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LAWRENCE, Thomas Edward Skip to content (1888-1935)
Arkeolog ve İngiliz ajanı.
16 Ağustos 1888’de İngiltere’nin Galler bölgesinde Tremadoc kasabasında doğdu. Arabistanlı Lawrence (Lawrence of Arabia) diye tanınmıştır. İrlanda’da geniş arazileri olan babası Baron Edward Robert Chapman, eşini ve dört kızını terkederek Dublin’de çocuklarının mürebbiyesi Sara Maden Junner ile yaşamaya başladı ve bu sebeple aile adını değiştirip Lawrence soyadını aldı. Eşinin boşanma taleplerini reddetmesi ve üzerindeki sosyal baskılar yüzünden Sara’yı ve ondan doğan çocukları Thomas Edward ile Bob’u yanına alıp İskoçya’ya gitti (1889). Bir süre Man adasında ve Fransa’nın kuzey sahilindeki Dinard bölgesinde yaşayan aile çocukların eğitimi için 1896’da İngiltere’ye dönüp Oxford’da yerleşti. Lawrence’in ilk eğitimini değişik bölgelerde yapması onun çeşitli dilleri ve farklı hayat tarzlarını tanımasını sağladı. Ancak anne ve babasının resmen evli olmadıklarını öğrenmesi psikolojik durumunu etkiledi. Zaman zaman ailesinden uzaklaşan Lawrence 1906’da bisikletle Fransa turuna çıktı. Geri döndüğünde asker olmak için Cornwall’daki bir topçu birliğine yazıldı. Burada yaklaşık sekiz ay kaldı. Cornwall’a giden babası askerlikten ayrılması için gereken tazminatı ödeyerek eve dönmesini sağladı.
Aynı yıl St. John’s College için yaptığı burs başvurusundan sonuç alamayan Lawrence 1907’de Oxford’daki Îsâ Okulu’nun tarih bursunu kazandı. Lawrence’in geleceği için endişelenen babası, onu Canon Christopher aracılığı ile Oxford Üniversitesi’nin iki şarkiyatçısıyla tanıştırdı. Bunlardan ilki Oxford’da Arapça profesörü olan David Margoliouth, ikincisi Ashmolean Müzesi müdürü, arkeolog ve İngiliz istihbarat örgütünde danışmanlık yapan D. G. Hogarth idi. Hogarth Lawrence’in âdeta babalığını üstlendi. Ona arkeoloji zevkini aşıladı. Kendisini İngiliz milliyetçiliği fikrini savunan Round Table dergisi etrafındaki bir grup ile tanıştırdı. Bu grubun Lawrence’in fikir dünyasının oluşmasında önemli katkısı olmuştur.
Hogarth’ın yönlendirmesiyle 1907’de Fransız şatoları ve savaşları konusunda çalışmalar yapan Lawrence, ertesi yıl Suriye ve civarında Haçlı askerî mimarisi konulu bir tez yapmaya karar verdi. Çalışmaları için gereken malzemeleri Hogarth sağladı. Osmanlı topraklarındaki araştırmalarında kendisine kolaylık sağlanması için resmî izinler alındı. Arap topraklarında nasıl davranması gerektiği hususunda Oxford’da yaşayan Arap arkadaşı N. Udeh ve seyyah Charles Doughty’den bilgi edinen Lawrence 1909 Haziranında Londra’dan yola çıktı ve 7 Temmuz 1909’da Beyrut’a vardı. Yaptığı plana ve Hogarth’ın kendisine verdiği haritalara göre o zamanki Suriye topraklarında 1000 millik bir seyahat gerçekleştirerek yolu üzerindeki Haçlı kalelerini inceleyecekti. Beyrut’tan hareketle yaya olarak Sayda’ya, oradan Safed, Taberiye, Nâsıriye ve Hayfa’ya gidip tekrar Akkâ üzerinden Sayda’ya döndü. Turistten ziyade bir yerli gibi hareket eden, Arap yiyecekleri yiyip Arap kıyafetleri giyen Lawrence, Arap topraklarındaki bu ilk tecrübesinin ardından Trablusşam’a yöneldi. Oradan Lazkiye, Antakya, Halep ve Urfa’ya gitti. Daha sonra Şam’a geçti. Bu gezisinde bir yandan Arapça öğrenip toplum yapısını tanırken öte yandan teziyle ilgili malzeme topladı. 1910’da İngiltere’ye dönerek tezini sundu ve çok başarılı bulundu.
1910 yazında Hogarth, Lawrence’den Nizip’in güneydoğusunda Suriye sınırındaki Kargamış’ta British Museum adına sürdürdüğü Hitit arkeolojik kazılarına katılmasını istedi. O sırada Osmanlı Devleti üzerinde etkin olan ve İngilizler’i rahatsız eden Alman nüfuzuna karşı İngiliz istihbaratı Anadolu’daki bu tür faaliyetlerle yakından ilgilenmekteydi. Lawrence’in bu kazıya katılması dolaylı da olsa onu ilk defa İngiliz istihbaratının şemsiyesi altına soktu. Ancak başta Hogarth olmak üzere Lawrence’i yetiştirenler henüz onu yeterli bulmadıklarından önce Beyrut yakınlarında Cübeyl’de Amerikan Misyoner Okulu’na göndererek Arapça’sını geliştirmesini sağladılar. Hogarth 1911 Şubatında Lawrence ile Cübeyl’de buluşup birlikte seyahate çıktılar. Beyrut, Hayfa, Nâsıriye, Yermük gibi yerleri dolaşarak Der‘a Hicaz Demiryolu İstasyonu’na kadar gittiler; oradan Humus ve Halep üzerinden Kargamış’a ulaştılar. Hogarth kısa bir süre sonra kazı işini Lawrence’e bırakıp Londra’ya döndü. Bu dönemde bedevî Araplar’ın arasına karışarak onların hayat tarzlarını, geleneklerini öğrenen Lawrence’in bedevîler arasında sık sık dolaşması Osmanlı yetkililerinin dikkatini çekti ve bir defasında hapse atılacak kadar takibata uğradı. 1913 yazında Londra’ya giden Lawrence birkaç ay sonra tekrar Kargamış’a döndü. 1914 yılı başında Hogarth’ın tâlimatıyla Filistin Araştırma Vakfı adına bilimsel bir inceleme gezisine katıldı. İngiliz ordusundan yüzbaşı S. F. Newcombe’un nezaretinde gerçekleşen bu gezi, aslında Sînâ çölünde geçitlerin ve su kaynaklarının yerini belirlemek için yapılan bir askerî istihbarat çalışmasıydı. Böylece Lawrence’in o güne kadar İngiliz istihbaratı ile dolaylı ilişkisi doğrudan ilişkiye dönüştü. Altı hafta süren çalışmalar sırasında geçitlerin ve su kaynaklarının haritasını çıkaran ekip Osmanlı yetkilileri tarafından Akabe’ye sokulmadı. Ancak Lawrence bir yolunu bularak kasabaya girdi ve önemli bilgiler edindi. Osmanlı demiryollarıyla ilgili bilgiler toplamaya devam eden Lawrence, özellikle Toroslar’daki demiryolu geçitleri hakkında İngiliz istihbaratına raporlar hazırladı ve raporlarını takdim etmek üzere Haziran 1914’te Londra’ya döndü.
Lawrence, I. Dünya Savaşı başlayınca Hogarth’ın tavsiyesi üzerine Kahire’deki Askerî Haberalma Örgütü’nde görevlendirildi. Sonradan Arap Bürosu adı verilen bu örgütte teğmen rütbesiyle çalışmaya başlayan Lawrence, askerî haritalar hazırlama ve özellikle Kanal Harekâtı’nın ardından İngilizler’in eline geçen Osmanlı esirlerini sorgulama ve bilgi toplama çalışmalarında görev yaptı. Kısa zamanda yüzbaşılığa yükseldi, ancak sınırlı yetkilere sahipti. Büro hizmetleri dışında kendisine verilen ilk görev, Kûtül‘amâre’de İngiliz kuvvetlerini kuşatan Osmanlı kuvvetleri kumandanı Halil Paşa’yı kuşatmayı kaldırması için ikna etmekti. Mart 1916’da Basra’ya giderek Halil Paşa’ya kuşatmayı kaldırması için 1 milyon -bazılarına göre 2 milyon- sterlin rüşvet teklif etti. Paşadan ret cevabı alınca ilk operasyon görevinde başarısız oldu. Bu olaydan sonra Irak’ta bir Arap isyanı planlayan İngilizler bunun için Lawrence’i görevlendirdiler. İlk iş olarak eski Osmanlı Meclis-i Meb‘ûsanı üyelerinden Süleyman Feyzi ile görüşerek kendisinden İngilizler’in hazırlayacağı isyana öncülük etmesini isteyen Lawrence bu girişimden de istediği neticeyi alamadı. Mayıs 1916’da Kahire’ye döndü.
Haziran 1916’da Hicaz’da Şerîf Hüseyin’in Osmanlı Devleti’ne karşı ayaklanmasının ardından Lawrence bu bölgede görev almak istedi. Ekim 1916’da Kahire’deki İngiliz Bürosu sekreterlerinden Ronald Storrs ile Cidde’ye giderek Şerîf Hüseyin ayaklanmasında yer aldı. İngilizler’le Şerîf Hüseyin ve oğulları arasında aracılık yapmak ve isyanın İngilizler’in lehinde sonuçlanması için faaliyet göstermek üzere görevlendirilen Lawrence bedevîlere dağıtılmak üzere bol para ile desteklendi. Lawrence’in, 1916 yılının son günlerinden 1918 Ekiminde Şam’ın İngiliz kuvvetlerince alınmasına kadar geçen yirmi iki ay boyunca ayaklanan Araplar’ın başında bulunduğu ve bütün eylemleri onun yönettiği iddia edilmiştir. Halbuki isyanın planlanmasından bile haberi olmamış, isyandan sonraki sürenin bir yıla yakın kısmını Kahire, Cidde ve Süveyş’te, alınışından sonra da Kudüs’teki karargâh merkezinde geçirmiştir. Fiilen askerî harekâta ve cephe gerisindeki bilgi toplama faaliyetlerine katıldığı süre beş ay kadardır. Bu sürede başlıca faaliyetleri Medine’deki Türk birliğine yardım sağlayan Hicaz demiryolunun tahrip edilmesi, bazı Türk birliklerine baskın yapılması ve rütbesinin binbaşılığa yükseltilmesine vesile olan Akabe Limanı’nın ele geçirilişinde bulunmasıdır. Şerîf Hüseyin isyanındaki rolü askerî olmaktan ziyade siyasîdir. Savaşın ardından Batı kamuoyuna, âdeta Osmanlı Devleti’nin karşısında tek başına mücadele eden ve Osmanlı ordularının Arap yarımadasından çıkarılmasını sağlayan yegâne kişi gibi sunulması ayaklanmadaki rolünün abartılmasına sebep olmuştur. Savaş sonrasında İngiliz hükümetinin Araplar’a karşı politikalarında Lawrence’in düşüncelerini önemsememesi de onun İngiliz istihbaratının ortaya koyduğu suni bir kahraman olduğunu göstermektedir.
Şam’ın İngilizler’in eline geçmesi üzerine Londra’ya dönen Lawrence, burada Şerîf Hüseyin’in oğulları yönetiminde üç Arap devletinin kurulması için faaliyet gösterdi. Bu sırada İngiltere’ye giden Şerîf Faysal’a danışmanlık yaptı, siyonistlerle onun arasında ara buluculuk girişimlerinde bulundu. Siyonist hareketin, komşuları Araplar’ın hayat seviyesini yükselteceğini savundu. Faysal’ın Paris Barış Konferansı’na girebilmesi için çalıştı, ancak hiçbir girişiminde başarılı olamadı. Lawrence’i kullanıp albay rütbesine yükselten İngiliz istihbaratı artık onu devre dışı bırakmaya başlamıştı. Lawrence de 1922’de albay rütbesini terkedip kimliğini gizleyerek Ross adıyla hava kuvvetlerine girdi. Kimliği anlaşılınca Shaw ismiyle tank birliğine geçti, ardından tekrar hava kuvvetlerine döndü. 1927-1930 yılları arasında Hindistan’da çalıştı, burada kendisine verilen görevler tamamen masa başı işlerdi. 1935 Şubatında emekliye ayrıldı. Kullandığı motosikletle yaptığı kaza, bazılarına göre ise suikast sonucunda 19 Mayıs 1935’te öldü.
Fırsat buldukça bir şeyler yazmayı âdet edinen Lawrence’in tanınmasını sağlayan eseri Seven Pillars of Wisdom adıyla yayımladığı hâtıratıdır. Hâtıralarını 1919’da kaleme almaya başlamış, ancak muhtemelen İngiliz istihbaratının istekleri üzerine yaşadığı bütün olayları anlatmamıştır. Olayları daha ziyade İngiliz şovenizmine ve propaganda amacına yönelik olarak abartılı bir dille aktardığı, Türkler’e karşı duyduğu aşırı nefreti Arap sempatizanlığı ile örtmeye çalıştığı, sürekli değişken bir kimlik ortaya koyduğu, bu arada yanlış, yalan ve hatta iftira niteliğinde bilgilere de başvurduğu görülmektedir. İngiliz araştırmacıları bile zaman zaman bu çelişkilere dikkat çekmişlerdir. İlk olarak 1926’da 128 adet basılıp özel kişilere gönderilen kitabın ertesi yıl Revolt in the Desert başlığıyla bir özeti yayımlanmış, tam metni ise 1935’te ölümünden sonra basılmıştır. 1910 yılında tamamladığı tezi Crusader Castels ile (1936, Oxford 1988) hava kuvvetlerinde çalıştığı yıllarda tuttuğu günlüğün yanında (The Mint , London 1955) gazete ve dergilerde yayımlanmış birçok makalesi bulunmaktadır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
T. E. Lawrence, Seven Pillars of Wisdom , Jonathan Cape 1964, tür.yer.
L. Massignon, Parole donnée , Paris 1962, s. 286-291.
L. Thomas, With Lawrence in Arabia , London, ts., s. 73, 293.
Ph. Knightley – C. Simpson, The Secret Lives of Lawrence of Arabia , London 1969, s. 7-50.
Subhî el-Ömerî, Lavrens kemâ ʿaraftühû , Beyrut 1969.
J. E. Mack, A Prince of Our Disorder, The Life of T. E. Lawrence , Boston 1976, s. 138-146.
Vincent Mansour Monteil, Lawrence d’Arabie le lévrier fatal 1888-1935 , Paris 1987, tür.yer.
J. Wilson, Lawrence of Arabia , London 1989, tür.yer.
L. James, The Golden Warrior: The Life and Legend of Lawrence of Arabia , London 1990, tür.yer.
A. Hourani, Islam in European Thought , Cambridge 1991, s. 116-128.
Orhan Koloğlu, Bedevi Lavrens Arap Türk , İstanbul 1993.
Suleiman Mousa, “T. E. Lawrence and His Arap Contemporaries”, Ar.S , VII (1985), s. 7-21.
Salahi R. Sonyel, “Albay T. E. Lavrence, Haşimi Araplarını, Osmanlı İmparatorluğuna Karşı Ayaklanmaları İçin Nasıl Aldattı (İngiliz Belgelerine Göre)”, TTK Belleten , LI/199 (1987), s. 231-255.
“Lawrence, Thomas Edward”, EBr. , XIII, 829-830.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2003 yılında Ankara’da basılan 27. cildinde, 114-116 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.