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LEYLÂ ve MECNÛN Skip to content Doğu edebiyatlarında çok işlenmiş bir aşk hikâyesinin kahramanları ve bu hikâyeyi konu alan eserlerin ortak adı.
1/4 Müellif: İSMAİL DURMUŞ Bölüme Git
Özellikle Arap, Türk, Fars ve Urdu edebiyatlarında ele alınmış bu aşk hikâyesinin iki kahramanından biri olan Mecnûn, 70 (689) yılı civarında öldüğü v…
2/4 Müellif: TAHSİN YAZICI Bölüme Git
Fars Edebiyatı. İran şairlerinin eserlerinde çeşitli vesilelerle Leylâ ve Mecnûn adları zikredilmiş ve şiirlere konu olmuştur. Bu isimlere ilk defa Me…
3/4 Müellif: İSKENDER PALA Bölüme Git
Türk Edebiyatı. Leylâ ve Mecnûn’un hikâyesi, gerek mecaz ve mazmunlar vasıtasıyla gerekse müstakil mesnevi konusu olarak Türk edebiyatında çok ilgi gö…
4/4 Müellif: HANIF FAUQ Bölüme Git
Urdu Edebiyatı. Leylâ ve Mecnûn hikâyesi İran ve Türk edebiyatlarında olduğu gibi Urdu edebiyatında da önemli yer tutar. Urdu yazarları tarafından Ara…
Özellikle Arap, Türk, Fars ve Urdu edebiyatlarında ele alınmış bu aşk hikâyesinin iki kahramanından biri olan Mecnûn, 70 (689) yılı civarında öldüğü ve adının Kays b. Mülevvah el-Âmirî olduğu kabul edilen şairin lakabıdır. Leylâ’ya duyduğu aşk yüzünden aklını kaybetmesi sebebiyle kendisine takılan bu lakap sonraları isminin yerini almıştır. Leylâ ise aynı kabileye mensup ve bir rivayete göre Mecnûn’un amcasının kızı olan Leylâ bint Mehdî el-Âmiriyye’dir. Leylâ ve Mecnûn’un başından geçmiş gibi anlatılan hikâyelerin hemen hepsi, Mecnûn el-Âmirî’ye ait olan ya da ona nisbet edilen şiirlerde geçen küçük vak‘aların birtakım yorum ve ilâvelerle bir dereceye kadar birbirine bağlanarak büyük bir hikâye haline getirilmesi sonucunda meydana çıkmış izlenimi vermektedir. Bununla birlikte nesep âlimi İbnü’l-Kelbî ile Ebü’l-Ferec el-İsfahânî’ye göre bu hikâye amcasının kızını seven, fakat bunu açıklamak istemeyen Emevî ailesine mensup bir genç tarafından uydurulmuş olan kıssa ve şiirlerin Mecnûn adı altında ortaya konulmasıyla meydana gelmiştir (el-Eġānî , II, 4 vd.).
İbn De’b (ö. 171/787), İbnü’l-Kelbî, Zübeyr b. Bekkâr ve Ömer b. Şebbe gibi râvilerden şifahî, dağınık ve çelişkili rivayetler halinde intikal eden hikâye, İbn Kuteybe’nin eş-Şiʿr ve’ş-şuʿârâʾ sı ile (s. 355-364) Ebü’l-Ferec el-İsfahânî’nin el-Eġānî ’sinde (II, 1-78) yazılı metin haline getirilmiştir. Konuyla ilgili olarak kendi zamanına kadar gelen rivayetleri kronoloji kaygısı taşımadan sıralayan Ebü’l-Ferec hikâyeyi Hâlid b. Cemîl ile Hâlid b. Külsûm’ün yazdıklarını söyler (II, 27). Ebû Bekir el-Vâlibî’nin derlediği Dîvânü Mecnûn ve Leylâ (Kahire 1300) İbnü’n-Nedîm’in el-Fihrist ’inde yer almadığına göre adı geçen eserlerden sonra kaleme alınmış olmalıdır. Bu divana şiirlerin arasına küçük mensur parçalar eklenerek bir hikâye şekli verilmiştir. İbnü’n-Nedîm’in, halk hikâyeleri arasında Kitâbü Mecnûn ve Leylâ adında anonim bir eserden söz etmesi (el-Fihrist , s. 425), bunun IV. (X.) yüzyılda Arap dili ve edebiyatı âlimlerinin türlü şekilleriyle naklettikleri bir halk hikâyesi haline dönüştüğünü göstermektedir. Hikâye, X. (XVI.) yüzyılın başlarında kaleme alınan İbnü’l-Mibred’in Nüzhetü’l-müsâmir fî ẕikri baʿżı aḫbâri Mecnûn Benî Âmir ’i (nşr. Muhammed Altuncî, Beyrut 1414/1994) ve Şemseddin İbn Tolun’un Besṭu sâmiʿi’l-müsâmir fî aḫbâri Mecnûn Benî Âmir ’i ile (nşr. Abdülmüteâl es-Saîdî, Kahire, ts.; M. İbrâhim Sâlim, Kahire 1996) yazarı bilinmeyen Aḥsenü mâ yemîl min aḫbâri’l-Ḳayseyn ve’l-Cemîl adlı eserden sonra (Sezgin, II, 393) müteahhir dönemlerde yazılan anonim Ḳıṣṣatü Ḳays b. el-Mülevvaḥ (Beyrut 1868) ve Ḳıṣṣatü Mecnûn ve Leylâ (Bombay 1880) adlı eserlerde de söz konusu edilmiştir.
Leylâ ve Mecnûn hikâyesi şu temel unsurları ihtiva etmektedir: Necid’de bulunan Benî Âmir kabilesine mensup Kays ile Leylâ kabilelerinin hayvanlarını otlatırken birbirlerini severler. Büyüyüp aşklarının meydana çıkması üzerine Leylâ çadırda alıkonur ve Kays’a gösterilmez. Bunun üzerine Kays’ta aşkın ilk ıstırabı başlar; babasına Leylâ’yı istemesini söyler. Ancak aşkları sebebiyle kızın adı dillere düşüp namusu lekelendiği için bu teklif reddedilir ve Leylâ bir başkasıyla evlendirilir. Kays ıstırabın tesiriyle aklını büsbütün kaybeder. I. Mervân’ın vergi memuru Ömer b. Abdurrahman ile onun yerine geçen Nevfel b. Müsâhık Kays’a yardımcı olmak için girişimde bulunurlar, fakat bu girişimleri sonuçsuz kalır. Babası şifa ümidiyle Mecnûn’u Mekke ve Medine’ye götürürse de Mecnûn Allah’a aşkını arttırması için dua eder ve çöllere kaçarak vahşi hayvanlarla birlikte yaşamaya başlar. Öte yandan Leylâ Mecnûn’un aşkıyla ıstırap içinde ölür. Mecnûn da onun için ağıtlar söyleyip aşkının acılarını terennüm ederek çöllerde dolaşmaya devam eder. Nihayet bir gün ölüsü bulunur (Mes‘ûdî, VII, 356-360; Dâvûd-i Antâkî, I, 97-128).
Charles Pellat, bu hikâyenin Benî Âmir’in temsil ettiği Kuzey Arapları’nın Güney Arapları’na karşı bir tepkisi olduğunu, platonik aşk hikâyelerinin Güney Arapları’ndan Benî Uzre’ye mahsus olmadığını, Cemîl el-Uzrî aşkına benzer bir hikâyeye onların da sahip bulunduğunu gösterme eğiliminden doğduğunu ileri sürer (EI2 [Fr.] , V, 1098-1099).
Leylâ ve Mecnûn hikâyesi XX. yüzyılda da birçok esere ve çalışmaya konu olmuştur. Ignatij J. Kračkovskij’nin 1946’da Leningrad’da neşrettiği “Arap Edebiyatında Leylâ ve Mecnûn” adlı Rusça makaleyi Hellmut Ritter Almanca’ya tercüme ederek yayımlamıştır (bk. bibl.). André Miquel ve Percy Kemp’in Majnûn et Laylâ: l’amour fou (Paris 1984), André Miquel’in Layla, ma raison (roman) (Paris 1984) adlı eserleriyle Abdurrahman-ı Câmî’nin Farsça Leylâ vü Mecnûn ’unun Arapça’ya çevirisi (trc. M. Guneymî Hilâl, Kahire 1955), M. Guneymî Hilâl’in Leylâ ve’l-Mecnûn fi’l-edebeyni’l-ʿArabî ve’l-Fârsî ’si (Beyrut 1400/1980), Salâh Abdüssabûr’un Leylâ ve’l-Mecnûn ’u (Bamberg 1991) bu dönemde yazılan eserler arasında yer alır. Diğer taraftan hikâye bazı tiyatro ve dramalara da konu teşkil etmiştir. Ahmed Şevkī’nin el-Eġānî ’ye dayanarak kaleme aldığı manzum Mecnûn ve Leylâ (Ḳaysü Leylâ) (Kahire 1931), Arberry (Kahire 1933) ve W. S. Jeanette Atiya (Kahire 1990) tarafından İngilizce’ye çevrilmiştir. İbrâhim el-Ahdeb, Selîm el-Bustânî, Ebû Hilâl el-Kabbânî ve Muhammed Müncî Hayrullah da (Rivâyetü Mecnûn ve Leylâ , 1898, 1904) bu alanda eser yazanlardandır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Câhiz, el-Beyân ve’t-tebyîn , I, 385; II, 224; IV, 22.
İbn Kuteybe, eş-Şiʿr ve’ş-şuʿarâʾ , s. 355-364.
Ebü’l-Ferec el-İsfahânî, el-Eġānî , Beyrut 1407/1986, II, 3-88.
Mes‘ûdî, Mürûcü’ẕ-ẕeheb (Abdülhamîd) , VII, 356-360.
İbnü’n-Nedîm, el-Fihrist , Kahire 1384, s. 425.
Kütübî, Fevâtü’l-Vefeyât , II, 545-556.
Dâvûd-i Antâkî, Tezyînü’l-esvâḳ , Beyrut 1406/1986, I, 97-128.
Sezgin, GAS , II, 391-393.
R. Blachère, Histoire de la littérature arabe , Paris 1952, III, 657-660.
H. Ritter, “Die Frühgeschichte der Erzählung von Macnūn und Lailā in der Arabischen Literatur”, Oriens , VIII/1 (1955), s. 50.
Ahmed Ateş, “Leylâ ile Mecnûn”, İA , VII, 49-51.
Ch. Pellat, “Mad̲j̲nūn Laylā”, EI2 (Fr.) , V, 1098-1099.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2003 yılında Ankara’da basılan 27. cildinde, 159-160 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
Fars Edebiyatı. İran şairlerinin eserlerinde çeşitli vesilelerle Leylâ ve Mecnûn adları zikredilmiş ve şiirlere konu olmuştur. Bu isimlere ilk defa Menûçihrî (ö. 432/1041) ve Baba Kûhî-i Şîrâzî’nin (ö. 442/1050) divanlarında rastlanmaktadır. Bu şairler muhtemelen, Leylâ ve Mecnûn adlarını halk arasındaki sözlü rivayetlerden veya anonim bir Leylâ ve Mecnûn hikâyesinden almışlardır. Leylâ ve Mecnûn adlarına Enverî ve Hâkānî-yi Şirvânî’nin divanlarında da rastlanır. Halk arasında yaygın olmasına rağmen konu Nizâmî-i Gencevî’ye kadar (ö. 608/1211-12) şairler tarafından müstakil olarak ele alınmamıştır. Şirvanşahlar’dan Ahsitân b. Menûçihr, Nizâmî’den konuyu manzum olarak kaleme almasını isteyince Nizâmî, dört aydan az bir süre içinde yaklaşık beş bin beyitlik bir mesnevi yazmış, Arap kökenli olan hikâyeye hükümdarın hoşuna gitmesi için bir İranlı havası vermeye çalışmıştır. Nizâmî, Arap kaynaklarındaki malzemeyi kullanmakla beraber çöl ve bedevî hayatıyla ilgili olayların çoğunu şehirlerde geçmiş gibi göstermiştir. Nitekim eser, Leylâ ve Mecnûn çölde hayvan otlatırken değil okulda okudukları sırada başlar. Mecnûn’u savunan Nevfel bir Arap emîri olmayıp bir İran prensidir. Ayrıca Nizâmî eserine Zeyn ve Zeynel adında iki şahıs eklemiştir. Zeyn rüyasında Leylâ ve Mecnûn’un ancak âhirette birleşebileceklerini görür. Konuda en önemli değişiklik ise hikâyenin sonuyla ilgili bölümlerde yapılmıştır. Leylâ istemediği halde İbn Selâm adlı bir kişiyle evlendirilir, ancak kendisine dokunmasına izin vermez. İbn Selâm da ona olan aşkından dolayı ölür. Leylâ Mecnûn’u arayıp bulur. Fakat Mecnûn’un aşkı ilâhî aşka dönüştüğü için Leylâ’ya gereken ilgiyi göstermez, bu sebeple Leylâ üzüntüsünden ölür. Ardından Mecnûn da onun mezarı üzerinde ölür ve onun yanına gömülür. Aşklarının ilâhî aşka dönüşü, dünyanın fâniliği ve ölüm gibi konular esere tasavvufî bir nitelik kazandırmış, yer yer zikredilen gazeller de eserin etkinliğini arttırmıştır.
Nizâmî’den itibaren büyük ilgi gören Leylâ ve Mecnûn mesnevisi birçok şair tarafından ele alınmışsa da hiçbiri onun seviyesine ulaşamamıştır. Nizâmî’den sonra bu alanda yazılan en başarılı eser, Emîr Hüsrev-i Dihlevî’nin 698’de (1299) kaleme aldığı hamsesi içindeki Mecnûn u Leylî ’sidir. Şeyh Nizâmeddin Evliyâ ile Delhi sultanına ithaf edilen mesnevi Nizâmî’nin eserinden daha kısadır (2660 beyit) ve genellikle bir Hint şehzadesinin macerası niteliğini taşır. Eserde tasavvufî konulara hiç yer verilmemiştir.
Dihlevî’nin eserini Abdurrahman-ı Câmî’nin 889’da (1484) yazdığı Leylâ vü Mecnûn takip etmiştir. Arapça aslına daha yakın olan bu mesnevi Câmî’nin Heft Evreng adı altında topladığı yedi mesnevisinin altıncısını oluşturur. Burada Leylâ ve Mecnûn okulda değil bir yaylada tanışırlar. Mecnûn’un ölümü de farklı şekilde anlatılmıştır. Bir bedevî Mecnûn’u ararken onu çölde kucağında bir ceylan yavrusu olduğu halde ölmüş olarak bulur ve durumu Leylâ’ya bildirir. Leylâ da Mecnûn’un mezarına gelir ve onun üzerinde ölür. Câmî, eserde bağımsız biçimde yer verdiği tasavvufla ilgili parçalar dışında konuyu tamamıyla bir aşk macerası olarak kaleme almıştır.
Bir diğer Leylâ ve Mecnûn mesnevisi Câmî’nin yeğeni Hâtifî’ye (ö. 927/1521) aittir. Hâtifî de eserinde bazı değişiklikler yapmıştır. Diğer mesnevilerde Mecnûn’un Leylâ’ya kavuşması için gayret gösteren Nevfel, Hâtifî’nin eserinde Leylâ’ya âşık olur ve Mecnûn’u öldürmek üzere hazırlattığı zehirle kendisi ölür. Mecnûn da çölde ölür. Kumlar üzerinde bulunan cesedi hacdan dönen hacılar tarafından defnedilir. Hâtifî, Mecnûn’u deli olarak değil ermiş bir kişi olarak tanıtır.
İran edebiyatında Leylâ ve Mecnûn mesnevisi yazan diğer başlıca şairler şunlardır: Kâtibî (ö. 839/1435-36 [?]), Mektebî-i Şîrâzî (yazılışı: 886/1481), Misâlî-i Kâşânî (yazılışı: 897/1492 civarı), Nizâmeddin Ahmed Süheylî (ö. 918/1512), Sevdâî (yazılışı: 920/1514), Hilâlî-yi Esterâbâdî, Derviş Alî-i Gîlânî, Kāsımî-i Gunâbâdî, Kāsım Han Bedahşânî, Sa‘deddin Rehâî-i Hâfî, Ya‘kūb-i Sarfî-i Keşmîrî, Mîr Cümle-i İsfahânî, Nâmî-yi İsfahânî, Sabâ-yi Kâşânî. Bunların dışında müellifleri bilinen, ancak günümüze kadar gelmeyen bazı eserler de vardır (bu konuda bir liste için bk. Levend, s. 86-96; ayrıca bk. Münzevî, IV, 3100-3115; Dihhudâ, XII, 17551-17552).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Nizâmî-i Gencevî, Leylâ vü Mecnûn (nşr. Berât-i Zencânî), Tahran 1369 hş./1990, neşredenin girişi, s. 5-26.
Emîr Hüsrev-i Dihlevî, Mecnûn u Leylî (nşr. Tâhir Ahmedoğlu Muharremof), Moskova 1965.
Safâ, Edebiyyât , II, 803.
M. Guneymî Hilâl, Leylâ ve’l-Mecnûn fi’l-edebeyni’l-ʿArabî ve’l-Fârsî , Kahire 1954.
Agâh Sırrı Levend, Arap, Fars ve Türk Edebiyatlarında Leylâ ve Mecnun Hikâyesi , Ankara 1959, s. 86-96.
Münzevî, Fihrist , Tahran 1351 hş., IV, 3100-3115.
Hânbâbâ, Fihrist , IV, 4414-4418.
J. Rypka, Târîḫ-i Edebiyyât-ı Îrân (trc. Îsâ Şihâbî), Tahran 1354 hş., s. 177, 330-339.
As‘ad E. Khairallah, Love, Madness and Poetry: An Interpretation of the Maǧnūn Legend , Beirut 1980, s. 97-133.
Ahmed Ateş, “Leyla ile Mecnûn”, İA , VII, 51-53.
J. T. P. de Bruijn, “Mad̲j̲nūn Laylā”, EI2 (Fr.) , V, 1099-1101.
Dihhudâ, Luġatnâme (Muîn) , XII, 17551-17552.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2003 yılında Ankara’da basılan 27. cildinde, 160 numaralı sayfada yer almıştır.
Türk Edebiyatı. Leylâ ve Mecnûn’un hikâyesi, gerek mecaz ve mazmunlar vasıtasıyla gerekse müstakil mesnevi konusu olarak Türk edebiyatında çok ilgi görmüştür. Aşkın ve âşıklığın sembolü olarak özellikle şiirde sıkça anılan bu hikâyeyi Türk edebiyatında ilk defa anlatan Gülşehrî’dir. Onun Mantıku’t-tayr adlı eserinde (yazılışı: 717/1317) Hüdhüd “ışkbazlık ve mâşûk”tan bahsederken yetmiş dokuz beyit halinde Leylâ ve Mecnûn’un hikâyesini özetler. Ardından Âşık Paşa Garibnâme ’sinde (yazılışı: 730/1330) otuz beyitle aynı konuyu anlatır. Daha sonra Leylâ ve Mecnûn’un aşkını temsilî bir hikâye olarak eserlerinin bir yerinde anan şairler de vardır (meselâ Şemseddin Sivâsî, İbretnümâ ve Mir’âtü’l-ahlâk ; Nâlî, Tuhfe-i Dilkeş ; Şeyh Galib, Divan ).
Türk edebiyatında Leylâ ve Mecnûn hikâyesini müstakil mesnevi şeklinde yazan ilk şair Edirneli Şâhidî’dir. Gülşen-i Uşşâk (yazılışı: 883/1478) adıyla bilinen bu eserden sonra Ali Şîr Nevâî’nin hamsesi içinde yer alan Leylâ vü Mecnûn ’u gelir (yazılışı: 1484 [?]). Nevâî’nin, Nizâmî ile Emîr Hüsrev-i Dihlevî’nin aynı adı taşıyan Farsça mesnevilerine bir cevap olmak üzere kaleme aldığı eser otuz sekiz bölüm halinde 3622 beyitten meydana gelmektedir. Pek çok nüshası bulunan eser (Alī-Şīr Nevāyī: Leylī vü Mecnūn , hazırlayanın girişi, s. 13-25) ayrıca da basılmıştır. Türk edebiyatının en güzel Leylâ ve Mecnûn mesnevisini ise Fuzûlî yazmıştır. Azerbaycan ve Anadolu başta olmak üzere Türkler’in bulunduğu her yerde sevilerek okunan eser daha sonra aynı konuda telif edilen pek çok mesneviye ilham kaynağı olmuş, yüzyıllarca Türk insanının aşk duygularını ifade etmesine yardımcı olmuştur (bk. LEYLÂ vü MECNÛN ).
Leylâ ve Mecnûn hikâyesini yazan diğer şairler şöyle sıralanabilir: XV. yüzyıl: Hamdullah Hamdi, Ahmed Rıdvan; XVI. yüzyıl: Bihiştî Ahmed Sinan Çelebi, Sevdâî, Hakîrî, Kadîmî, Hâmidîzâde Celîlî , Lârendeli Hamdî, Celâlzâde Sâlih , Halîfe, Atâyî (Âzerî şairi); XVII. yüzyıl: Fâizî; XVIII. yüzyıl: Örfî Mehmed, Andelîb; XIX. yüzyıl: Nâkâm (Âzerî şairi). Leylâ ve Mecnûn mesnevileri günümüze ulaşmayan şairler de şunlardır: Hayâtî, Çâkerî Sinan, Necâtî , Hayâlî Abdülvehhâb, Ârifî Fethullah , Kireççizâde Sinan, Mahvî İdris, Muhyî, Zamîrî, Rif‘atî Abdülhay.
Leylâ ve Mecnûn hikâyesi pek çok dile çevrilmiş, özellikle Nizâmî ve Fuzûlî’nin eserleri Avrupa edebiyatlarındaki Romeo and Juliet , Tristan et Yseult gibi aşk klasikleri arasında yerini almıştır. Azerbaycan’da ayrıca Leylâ Mecnûn adıyla bir halk hikâyesi anlatılmakta olup konusu yer yer Leylâ ve Mecnûn hikâyesiyle benzerlik gösterir (TDEA , VI, 92-93). Leylâ ve Mecnûn hikâyesinin Türk halk edebiyatında geçen bir varyantı ile bunun Hikâye-i Leylâ ile Mecnûn başlığı altında nesir halinde anlatılan matbu nüshaları vardır (Özege, II, 566). Fuzûlî’nin Leylâ vü Mecnûn ’una benzerlik gösteren bu hikâye zamanla karagöz oyunları arasına da girmiştir (Gerçek, s. 88). Leylâ ve Mecnûn mesnevileri üzerine pek çok tez ve bilimsel çalışma yapılmış, müstakil eserler yayımlanmıştır. Bunlardan bazıları şunlardır: Agâh Sırrı Levend, Arap, Fars ve Türk Edebiyatlarında Leylâ ve Mecnûn Hikâyesi , Ankara 1959; Zülfü Güler, Hamdullah Hamdî: Leylâ vü Mecnûn (İnceleme-Metin) (doktora tezi, 1982), Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü; Cemal Bayak, Sevdaî Kıssa-i Leylî Birle Mecnûn (yüksek lisans tezi, 1987), Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü; M. Ünal Şahin, Leylî ve Mecnûn: Sevdâî (Transkripsiyon ve Dil İncelemesi) (yüksek lisans tezi, 1988), İnönü Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü; Zikri Turan, Mecnûn u Leylâ: Hakîrî (Transkripsiyon ve Dil İncelemesi) (yüksek lisans tezi, 1988), İnönü Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü; Cafer Süleyman, İslâm Edebiyatında Leylâ ve Mecnun Mesnevisi (doktora tezi, 1992), İÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü; Rıfat Kütük, Celâlzâde Salih Çelebi, Leylâ ve Mecnûn (Tenkidli Metin-İnceleme) (yüksek lisans tezi, 1995), Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü; Ebru Şenocak, Leylâ ile Mecnûn Hikâyesi Üzerine Mukâyeseli Bir Araştırma (yüksek lisans tezi, 2000), Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü; Zeynelabidin Aygün, Behiştî’nin Leylâ vü Mecnûn’u (doktora tezi, 2002), Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Alī-Şīr Nevāyī: Leylī vü Mecnūn (haz. Ülkü Çelik), Ankara 1996, hazırlayanın girişi, s. 13-25.
Fuzûlî, Leylâ ile Mecnun (haz. Necmettin Halil Onan), İstanbul 1956, hazırlayanın önsözü, s. I-VIII; a.e.: Leylâ vü Mecnûn (haz. Hüseyin Ayan), İstanbul 1981, hazırlayanın önsözü, s. 9-14; a.e.: Lauli va Majnun (haz. Etibar İbrahimova), Taşkent 1991, s. 13-18; a.e.: Leyla and Mejnun (trc. Sofi Huri, Fuzûlî ve Leylâ ve Mecnun içinde), İstanbul 1959, s. 18-39.
Ali Nihad Tarlan, İslâm Edebiyatında Leylâ ve Mecnun Mesnevîsi (doktora tezi, 1922), İÜ Türkiyat Araştırmaları Merkezi, nr. 1.
Selim Nüzhet Gerçek, Türk Temaşası , İstanbul 1942, s. 88.
Hamid Araslı, Leylâ ve Mecnûn , Bakü 1958, s. 19-33.
a.mlf., “Leylî ve Mecnûn Hakkında”, TDAY Belleten (1958), s. 17-39.
Agâh Sırrı Levend, Arap, Fars ve Türk Edebiyatlarında Leylâ ve Mecnûn Hikâyesi , Ankara 1959, s. 1-8, 107, 382-383.
Özege, Katalog , II, 566.
As‘ad E. Khairallah, Love, Madness and Poetry: An Interpretation of the Mağnūn Legend , Beirut 1980, s. 1-9.
A. Miquel – P. Kemp, Majnūn et Laylā: L’amourfou , Paris 1984, s. 18-36.
İskender Pala, Ansiklopedik Dîvân Şiiri Sözlüğü , İstanbul 1999, s. 255-257.
Pervin Çapan, Mesneviye Düşen Aşklar: Ali Şîr Nevâyî ve Fuzûlî’nin Leylâ ve Mecnûnları , Muğla 1999, s. 7-20.
Mehmet Kahraman, Leylâ ve Mecnun Romanı: Dâstân-ı Leylî vü Mecnun , Ankara 2000, s. III-XIV.
Ahmed Ateş, “Leylâ ile Mecnûn”, İA , VII, 53-55.
Ch. Pellat, “Mad̲j̲nūn Laylā”, EI2 (İng.) , V, 1102-1103.
B. Flemming, “Mad̲j̲nūn Laylā: In Turkish Literature”, a.e. , V, 1105-1106.
Nermin İşeri (Pekin) – Mustafa Kutlu, “Leylâ vü Mecnun”, TDEA , VI, 90-92.
Yavuz Akpınar, “Leylî Mecnun”, a.e. , VI, 92-93.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2003 yılında Ankara’da basılan 27. cildinde, 161 numaralı sayfada yer almıştır.
Urdu Edebiyatı. Leylâ ve Mecnûn hikâyesi İran ve Türk edebiyatlarında olduğu gibi Urdu edebiyatında da önemli yer tutar. Urdu yazarları tarafından Arapça kaynaklardan ziyade Farsça’dan aktarılan ve çeşitli şekillerde yön verilen hikâye Hint alt kıtasının âdet, gelenek ve kültürünün etkisi altında kalmıştır. Bu etki, Arap ülkesinde doğmuş Kays’a (Mecnûn) Hindî nisbesi verilerek Hindistanlı olarak gösterilecek dereceye varmıştır. Şeyh Ahmed Gucerâtî, sadece 540 beyti Hâfız Mahmûd Şîrânî tarafından bulunan bir Leylâ ve Mecnûn mesnevisini, Türk asıllı Gûlkünde (Golkonda) hükümdarı ve aynı zamanda Urdu şairi olan Muhammed Kulı Kutub Şah’a (1580-1596) sunmuştur. Ahmed Gucerâtî’nin oğlu Muhammed b. Ahmed Azîz, 1634’te kaleme aldığı Yûsuf ile Züleyhâ hikâyesinden başka 1636’da Hâtifî’nin Farsça mesnevisini temel aldığı, ancak babasının şiirsel anlatımını da koruduğu Leylâ u Mecnûn mesnevisini yazmıştır. Bu mesnevide kültürel çevre Hindistan’dır. Leylâ’nın tanımlanmasında da bu kültürel ayrıntılar yer alır.
Urdu edebiyatında yazılmış bir başka mesnevi Abdullah Vâiz b. İshak’ın 552 beyitlik Leylâ u Mecnûn ’udur (1196/1782). Mesnevideki diğer menkıbeler ise hikâyenin tasavvufî yorumunu öne çıkarmıştır. Bunların dışında Leylâ ve Mecnûn konusunu işleyen mesneviler Mirza Muhammed Takī Heves Leknevî, Mîr Muhammed Hasan Tecellî ve A‘zamüddevle Server Dihlevî tarafından kaleme alınmıştır. Mirza Muhammed Takī Heves’in 1798-1814 yılları arasında yazdığı mesnevi yaklaşık 2000 beyitten meydana gelmektedir. Mesnevide anlatılan konu bir aşk hikâyesi olmakla birlikte ayrıntılar ruhsal olmaktan çok fizikseldir. A‘zamüddevle’nin Sebʿa-i Seyyâre ’sinde (1821-1822) yer alan yedi mesneviden biri Leylâ ve Mecnûn’a aittir. Urduca’nın önemli şairlerinden Mîr Takī Mîr’in kız kardeşinin oğlu olan Tecellî, eserini yazarken Câmî’nin Leylâ vü Mecnûn ’unu esas almıştır. Giyân Çend Ceyn’in (Giyan Chand Jain) zikrettiği diğer mesneviler arasında Azîzüddin Nâmî (1213/1798), Şah Muhammed Azîm Dihlevî (1214/1799), Mîr Ahmed Necîbüddin (1831) ve A‘zam Dihlevî’nin mesnevileri yer alır.
Nezîr Ekberâbâdî (Velî Muhammed), Leylâ ve Mecnûn konusunu mesnevi şeklinde değil “muaşşer” (her kıtası on mısra) olarak işleyen önemli bir şairdir. Şiirleri saray geleneğini yansıtması yanında halkla da irtibat kuran bir anlatım taşır. Nezîr drama yazıları yazmaya çalışmamışsa da dramatik hünerleri Leylâ ve Mecnûn dahil birkaç şiirde görülür.
Mutasavvıf yazarlar, Mecnûn’u varlığının acılarını tadan ve sonsuz varlıkla birleşmek için didinip duran ruhun temsili olarak ele alır. Velî Dekenî, “Der Na‘t-ı Hazret Hayrü’l-beşer” adlı kasidesinde ve XIX. yüzyılın en meşhur şairi Gālib Leylâ ve Mecnûn hikâyesini çeşitli açılardan değerlendirerek sık sık referans verirler.
XIX. yüzyılın ortalarından itibaren Leylâ ve Mecnûn teması tiyatro oyunları ve sinema filmlerinde de işlenmeye başlar. Bu hikâyeyi işleyenler arasında Nuservânji Mehrvânji Arâm, Mirza Muhammed Kâzım Afsun Murâdâbâdî, Mahmûd Ahmed Revnak, Hâfız Muhammed Abdullah Fetihpûrî, Gulâm Hüseyin Zarîf, Seyyid Kâzım Rizvî Allahâbâdî ve Muhammed Azîz Ahmed Han Leknevî gibi şahsiyetler anılabilir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Seyyid Seccâd Haydar, Ḫayâlistân, Ḥikâye-i Leylâ o Mecnûn , Aligarh 1932, s. 163-190.
Seyyid Mes‘ûd Hasan Rizvî Edîb, Urdu Drame Aur Stage, İbtidâʾi Daur ki Mufaṣṣal Târîḫ , Leknev 1957, s. 35, 49, 51, 54, 56, 58, 79, 95.
Abdülalîm Nâmi, Urdu Theatre , Karaçi 1962, s. 5-15, 54, 78-79, 85-86, 136-137, 141-142, 333-334.
Seyyid Muhammed Akīl, Mesenvî ka İrtiḳā Şumâli Hind , Allahâbâd 1965, s. 398-405.
Vâhid Kureyşî, Mektebe-i Edeb-i Cedîd , Lahor 1965, s. 163-188.
Giyân Çend Ceyn, Urdu ki Naṣrî Dâstânen , Karaçi 1969, s. 666-683, mensur eserler için bk. s. 201-202, 338-361, 668, 707-708.
Halîlurrahman Dâvûdî, Urdu ki Ḳadīm Manẓûm Dâstânen , Lahor 1967, s. 3-6, 81-84, metin, 85-148.
Mürettebâ Seyyid İmtiyâz Ali Tâc, Ârâm ke Drame , Lahor 1969, s. 4-22.
a.mlf., Raunaḳ ke Drame , Lahor 1969, s. 3-22.
Muhammed Bâkır, Urdu-i Ḳadîm-Dekken Aur Pencâp Men , Lahor 1972, s. 77-85.
Azîz Leknevî, Mirzâ Rusvâ , Karaçi 1985, s. 8-128.
Ebü’l-Leys Sıddîkī, Leknev kâ Debistân-i Şâʿirî , Karaçi 1987, s. 273-278, 302, 314, 316.
Mâlik Hasan Aher, Urdu Drame ki Muḫtaṣar Târîḫ , Lahor 1990, s. 82, 113-114, 121-123, 126-127.
Şeyh Gulâm Ali, Leylâ Mecnûn Urdu-Ḫavâṣ , Lahor, ts., s. 2-60.
R. A. Nicholson, “Mecnûn”, UDMİ , XVIII, 587-588.
J. A. Haywood, “Mad̲j̲nūn Laylā”, EI2 (Fr.) , V, 1102-1103.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2003 yılında Ankara’da basılan 27. cildinde, 162 numaralı sayfada yer almıştır.