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LÂLE Skip to content Şekil ve renk özellikleriyle edebiyatta ve süsleme sanatlarında kullanılan çiçek.
1/2 Müellif: TURHAN BAYTOP, CEMAL KURNAZ Bölüme Git
Farsça bir kelime olan lâle (Lat. tulipa) çok yıllık, soğanlı ve otsu bir bitkinin adıdır. Çiçekleri bir sap üzerinde bir tane olup çiçek örtüsü altı …
2/2 Müellif: FATMA ÇİÇEK DERMAN Bölüme Git
SANAT. Lâle, yarı üslûplaşmış şekliyle XVI. yüzyılın ilk yarısından sonra Türk bezeme sanatlarında önemli bir yer tutar. Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman devri …
Farsça bir kelime olan lâle (Lat. tulipa) çok yıllık, soğanlı ve otsu bir bitkinin adıdır. Çiçekleri bir sap üzerinde bir tane olup çiçek örtüsü altı parçalı, serbest, kırmızı, sarı veya beyaz renkli olabilir. Her parçanın dip kısmında genellikle esmer renkli bir leke görülür. Gerçek vatanının Orta Asya olduğu sanılan lâle esas itibariyle yabani bir bitkidir. Türkiye’de on beş kadar türü bulunmaktadır. Çok çiçekliler de dahil yaklaşık 5000 çeşidi bahçelerde süs bitkisi olarak yetiştirilmektedir.
Romalılar ve Bizanslılar döneminde tanınmayan lâle Anadolu’da XII. yüzyıldan itibaren süs bitkisi olarak kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Lâlenin Türkiye’den Avrupa’ya ne zaman götürüldüğü kesin olarak bilinmemektedir. Avusturya-Macaristan imparatorunun Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman nezdindeki elçisi Ootgeer Giselijn van Busbeke’in İstanbul’dan Avrupa’ya götürdüğü bitkiler arasında lâle soğanlarının da bulunduğu sanılmaktadır. 1559 Nisanında Augsburg’da (Almanya) Hewart’ın bahçesinde çiçek açan lâle türü İsviçreli tabiat bilgini Konrad Gesner tarafından “tulipa turcarum” (Türk lâlesi) olarak adlandırılmıştır. Lâle tutkusu, bütün dünyada zaman zaman “lâle deliliği” (tulipomania) diye anılan aşırı boyutlara ulaşmıştır. Bu tutkunun, lâlenin XVI. yüzyıl İstanbul’unda kültür yoluyla çok sayıda çeşidinin elde edilmesiyle arttığı ve XVIII. yüzyılda, özellikle sonradan Lâle Devri (1718-1730) denilen dönemde doruğa ulaştığı bilinmektedir. Bugün Avrupa ülkelerinde lâle bitkisi için kullanılan “tulip” kelimesi, Türkler’in bu bitkiye “tulipan” adını verdiklerini kaydeden Busbeke’in hâtıratına dayanmaktadır. S. W. Murray, bu ismin Türkler’in başlarına sardıkları tülbentle ilgili olduğunu kaydetmektedir. Kelimenin “sarık biçimindeki çiçek” anlamında tülbentten gelmiş olması ihtimali kuvvetlidir.
İstanbul’da ıslah edilmiş ilk lâle çeşidini elde eden kişinin Şeyhülislâm Ebüssuûd Efendi olduğunu Tabib Mehmed Aşkî kitabında kaydetmektedir. XVIII. yüzyıl başlarına kadar yetişen şükûfecilerle bunların yetiştirdiği lâle ve zerrin çeşitlerinin isimlerini veren Netâyicü’l-eshâr adlı kitabın müellifi Cerrahpaşa Camii imamı Mehmed b. Ahmed Ubeydî Efendi de en eski lâle yetiştiricisi olarak Ebüssuûd Efendi’yi göstermekte ve elde ettiği ilk lâle çeşidine “nûr-ı adn” (cennet nuru) ismi verildiğini yazmaktadır. XVI-XVII. yüzyıllarda İstanbul’da yetiştirilen lâle çeşitlerinin isimleri, özellikleri ve yetiştiricileri hakkında bilgi veren el yazması risâlelere göre bunların sayısı 2000 civarındadır. XVIII. yüzyıldan başlayarak âdeta bir yarış haline gelen lâle yetiştiriciliği yoluyla şekil ve renk bakımından farklı ve her birine ayrı ad verilmiş yüzlerce lâle türünün ortaya çıktığı bilinmektedir (Redhouse sözlüğünde yirmi üç, Münir Aktepe’nin yayımladığı bir narh listesinde 239 lâle ismi bulunmaktadır; ayrıca bk. Türk Çiçek ve Ziraat Kültürü Üzerine , tür.yer.). İstanbul’da yetiştirilen lâle çeşitleri, biçimleri ve renkleri hakkında en önemli bilgiler, Ekrem Hakkı Ayverdi koleksiyonunda bulunan ve “Lâle Mecmuası” adı verilen albümde yer almaktadır. 1725 yıllarında oluşturulduğu sanılan bu mecmuada elli kadar İstanbul lâlesi çeşidinin renkli resimleri vardır. İstanbul’da elde edilen lâle türlerinin biçimleri bugün “Avrupa lâlesi” (kaba lâle) olarak bilinen lâle çeşitlerinden çok farklıdır. İstanbul lâlesinin çiçeği badem biçiminde, periant parçaları ise (berkleri) hançer şeklinde ve uçları tığ gibi ince, uzun ve sivridir. Sadrazam Damad İbrâhim Paşa dönemi serşükûfecilerinden Şeyh Mehmed Lâlezârî, Mîzânü’l-ezhâr adlı eserinin birinci bölümünde bir lâle çeşidinin değerli sayılabilmesi için taşıması gerekli olan yirmi kadar özelliği anlatmaktadır. Bu eser H. F. von Diez tarafından Almanca’ya (1815), W. S. Murray tarafından Almanca’dan İngilizce’ye çevrilip kısaltılarak The Habit of Flowers ismiyle yayımlanmıştır.
Türk Edebiyatında Lâle. Lâlenin Türkiye’de en çok sözü edilen türleri rûmî lâle, lâle-i Nu‘mân, Manisa lâlesi ve Girit lâlesidir. Rûmî lâle kırmızı renklidir. Lâle-i Nu‘mân şakayık da denilen gelinciktir. Yalınkat, katmerli, beyaz, sarı, pembe, kırmızı ve alaca çeşitleri vardır. Bu çiçeği Hîre’deki Lahmî hânedanının son hükümdarı Nu‘mân b. Münzir çok sevdiği için ona bu ad verilmiştir. İran mitolojisine göre yıldırım yaprağın üzerindeki çiğ tanesine düşmüş, çiğ tanesi ve yaprak alev alarak yanınca lâle ortaya çıkmıştır. Bâkî’nin, “Sehâb-ı lutfun âbın teşne dillerden dirîğ etme / Bu deştin bağrı yanmış lâle-i Nu‘mân’ıyız cânâ” beytinde bu inanca telmih vardır. Manisa lâlesi şakayık türünden, güneşte açan kadehi beyaz, kenarı havai bir çiçektir. Girit lâlesi ortası siyah tohumlu, beyaz katmerlidir; başka renkleri de elde edilmiştir. Anadolu’da lâlenin dağ lâlesi, berrî lâle, kara lâle, lâle-i dâğdâr, lâle-i hamrâ gibi adlarla anılan birçok çeşidi bulunmaktadır (Kartal, s. 13-26).
Lâleyi Anadolu’ya Türkler getirmiş olmalıdır. XIII. yüzyıldan başlayarak Selçuklu âbidelerinde, yazma kitap ve kaplarında yer alan bu çiçeği mevcut bilgilere göre şiirde ilk kullanan kişi, “Lâlenin yanakları yalım yalım, nergisin gözünden kaçıp gizlenmede” sözüyle Mevlânâ’dır. Divan şiirinde ise ilk defa XIV. yüzyılda Ahmedî Cemşîd ü Hurşîd mesnevisinde, “Niçin gülgûn sürer yüzüne lâle” mısraıyla lâleyi yüzüne allık süren bir güzel şeklinde tasvir etmiştir. XV. yüzyıldan sonra şiirde yaygın olarak kullanım alanı bulan lâleyi Şeyhî, Necâtî, Ahmed Paşa gibi şairler çeşitli özellikleriyle ele almışlardır. XVI. yüzyılda Bâkî’nin, “Jâlelerden takınır tâcına gevher lâle / Şâh oluptur çemen iklîmine benzer lâle” beytiyle başlayan “lâle” redifli bir gazeli vardır. XVIII. yüzyılda Nedîm, “Çerâğan vakti geldi lâlezârın dîdesi rûşen” ve, “Lâle faslı ıyd hengâmı bahar eyyâmıdır” nakaratlı şarkılarıyla baharı lâleyle özdeşleştirdiği gibi birçok gazel ve şarkıyla Lâle Devri’nin lâlelerini ve lâle bahçelerini ölümsüzleştirmiştir.
Şairler tarafından lâlenin üzerinde durulan önemli özelliklerinden biri kırmızı rengidir. Bu renk daha çok sevgilinin utangaçlığını sembolize etmekte, utangaçlığından dolayı da lâle bağ kenarında “hacîl” durmaktadır: “Aceb mi bâğ kenarında dursa lâle hacîl / Ki lâlezâr-ı cemâlinde hâr u zârındır” beytinde Ahmed Paşa bu duruma telmihte bulunmuştur. Utangaç sevgilinin yanağı, âşığın göz yaşı lâlenin kırmızı rengine benzetilir ve teşbîh-i tafdîlî yoluyla bunların lâleden üstün olduğu belirtilir. Renginden dolayı lâle ayrıca âşık, gönül, kan, yara, yüz, yanak, gelin, kanlı göz, göz yaşı, kanlı kefen, ateş, çerağ, güneş, şafak, kına, kızılbaş, şarap (şarâb-ı lâlegûn), la‘l, kâse-i mercan, la‘lîn kadeh, al sancak; şekil yönünden de kadeh, çadır, asker, sancak beyi, serasker, attar, kırmızı fanus, etfal (çocuk), külâh, dil gibi unsurlara benzetilir. Lâleden söz eden beyitlerde rengi dolayısıyla kan ağlamak, bağrı hun olmak, kan bulaşmak, kan yutmak, kanına girmek, kan içmek, kanlı olmak, kanı kurumak, nice demler görmek, yanıp yakılmak gibi deyimlere de yer verilir.
Lâlenin ortasındaki siyahlığın sevgilinin yanaklarını kıskanma veya onlara özenme sonucunda ortaya çıkan bir yara olduğu düşünülür. Bu haliyle bazan bağrını dağlayan bir âşık olur veya üzerinde siyah ben bulunan bir yüz gibi tasavvur edilir. Bu siyahlık, gözlerine kara su inme şeklinde de anlatıldığı gibi dimağını muattar kılmak için âşığın kadehine amber koymasıyla da izah edilir. Lâle bazan buhurdanlık taşıyan bir kişidir. Kırmızı yaprakları ateş, siyah nokta ise ateş üzerine konmuş öddür yahut lâle, elinde la‘lden yapılmış bir sürmedan olduğu halde sürme satmaktadır.
Dağ eteklerinde, ırmak kıyılarında taşlık yerlerde, bağ, bahçe, çemen, sebzezar ve sahralarda yetişen yabani bir çiçek olan lâlenin çok çabuk solması ve suya fazla ihtiyaç duyması gibi özelliklerinden de söz edilir. Bu durum “bağ kenarında durma” şeklinde anlatılır ve bundan dolayı lâle “garip” olarak tanımlanır. “Miskin” (miskîn) nitelemesiyle de lâlenin, ortasındaki siyahlığa misk rengi ve kokusu dolayısıyla işaret edilir. Necâtî Bey’in, “Taşradan geldi çemen mülküne bîgâne diyü / Devr-i gül sohbetine lâleyi iletmediler” beyti ise lâlenin, “lâle-i sahrânişîn” terkibinden dolayı yabani ve meclis âdâbını bilmeyen bir taşralı olarak düşünüldüğünü ifade eder.
Lâle kelimesi Allah lafzında yer alan harflerle yazılmakta, dolayısıyla her ikisi de ebced değeri olarak altmış altı sayısını vermektedir. Refî-i Kalâyî, Rumeli Kazaskeri Şemseddin Efendi’ye yazdığı kasidesinde, “Subhdem dönse n’ola mihr-i cemâle lâle / Oldu mazhar aded-i ism-i celâle lâle” beytiyle bu hususa işaret etmektedir. İzzet Ali Paşa da bu durumu, “Mazhar-ı ism-i celâl olmasa hakkā lâle / Bulamazdı bu kadar rütbe-i vâlâ lâle” beytiyle dile getirmektedir. Bazı mutasavvıfların mezar taşlarına lâle motifinin işlenmesi de bu benzerlikle ilgili olmalıdır. Lâle kelimesi tersinden okununca “hilâl” kelimesi ortaya çıktığından şairler “aks-i lâle” sözüyle de hilâle işaret ederler.
Lâle kumaş, halı, tahta, deri, sedef ve taş işlerinde önemli bir süsleme unsuru olarak da kullanılmıştır. “Lâle bin altın ise hâle bedavadır” atasözü içinde de yer alan lâle özellikle halk türkülerinde ve halk şiirinde daha çok gül, bülbül, sümbül, bahar gibi kelimelerle birlikte anılmıştır (Özbek, s. 136, 445, 475). Rüya tâbirnâmelerinde lâle ile ilgili çeşitli hususlara yer verilir. Bunlardan II. Bayezid’in şehzadesi Şehinşah adına yazılan Kâmilü’t-ta‘bîr adlı eserde lâleye dair çeşitli rüyalar tabir edilir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Agâh Sırrı Levend, Divan Edebiyatı , İstanbul 1943, s. 179-180.
Ekrem Hakkı Ayverdi, XVIII. Asırda Lâle , İstanbul 1950.
Mehmet Özbek, Folklor ve Türkülerimiz , İstanbul 1975, s. 136, 445, 475.
Turhan Baytop – Brian Mathew, The Bulbous Plants of Turkey , London 1984, s. 100.
Turhan Baytop, İstanbul Lalesi , Ankara 1992.
a.mlf., Türkçe Bitki Adları Sözlüğü , Ankara 1994, s. 195-196 (ayrıca kitabın sonunda 451-475 numaralı fotoğraflar).
a.mlf., “Osmanlı Lâlesi”, Lâle , sy. 5, İstanbul 1987, s. 3-8.
Beşir Ayvazoğlu, Güller Kitabı , İstanbul 1992, s. 107-141.
a.mlf., “Lâle”, TDEA , VI, 63-64.
Ahmet Kartal, Klasik Türk Şiirinde Lâle , Ankara 1998.
Atilla Şentürk, Osmanlı Şiiri Antolojisi , İstanbul 1999, s. 27-28.
İskender Pala, Ansiklopedik Dîvân Şiiri Sözlüğü , İstanbul 1999, s. 251-252.
Türk Çiçek ve Ziraat Kültürü Üzerine: Cevat Rüştü’den Bir Güldeste (haz. Nâzım H. Polat), İstanbul 2001, tür.yer.
Nurhan Atasoy, Hasbahçe: Osmanlı Kültüründe Bahçe ve Çiçek , İstanbul 2002.
Feyzullah Dayıgil, “İstanbul Çinilerinde Lâle”, VD , sy. 2 (1942), s. 223-232.
M. Münir Aktepe, “Damad İbrahim Paşa Devrinde Lâle”, TD , IV/7 (1953), s. 85-126.
a.mlf., “Damad İbrahim Paşa Devrinde Lâleye Dair Bir Vesika”, TM , XI (1954), s. 115-130.
I. Melikoff, “La fleur de la souffrance. Recherche sur le sens symbolique de lāle dans la poésie mystique turcoiranienne”, JA , CCLV/5 (1967), s. 341-360.
A. Süheyl Ünver, “Türkiye’de Lâle Tarihi”, VD , sy. 9 (1971), s. 265-276.
Orhan Şaik Gökyay, “Divan Edebiyatında Çiçekler”, TT , sy. 76 (1990), s. 30-33; sy. 77 (1990), s. 34-39.
“Lâle”, SA , III, 1217-1219.
Necdet Sakaoğlu, “Lâle”, DBİst.A , V, 178.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2003 yılında Ankara’da basılan 27. cildinde, 79-81 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
SANAT. Lâle, yarı üslûplaşmış şekliyle XVI. yüzyılın ilk yarısından sonra Türk bezeme sanatlarında önemli bir yer tutar. Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman devri saray nakışhânesi sernakkaşı Kara Memi, Türk tezyinatında yaprak ve goncasıyla beraber çizilen yarı üslûplaşmış gül, karanfil, lâle ve bahar dalı motifleriyle yeni bir üslûp ve anlayış getirmiştir. Bu tarz kısa zamanda saray ve sanatkârları etkilemiş, kitap, çini, maden, ahşap ve dokuma sanatlarında çok yaygın olarak kullanılmıştır. Kara Memi üslûbuyla beraber Türk motif grupları arasına giren lâle kazandığı farklı biçim ve renkleriyle çok beğenilmiş, ilgi görmüştür. Üslûplaştırılmış olmasına rağmen karakterini kaybetmeyen bu lâle motiflerini farklı isimleriyle desen içinde XIX. yüzyıla kadar görmek mümkündür.
Yarı üslûplaşmış çiçek ve zengin lâle motifleriyle tezhip edilmiş kitap ve murakka‘lar arasında en güzel örnekleri, Kara Memi’nin olgunluk dönemini temsil eden Dîvân-ı Muhibbî (İÜ Ktp., TY, nr. 5467) ve klasik desen içinde lâle motiflerinin yer aldığı Şah Mahmûd murakkaıdır (İÜ Ktp., FY, nr. 1426). Türk ve İslâm Eserleri Müzesi’nde (nr. 320) muhafaza edilen mushaf-ı şerifin tığlarında soğanıyla birlikte lâle çiçeği bütün özellikleriyle yer almaktadır.
Kırmızı renk ve zarif şekliyle XVI. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından sonra çini sanatında görülen lâle motifi ilk defa, 950’de (1543) yapılan Şehzade Mehmed Türbesi ile daha sonra inşa edilen Hadım İbrâhim Paşa Camii çinilerinde yazı aralarına serpiştirilmiş olarak yer alır. Rüstem Paşa, Sokullu Mehmed Paşa, Sultan Ahmed camileri ve Haseki Hürrem Sultan Türbesi çini tezyinatında lâle motifinin renk ve desen çeşitliliği bakımından en zengin örnekleri verilmiştir. XVII. yüzyılın çini sanatında lâle motifi yarım asır önceki zengin çeşit ve desen güzelliğinden yavaş yavaş uzaklaşmış, XVIII. yüzyılda ise önemini kaybetmiştir.
Çini süslemelerinde lâle çini kitâbelerinde yazı arasındaki boşlukları dolduran bir motif, bazan hatâî ve yaprak motiflerinin içlerini süslemede kompozisyon güzelliğini arttıran bir eleman olarak işlenmiştir. Bazan da kompozisyon içinde tek başına veya çiçeklerle birleşmiş veya tepelik tarzında oturtulmuş olarak tezyinî birlik meydana getirir.
Lâle, çini süslemelerde tabii renklerine bağlı kalınmadan kompozisyonun renk âhengine uyarak siyah dışında bütün renklerde boyanmıştır. Kompozisyonu oluşturan diğer süsleme unsurlarının oranlarına uygun bir irilikte tasarlanan lâle motifi göz hizasındaki çinilerde küçük, yükseklerde ise gözle eser arasındaki uzaklık düşünülerek büyük yapılmıştır (Dayıgil, sy. 2 [1942], s. 223-227). Lâle motifleri XVI. yüzyıl Bursa çatma, İstanbul kemhâ dokumalarında ve işlemelerinde büyük bir ustalık ve zevkle işlenmiş desen içinde yer almıştır (TSM, nr. 31/4; Washington The Textile Museum, nr. 1.22).
Lâle motifinin tuğra bezemesinde de bolca kullanıldığı klasik dönem Türk buketlerinin içinde lâlesiz bir desen çizilmemiştir. Lâle motifinin Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman devri tombak miğferlerinde, Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi’nde bulunan silâh koleksiyonunda yer alan at miğferlerinde çok ustaca işlendiği görülmektedir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Tahsin Öz, Türk Kumaş ve Kadifeleri , İstanbul 1951, II, 147.
J. Carswell, From the Tulip to the Rose, Studies in Eighteenth Century Islamic History , London-Amsterdam 1977, s. 328-355.
Çelik Gülersoy, Lâle ve İstanbul , İstanbul 1980.
Yıldız Demiriz, Osmanlı Kitap Sanatında Natüralist Üslûpta Çiçekler , İstanbul 1986, s. 355-357.
a.mlf., 18. Yüzyılda Çiçek Ressamlığı, 18. Yüzyılda Osmanlı Kültür Ortamı , İstanbul 1998, s. 75-90.
İnci Birol – Fatma Çiçek Derman, Tezyînî Türk San‘atında Motifler , İstanbul 1991, s. 113-128.
Nurhan Atasoy, Hasbahçe: Osmanlı Kültüründe Bahçe ve Çiçek , İstanbul 2002, tür.yer.
Feyzullah Dayıgil, “İstanbul Çinilerinde Lâle”, VD , sy. 2 (1942), s. 223-227.
Tahsin Tunalı, “III. Sultan Ahmed ve Lâle Devri”, Hayat Tarih Mecmuası , VIII/5, İstanbul 1972, s. 34-43.
Talat S. Halman, “Lâle Devri Coşkuları”, Kültür ve Sanat , sy. 34, Ankara 1997, s. 5-7.
“Lâle”, SA , III, 1217-1219.
Gülnur Duran, “Kara Memi”, DİA , XXIV, 362-363.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2003 yılında Ankara’da basılan 27. cildinde, 81 numaralı sayfada yer almıştır.