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LCC HİPOTEZİ ÇERÇEVESİNDE TÜRKİYE’DE KİRLİLİK SIĞINAĞI VE KİRLİLİK HALE HİPOTEZLERİNİN SINANMASI Skip to content Yıl 2024, Cilt: 20 Sayı: 2, 418 – 436, 28.06.2024
Samet Topal
https://doi.org/10.17130/ijmeb.1414228
Öz Bu çalışma, Türkiye ekonomisi için yük kapasite eğrisi (LCC) hipotezi çerçevesinde ekonomik büyüme, doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar (FDI) ve birincil enerji tüketiminin (BET) yük kapasite faktörü (LCF) üzerindeki etkilerini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Ayrıca, Türkiye’de LCC hipotezi, kirlilik sığınağı hipotezi ve kirlilik hale hipotezlerinin geçerli olup olmadığı araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla analizler, 1973- 2022 dönemine ait yıllık veriler kullanılarak Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) ve Phillips-Perron (PP) birim kök testleri ve Auto-regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) sınır testi yöntemiyle yapılmıştır. Çalışmada, Türkiye’de kişi başına gelir ile çevresel kalite arasında U şeklinde bir ilişki olmadığı ve dolayısıyla LCC hipotezinin geçerli olmadığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Diğer taraftan, Türkiye’de FDI’nın çevre kalitesini olumsuz etkilediği ve kirlilik sığınağı hipotezinin geçerli olduğu görülmüştür. Modelde kontrol değişkeni olarak yer alan BET ise LCF ile ters yönlü bir ilişki içindedir, diğer bir değişle BET arttıkça çevresel kalite bozulmaktadır. Çalışmanın sonuçlarından yola çıkılarak, Türkiye’nin fosil yakıt kullanımını azaltarak yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarına yönelmesi, devletin düzenleme ve denetim süreçlerini daha aktifleştirmesi ve gerek üretim gerekse de tüketim sürecinde hane halklarının ve işletmelerin çevre bilincinin artırılmasına yönelik politikaların geliştirilmesinin sürece katkı sağlayacağı söylenebilir.
Anahtar Kelimeler Yük Kapasite Eğrisi, Gelir, Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar, Kirlilik Sığınağı Hipotezi, Kirlilik Hale Hipotezi.
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Are foreign direct ınvestments effective on environmental quality in turkey? An approach with non-linear ARDL method. İktisadi İdari ve Siyasal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 7(17), 30-46. Dam, M. M., & Sarkodie, S. A. (2023). renewable energy consumption, real income, trade openness, and ınverted load capacity factor nexus in Turkiye: Revisiting the EKC hypothesis with environmental sustainability. Sustainable Horizons, 8, 100063. Destek, M. A. (2018). Çevresel Kuznets eğrisi hipotezinin Türkiye için incelenmesi: STIRPAT modelinden bulgular. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 19(2), 268-283. Dickey, D.A. & W.A. Fuller (1979) “Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root” Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74:427-431. Doğan, A., & Pata, U. K. (2022). The role of ICT, R&D spending and renewable energy consumption on environmental quality: testing the lcc hypothesis For G7 countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 380, 135038. Fareed, Z., Salem, S., Adebayo, T. S., Pata, U. K., & Shahzad, F. (2021). Role of export diversification and renewable energy on the load capacity factor in Indonesia: a Fourier quantile causality approach. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 434. Fuller, W. A. (1996). Introduction to statistical time series. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., US. Global Footprint Network (2023). Retrieved from https://data.footprintnetwork.org/#/countryTrends?cn= 223&type=BCpc,EFCpc Accessed 17.12.2023 Grossman, G. M., & Krueger, A. B. (1991). Environmental impacts of the north american free trade. NBER. Working Paper, 3914. Güloğlu, B., Cağlar, A. E., & Pata, U. K. (2023). Analyzing the determinants of the load capacity factor in OECD countries: Evidence from advanced quantile panel data methods. Gondwana Research, 118, 92-104. Güneysu, Y. (2023). Türkiye’de finansal gelişme, küreselleşme ve sanayileşmenin yük kapasite faktörü üzerindeki etkisi. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 14(3), 934-946. Halıcıoğlu, F. (2009). An Econometric study of CO2 emissions, energy consumption, income and foreign trade in Turkey. Energy Policy, 37(3), 1156-1164. Kaika, D., & Zervas, E. (2013). The environmental kuznets curve (EKC) theory—part a: Concept, causes and the CO2 emissions case. Energy Policy, 62, 1392-1402. Kardaslar, A. (2022). Ekonomik büyüme, enerji tüketimi ve küreselleşme sürecinin ekolojik ayak izi üzerindeki etkisi: Türkiye örneği. Business and Economics Research Journal, 13(3), 385-401. Kılıçarslan, Z., & Dumrul, Y. (2017). Foreign direct investments and CO2 emissions relationship: The case of Turkey. Business and Economics Research Journal, 8(4), 647-660. Koçak, E. (2014). Türkiye’de çevresel kuznets eğrisi hipotezinin geçerliliği: ARDL sınır testi yaklaşımı. İşletme ve İktisat Çalışmaları Dergisi, 2(3), 62-73. Kuznets, S. (1955). International differences in capital formation and financing. Capital formation and economic growth. Princeton University Press, 19-111. Lebe, F. (2016). Çevresel kuznets eğrisi hipotezi: Türkiye için eşbütünleşme ve nedensellik analizi. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 17 (2), 177-194. Li, L., Chen, Q., & Mehmood, U. (2023). Analyzing the validity of load capability curve: how economic complexity, renewable energy, R&D, and communication technologies take their part in G-20 countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(40), 92068-92083. Mert, M., & Caglar, A. E. (2020). Testing pollution haven and pollution halo hypotheses for Turkey: A new perspective. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 32933-32943. Mutafoglu, T. H. (2012). Foreign direct ınvestment, pollution, and economic growth: evidence from Turkey. Journal of Developing Societies, 28(3), 281-297. Öztürk, I., & Acaravci, A. (2013). The long-run and causal analysis of energy, growth, openness and financial development on carbon emissions in Turkey. Energy economics, 36, 262-267. Özdemir, B. K. & Koç, K. (2020). Türkiye’de karbon emisyonları, yenilenebilir enerji ve ekonomik büyüme. Ege Stratejik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 11(1), 66-86. Öztürk, Z. & Öz, D. (2016). Enerji tüketimi, gelir, doğrudan yabancı yatırım ve CO2 emisyonu arasındaki ilişki: Türkiye örneği. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 6(2), 269-288. Pata, U. K. (2021). Do renewable energy and health expenditures improve load capacity factor in the USA and Japan? A new approach to environmental issues. The European Journal of Health Economics, 22(9), 1427-1439. Pata, U. K., & Ertugrul, H. M. (2023). Do the Kyoto protocol, geopolitical risks, human capital and natural resources affect the sustainability limit? A new environmental approach based on the LCC hypothesis. Resources Policy, 81, 103352. Pata, U. K., Kartal, M. T., Erdogan, S., & Sarkodie, S. A. (2023). The role of renewable and nuclear energy R&D expenditures and income on environmental quality in Germany: Scrutinizing the EKC and LCC hypotheses with smooth structural changes. Applied Energy, 342, 121138. Pata, U. K., & Tanriover, B. (2023). Is the load capacity curve hypothesis valid for the top ten tourism destinations?. Sustainability, 15(2), 960. Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289-326. Polat, M. A. (2015). Türkiye’de yabancı sermaye yatırımları ile CO 2 emisyonu arasındaki ilişkinin yapısal kırılmalı testler ile analizi. Journal of International Social Research, 8(41), 1127-1135. Rees, W. E. (1992). Ecological footprints and appropriated carrying capacity: what urban economics leaves out. Environment and Urbanization, 4(2), 121-130. Seker, F., Ertuğrul, H. M., & Çetin, M. (2015). The impact of foreign direct investment on environmental quality: A bounds testing and causality analysis for Turkey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 347-356. Siche, R., Pereira, L., Agostinho, F., & Ortega, E. (2010). Convergence of ecological footprint and emergy analysis as a sustainability indicator of countries: Peru as case study. Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation, 15(10), 3182-3192. Şahinöz, A., & Fotourehchi, Z. (2014). Kirlilik emisyonu ve doğrudan yabancı sermaye yatırımları: Türkiye için»kirlilik sığınağı hipotezi» testi. Sosyoekonomi, 21(21), 187-210. Tanuro, D. (2011). Yeşil kapitalizm imkânsızdır (V. Yalçıntoklu, Çev.). İstanbul: Habitus Yayıncılık. Kurt, Ü., Kılıç, C., & Özekicioğlu, H. (2019). Doğrudan yabancı yatırımların Co2 emisyonu üzerindeki etkisi: Türkiye için ARDL sınır testi yaklaşımı. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Meslek Yüksekokulu Dergisi, 22(1), 213-224. Wackernagel M. & Rees W., (1998), Our ecological footprint: reducing human impact on the earth, New Society Publishers, Philadelphia, 7-85. WWF (2012). Türkiye’nin ekolojik ayak izi raporu. https://wwftr.awsassets.panda.org/downloads/turkiyenin_ekolojik_ayak_izi_raporu.pdf sayfasından erişilmiştir. Erişim Tarihi: 02.12.2023
TESTING THE POLLUTION HAVEN AND POLLUTION HALO HYPOTHESES IN TURKEY WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE LCC HYPOTHESIS Yıl 2024, Cilt: 20 Sayı: 2, 418 – 436, 28.06.2024
Samet Topal
https://doi.org/10.17130/ijmeb.1414228
Öz This study aims to examine the effects of per capita income, foreign direct investment (FDI) and primary energy consumption (BET) on the load capacity factor (LCF) within the framework of the load capacity curve (LCC) hypothesis for the Turkish economy. Additionally, the validity of the LCC, pollution a haven, and pollution halo hypotheses in Turkey is examined. For this purpose, Augmented DickeyFuller (ADF) and Phillips-Perron (PP) unit root tests and Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds test method are applied using annual data for the period 1973-2022. The study concludes that there is no U-shaped relationship between per capita income and environmental quality in Turkey and therefore the LCC hypothesis is not valid. On the other hand, FDI has a negative impact on environmental quality in Turkey and the pollution haven hypothesis is valid. Environmental quality declines when BET grows, according to the negative relationship between BET and LCF, which is one of the model’s control variables. Based on the study’s findings, Turkey should switch from using fossil fuels to renewable energy sources, increase the activity of government oversight and regulation processes, and develop policies to raise the environmental consciousness of businesses and households in both the production and consumption processes.
Anahtar Kelimeler Load Capacity Curve, Income, Foreign Direct Investment, Pollution Haven Hypothesis, Pollution Halo Hypothesis.
Kaynakça Afshan, S., & Yaqoob, T. (2023). Unravelling the efficacy of green innovation and taxation in promoting environmental quality: A dual-model assessment of testing the lcc theory in emerging economies. Journal of Cleaner Production, 137850. Akbostancı, E., Türüt-Aşık, S., & Tunç, G. İ. (2009). The relationship between ıncome and environment in Turkey: Is there an environmental kuznets curve?. Energy Policy, 37(3), 861-867. Albayrak, M., & Telek, C. (2022). Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi (Ekc) Hipotezinin Türkiye İçin Geçerliliğinin İncelenmesi. Finans Ekonomi ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 7(4), 719-731. Alola, A. A., Özkan, O., & Usman, O. (2023). Role Of Non-Renewable Energy Efficiency And Renewable Energy in Driving Environmental Sustainability in India: Evidence From The Load Capacity Factor Hypothesis. Energies, 16(6), 2847. Atıcı, C. & Kurt, F. (2007). Türkiye’nin dış ticareti ve çevre kirliliği: çevresel kuznets eğrisi yaklaşımı. Tarım Ekonomisi Dergisi, 13(2), 61-69. Balkanlı, A.O. (2019). Türkiye’de doğrudan yabancı sermaye yatırımlarının gelişimi ve ekonomik büyümeye etkisinin ekonometrik analizi (1985-2017). Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Meslek Yüksekokulu Dergisi, 22 (1), 175-186. Balsalobre-Lorente, D., Gokmenoğlu, K. K., Taşpınar, N., & Cantos-Cantos, J. M. (2019). An approach to the pollution haven and pollution halo hypotheses in MINT countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, 23010-23026. Başar, S. & Temurlenk, M. S. (2007). Çevreye uyarlanmiş kuznets eğrisi: Türkiye üzerine bir uygulama. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 21(1), 1-12. Çağlar, A. E., Daştan, M., Mehmood, U., & Avcı, S. B. (2023). Assessing the connection between competitive industrial performance on load capacity factor within the LCC framework: ımplications for sustainable policy in BRICS economies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-18. Çamkaya, S., Polat, İ. H. & Polat, Ü. (2022). Are foreign direct ınvestments effective on environmental quality in turkey? An approach with non-linear ARDL method. İktisadi İdari ve Siyasal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 7(17), 30-46. Dam, M. M., & Sarkodie, S. A. (2023). renewable energy consumption, real income, trade openness, and ınverted load capacity factor nexus in Turkiye: Revisiting the EKC hypothesis with environmental sustainability. Sustainable Horizons, 8, 100063. Destek, M. A. (2018). Çevresel Kuznets eğrisi hipotezinin Türkiye için incelenmesi: STIRPAT modelinden bulgular. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 19(2), 268-283. Dickey, D.A. & W.A. Fuller (1979) “Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root” Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74:427-431. Doğan, A., & Pata, U. K. (2022). The role of ICT, R&D spending and renewable energy consumption on environmental quality: testing the lcc hypothesis For G7 countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 380, 135038. Fareed, Z., Salem, S., Adebayo, T. S., Pata, U. K., & Shahzad, F. (2021). Role of export diversification and renewable energy on the load capacity factor in Indonesia: a Fourier quantile causality approach. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 434. Fuller, W. A. (1996). Introduction to statistical time series. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., US. Global Footprint Network (2023). Retrieved from https://data.footprintnetwork.org/#/countryTrends?cn= 223&type=BCpc,EFCpc Accessed 17.12.2023 Grossman, G. M., & Krueger, A. B. (1991). Environmental impacts of the north american free trade. NBER. Working Paper, 3914. Güloğlu, B., Cağlar, A. E., & Pata, U. K. (2023). Analyzing the determinants of the load capacity factor in OECD countries: Evidence from advanced quantile panel data methods. Gondwana Research, 118, 92-104. Güneysu, Y. (2023). Türkiye’de finansal gelişme, küreselleşme ve sanayileşmenin yük kapasite faktörü üzerindeki etkisi. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 14(3), 934-946. Halıcıoğlu, F. (2009). An Econometric study of CO2 emissions, energy consumption, income and foreign trade in Turkey. Energy Policy, 37(3), 1156-1164. Kaika, D., & Zervas, E. (2013). The environmental kuznets curve (EKC) theory—part a: Concept, causes and the CO2 emissions case. Energy Policy, 62, 1392-1402. Kardaslar, A. (2022). Ekonomik büyüme, enerji tüketimi ve küreselleşme sürecinin ekolojik ayak izi üzerindeki etkisi: Türkiye örneği. Business and Economics Research Journal, 13(3), 385-401. Kılıçarslan, Z., & Dumrul, Y. (2017). Foreign direct investments and CO2 emissions relationship: The case of Turkey. Business and Economics Research Journal, 8(4), 647-660. Koçak, E. (2014). Türkiye’de çevresel kuznets eğrisi hipotezinin geçerliliği: ARDL sınır testi yaklaşımı. İşletme ve İktisat Çalışmaları Dergisi, 2(3), 62-73. Kuznets, S. (1955). International differences in capital formation and financing. Capital formation and economic growth. Princeton University Press, 19-111. Lebe, F. (2016). Çevresel kuznets eğrisi hipotezi: Türkiye için eşbütünleşme ve nedensellik analizi. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 17 (2), 177-194. Li, L., Chen, Q., & Mehmood, U. (2023). Analyzing the validity of load capability curve: how economic complexity, renewable energy, R&D, and communication technologies take their part in G-20 countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(40), 92068-92083. Mert, M., & Caglar, A. E. (2020). Testing pollution haven and pollution halo hypotheses for Turkey: A new perspective. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 32933-32943. Mutafoglu, T. H. (2012). Foreign direct ınvestment, pollution, and economic growth: evidence from Turkey. Journal of Developing Societies, 28(3), 281-297. Öztürk, I., & Acaravci, A. (2013). The long-run and causal analysis of energy, growth, openness and financial development on carbon emissions in Turkey. Energy economics, 36, 262-267. Özdemir, B. K. & Koç, K. (2020). Türkiye’de karbon emisyonları, yenilenebilir enerji ve ekonomik büyüme. Ege Stratejik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 11(1), 66-86. Öztürk, Z. & Öz, D. (2016). Enerji tüketimi, gelir, doğrudan yabancı yatırım ve CO2 emisyonu arasındaki ilişki: Türkiye örneği. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 6(2), 269-288. Pata, U. K. (2021). Do renewable energy and health expenditures improve load capacity factor in the USA and Japan? A new approach to environmental issues. The European Journal of Health Economics, 22(9), 1427-1439. Pata, U. K., & Ertugrul, H. M. (2023). Do the Kyoto protocol, geopolitical risks, human capital and natural resources affect the sustainability limit? A new environmental approach based on the LCC hypothesis. Resources Policy, 81, 103352. Pata, U. K., Kartal, M. T., Erdogan, S., & Sarkodie, S. A. (2023). The role of renewable and nuclear energy R&D expenditures and income on environmental quality in Germany: Scrutinizing the EKC and LCC hypotheses with smooth structural changes. Applied Energy, 342, 121138. Pata, U. K., & Tanriover, B. (2023). Is the load capacity curve hypothesis valid for the top ten tourism destinations?. Sustainability, 15(2), 960. Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289-326. Polat, M. A. (2015). Türkiye’de yabancı sermaye yatırımları ile CO 2 emisyonu arasındaki ilişkinin yapısal kırılmalı testler ile analizi. Journal of International Social Research, 8(41), 1127-1135. Rees, W. E. (1992). Ecological footprints and appropriated carrying capacity: what urban economics leaves out. Environment and Urbanization, 4(2), 121-130. Seker, F., Ertuğrul, H. M., & Çetin, M. (2015). The impact of foreign direct investment on environmental quality: A bounds testing and causality analysis for Turkey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 347-356. Siche, R., Pereira, L., Agostinho, F., & Ortega, E. (2010). Convergence of ecological footprint and emergy analysis as a sustainability indicator of countries: Peru as case study. Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation, 15(10), 3182-3192. Şahinöz, A., & Fotourehchi, Z. (2014). Kirlilik emisyonu ve doğrudan yabancı sermaye yatırımları: Türkiye için»kirlilik sığınağı hipotezi» testi. Sosyoekonomi, 21(21), 187-210. Tanuro, D. (2011). Yeşil kapitalizm imkânsızdır (V. Yalçıntoklu, Çev.). İstanbul: Habitus Yayıncılık. Kurt, Ü., Kılıç, C., & Özekicioğlu, H. (2019). Doğrudan yabancı yatırımların Co2 emisyonu üzerindeki etkisi: Türkiye için ARDL sınır testi yaklaşımı. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Meslek Yüksekokulu Dergisi, 22(1), 213-224. Wackernagel M. & Rees W., (1998), Our ecological footprint: reducing human impact on the earth, New Society Publishers, Philadelphia, 7-85. WWF (2012). Türkiye’nin ekolojik ayak izi raporu. https://wwftr.awsassets.panda.org/downloads/turkiyenin_ekolojik_ayak_izi_raporu.pdf sayfasından erişilmiştir. Erişim Tarihi: 02.12.2023 Toplam 46 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar Birincil Dil Türkçe Konular Uluslararası İktisat (Diğer) Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri Yazarlar Samet Topal KAFKAS ÜNİVERSİTESİ, İKTİSADİ VE İDARİ BİLİMLER FAKÜLTESİ 0000-0003-2986-3697 Türkiye
Erken Görünüm Tarihi 26 Haziran 2024 Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Haziran 2024 Gönderilme Tarihi 3 Ocak 2024 Kabul Tarihi 24 Nisan 2024 Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 20 Sayı: 2
Kaynak Göster APA Topal, S. (2024). LCC HİPOTEZİ ÇERÇEVESİNDE TÜRKİYE’DE KİRLİLİK SIĞINAĞI VE KİRLİLİK HALE HİPOTEZLERİNİN SINANMASI. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat Ve İşletme Dergisi, 20(2), 418-436. https://doi.org/10.17130/ijmeb.1414228
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