659-696.
Feridun M. Emecen, XVI. Asırda Manisa Kazâsı , Ankara 1989, s. 35.
J. Woods, Akkoyunlular (trc. Sibel Özbudun), İstanbul 1993, s. 20.
L. P. Peirce, Harem-i Hümayun: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Hükümranlık ve Kadınlar (trc. Ayşe Berktay), İstanbul 1996, tür.yer.
Kenan Ziya Taş, Osmanlılar’da Lalalık Müessesesi , Isparta, ts.
İsmet Parmaksızoğlu, “Lala”, TA , XXII, 456-457.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2003 yılında Ankara’da basılan 27. cildinde, 70-71 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.