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LATİFE Skip to content
Sözlükte “insanları güldüren, neşelendiren hoş ve güzel söz, özellikle şaka, espri” anlamına gelen latife (çoğulu letâif ) kavram olarak sözle ifade edilmesi güç ince mâna, kalbe doğan duygu; güldürecek tuhaf söz ve hikâyeyi ifade eder. Latife ve daha sonraki adlandırılışıyla fıkra anlatım bakımından hikâye, güldürme yönünden de gülmece karakteri taşıdığı için bu iki tür arasında görülmüştür (Levend, I, 156). Kâşgarlı Mahmud’un küg ve külüt kelimeleriyle karşıladığı, “halk arasında ortaya çıkıp insanları güldüren şey, halk arasında gülünç olan nesne” diye açıkladığı tür için Kırım, Kazan, Türkmenistan, Özbekistan ve Uygurlar’da latife kelimesi yaygındır. Ayrıca Azerbaycan Türkçesi’nde zarafat , Başkırt Türkçesi’nde şayartıv , Kazakça’da kaljın , Kırgızca’da tamaşa , azil , Özbekçe’de häzil , Tatarca’da şayartu , Türkmence’de değişme , oyun etme ve Uygur Türkçesi’nde häzil , çakçak kelimeleri latife karşılığı olarak kullanılmaktadır.
Türk edebiyatında ilk yazılı örneklerine Dîvânü lugāti’t-Türk , Kutadgu Bilig ve Dede Korkut hikâyeleri gibi İslâmî edebiyatın ilk dönem eserlerinde rastlanan latifenin Osmanlı devri edebiyatı içinde edebî bir terim halini alarak kullanılması XVI. yüzyıldan sonradır. Bu dönemden itibaren latifelerin toplanıp yazıldığı mecmualara “letâif, letâifnâme” adı verilmiştir. Latifeler müstakil bir eser içinde bir araya getirildiği gibi çeşitli konulardaki eserlerde de yer almıştır. XIII. yüzyıldan XIX. yüzyıla kadar başta Mevlânâ Celâleddîn-i Rûmî olmak üzere birçok şair ve düşünür tasavvuf, hikmet ve felsefeye dair eserlerinde nesilden nesile intikal eden latifelere yer vererek ifadelerini zenginleştirmiştir. İdrîs-i Bitlisî, edebî üslûpla kaleme aldığı Heşt Bihişt adlı eserini şiirler yanında önemli miktarda latifeyle de süslemiştir.
Latifeler söylendikleri dönemin dil ve üslûp özellikleriyle halk deyim ve söyleyiş unsurlarını içermeleri yanında cemiyet hayatına ve tarihî, edebî simalara ışık tutmalarıyla da önem taşır. Bunların içinde zaman zaman maksadı aşan anlatımlara ve müstehcen olanlara da rastlanmaktadır. Lâmiî Çelebi, derlediği latifeleri oğlu Abdullah Çelebi’ye verirken onu insana bir şey kazandırmayan ve boş şakalardan ibaret olan bu sözlere karşı uyarır. Latifelerin bir söz oyunu olma özelliğine de işaret eden Lâmiî, bunları değerli kılan şeyin içlerinde taşıdıkları hikmetler olduğunu belirtir.
Latifeleri toplayan başlıca çalışmalar arasında Hatiboğlu’nun (XIV-XV. yüzyıl) Letâifnâme (Süleymaniye Ktp., Hacı Mahmud Efendi, nr. 3326; Birgül Özel yüksek lisans çalışması olarak bu eseri Latin harflerine çevirmiştir, bk. bibl.), Lâmiî Çelebi’nin (ö. 938/1532) derlemeye başlayıp oğlu Abdullah Çelebi tarafından tamamlanarak tertip edilen Letâifnâme (Mecma-i Letâif , İÜ Ktp., TY, nr. 762, 3814, 7622; Latin harfleriyle sadeleştirilmiş yayımı, Latifeler , haz. Yaşar Çalışkan, İstanbul 1978), Zâtî’nin (ö. 953/1546) Letâif , Hüsam Sahrâvî el-Cülûgî’nin (XVI. yüzyıl) Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman adına hazırladığı Harnâme , Bursalı Cinânî’nin (ö. 1004/1595) III. Murad’ın emriyle hazırladığı Bedâyiu’l-âsâr , yazarı bilinmeyen Râznâme (İÜ Ktp., TY, nr. 493), Fehîm-i Kadîm’in (ö. 1057/1647) içinde seksenden fazla latifenin bulunduğu Tercüme-i Letâyif-i Kümmelîn , Müneccimbaşı Derviş Ahmed Dede’nin (ö. 1113/1702) Ubeyd-i Zâkânî’nin Risâle-i Dilgüşâ adlı eserinden çevirdiği Letâifnâme (İÜ Ktp., TY, nr. 2578) ve Tokatlı Ebûbekir Kânî’nin (ö. 1206/1792) Letâif (İÜ Ktp., TY, nr. 3027, 5604) adlı eserleri sayılabilir.
Latife kelimesi, bu türün yeni bir hareket kazandığı XIX. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren fıkra, nükte, nekre vb. kavramlarla eş anlamlı olarak kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. XIX. yüzyılın son çeyreğinde daha çok sözlü geleneğin malı olan bu türe ait örneklerin derlenip yayımlandığı kitaplarda “letâif” adının yanı sıra özellikle “fıkarât” (fıkralar) kelimesi de yer almaya başlamıştır. Bu dönemde hazırlanan derlemeler arasında Fâik Reşad’ın Gencîne-i Letâif (İstanbul 1299), Mecmûa-i Letâif (İstanbul 1315) ve Külliyyât-ı Letâif (I-II, İstanbul 1328); Ahmed Fehmî’nin Letâif-i Fıkarât (İstanbul 1304); Avanzâde Mehmed Süleyman’ın Mükemmel Hazîne-i Letâif (İstanbul 1315); Mehmed Tevfik’in [Çaylak] Nevâdirü’z-zarâif (İstanbul 1299), Letâif-i Nasreddin (İstanbul 1299), Bu Âdem (İstanbul 1299-1301) ve Hazîne-i Letâif (İstanbul 1302-1303) adlı eserleri ilk sırada gelen çalışmalardır.
XX. yüzyılın ilk çeyreği içinde önemli gelişmeler gösteren edebiyat tarihi çalışmalarıyla halk edebiyatının bir ürünü olarak ele alınan bu tür için bir süre latife ve fıkra kelimeleri birlikte kullanılmış, daha sonra yaygın olarak fıkra türün adını karşılamıştır. Günümüzde fıkra halk edebiyatında bir terim olarak halkın meydana getirdiği realist, güldürücü küçük hikâyeler için kullanılmaktadır.
XIX. yüzyılın başlarından itibaren ve özellikle Cumhuriyet döneminde halk arasında yaygın olarak anlatılan fıkralar üzerinde çeşitli araştırmalar yapılmıştır. Dursun Yıldırım’ın Bektaşî tipine bağlı fıkralar üzerinde yaptığı doktora çalışması yanında (bk. bibl.) Hikâyet-i Hoca Nasreddin adıyla çeşitli kütüphanelerde yer alan birçok yazma kitap, ayrıca Letâif-i Hâce Nasreddin Efendi , Meşhur ve Müteârif Hâce Nasreddin Letâifi ve Kenarında Mahfirûze Sultan ile Râz-ı Nihân Hikâyeleri adıyla birçok defa basılmış eserler mevcuttur (Bozyiğit, s. 16-21). Bektaşî ve Nasreddin Hoca fıkralarına göre halk arasında daha az yaygın olan fıkraları içeren bazı kitaplar da şunlardır: Hasan Hüseyin Derin, Bekri Mustafa Fıkraları (İstanbul 1965); İncili Çavuş ve Bekri Mustafa Fıkraları (İstanbul 1965); Erdoğan Tokmakçıoğlu, Bütün Fıkralarıyla Bekri Mustafa (İstanbul 1983), Bütün Fıkralarıyla İncili Çavuş (İstanbul 1983); Selami Münir Yurdatap Bekri Mustafa’nın Latifeleri (İstanbul 1970). Bu arada doktor, öğrenci, öğretmen, muhasip gibi meslek mensupları veya topluluklar hakkında anlatılan fıkralardan oluşmuş kitapların yanı sıra çeşitli yörelere ve meşhur şahsiyetlere ait fıkraları içeren kitaplar da vardır (Bayrak, s. 317-322).
Daha çok sözlü geleneğin ürünü olan fıkralar başlangıçtaki ferdî karakterlerini zamanla kaybederek anonim hale gelmişlerdir. Bunlar, kısa ve yoğun ifadelere sahip olup genellikle ayrıntılı tasvir ve tahkiyeden arındırılmış, başlangıç, gelişme ve sonuç bölümlerini iç içe bulunduran tek bir vak‘aya dayanan, tek motifli anlatımlardır. Fıkralar zamana ve mekâna bağlı kalmayıp bir düşünceye örnek göstermek, herhangi bir durumu açıklamak veya toplantılarda konuşmaya canlılık katmak için söylenir. Milletlerin ortak hayat görüşünü, zekâ ve hazırcevaplığını yansıtan bu türün örnekleri insanları güldürürken düşündüren ve terbiye eden bir özelliğe de sahiptir. İçlerinde bayağı örnekler görülmekle beraber incelik, felsefî derinlik ve nükte taşıyan fıkralar daha çoktur. Esas öğesi insan olan fıkraların konularını gülünç hayat olayları, insan-toplum ilişkilerinde düşünce ve davranış farklarının doğurduğu çatışmalar, insanlığın dramı gibi her türlü hayat hadisesi teşkil etmektedir.
Fars edebiyatında da güzel ve kısa hikâyeler için latife kelimesi kullanılmıştır. Bu türde “letâyifnâme, letâyif ve zarâyif, latîfehâ, gencîne-i latîfe, keşkûl” gibi adlar altında manzum ve mensur eserler yazılmıştır. Ni‘metullāh-ı Velî’nin Leṭâyifü’t-taṣavvuf ’u, Hüseyin Vâiz-i Kâşifî’nin Leṭâyifü’ṭ-ṭavâʾif ’i (Tahran 1957) ve Mirza Mehdî Şükûhî’nin Leṭâif ü Zarâʾif ’i gibi eserlerde konu irfan ve hikmettir. Ayrıca Sa‘dî-i Şîrâzî’nin Gülistân , Ubeyd-i Zâkânî’nin Risâle-i Dilgüşâ ve Câmî’nin Bahâristân gibi eserlerinde de latife türü kısa ve öz hikâyeler yer alır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Ahmet Bican Ercilasun v.dğr., Karşılaştırmalı Türk Lehçeleri Sözlüğü , Ankara 1991, I, 536-537.
Birgül Özel, Letâyifnâme (yüksek lisans tezi, 1995), MÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
Lâmiî, Latifeler (haz. Yaşar Çalışkan), İstanbul 1978, s. 11-12, 13, 86, 89, 146.
Hilmi Yücebaş, Hiciv Edebiyatı Antolojisi , İstanbul 1961, s. 86, 90.
Hasan Basri Çantay, Zekâ Demetleri , İstanbul 1962, s. 9, 16, 21, 76.
Levend, Türk Edebiyatı Tarihi , I, 156.
Dursun Yıldırım, Türk Edebiyatında Bektaşi Tipine Bağlı Fıkralar , Ankara 1976, s. 1-13.
Nevzat Gözaydın, “Türk Fıkraları Üzerine Bir Tasnif Denemesi”, Uluslararası Yunus Emre Sempozyumu Bildirileri , Ankara 1977, s. 204-207.
Nihat Sami Banarlı, Şiir ve Edebiyat Sohbetleri , İstanbul 1982, s. 245.
Pertev Naili Boratav, Folklor ve Edebiyat-2 , İstanbul 1983, s. 292-295, 318-327.
Şükrü Elçin, Halk Edebiyatına Giriş , Ankara 1986, s. 566-581.
H. Esat Bozyiğit, Nasreddin Hoca Bibliyografyası Üzerine Bir Deneme , Ankara 1987.
İbrahim Altunel, Anadolu Mahalli Fıkra Tipleri Üzerine Bir Araştırma (doktora tezi, 1990), SÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, s. 13.
Fikri ve Felsefi Yönüyle Nasreddin Hoca Sempozyumu Bildirileri , Konya 1991, s. 40.
Zeynep Korkmaz v.dğr., Türk Dili ve Kompozisyon Bilgileri , Ankara 1991, s. 219.
Saim Sakaoğlu, Türk Fıkraları ve Nasrettin Hoca , Konya 1992, s. 13-41.
Hüseyin Rezmcû, Envâ-i Edebî , Meşhed 1372 hş., s. 181-184.
M. Ali Taberî, Zübdetü’l-âs̱âr , Tahran 1372 hş., s. 338-340.
İskender Pala, Güldeste , Ankara, ts. (Akçağ Yayınları), s. 1, 6, 7.
Mehmet Bayrak, Halk Gülmecesi , Ankara 2001.
Mehmet Çavuşoğlu, “Letâyîf-Nâmeler ve Nasreddin Hoca”, Türk Edebiyatı , sy. 255, İstanbul 1995, s. 23-24.
Mustafa Kutlu, “Letâif, Letâifnâme”, TDEA , VI, 81.
“Fıkra”, Yeni Türk Ansiklopedisi , İstanbul 1985, III, 916-917.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2003 yılında Ankara’da basılan 27. cildinde, 109-110 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.