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LİPKALAR Skip to content Çoğunluğu Polonya ve Litvanya’da yaşayan bir Tatar grubu.
XIV. yüzyıldan itibaren Litvanya ve sonraları Lehistan’ın güneydoğu bölgelerinde yaşayan Tatarlar’ı ifade eder. Litva kelimesinin zamanla Lipka şeklinde telaffuz edilmesinden dolayı Litvanya Tatarları’nın Lipka Tatarları diye adlandırılageldikleri söylenir. Kaynaklarda, özellikle XIV. yüzyılın sonunda Litvanya Büyük Prensi Witold zamanında Altın Orda Devleti’nde çıkan karışıklıklar yüzünden ve Litvanya’nın teşvik edici politikalarıyla Litvanya topraklarına birçok Tatar’ın geldiği belirtilir. Zakon Haçlıları’na (Töton şövalyeleri) karşı yapılan, Lehistan-Litvanya Birliği’ni güçlendiren ve Polonya tarihi açısından önemli sayılan Grunwald savaşına (1410) birçok Lipka Tatarı katılmıştır. Lipkalar, XVII. yüzyıldan itibaren Lehistan-Litvanya Birliği’nde kendilerini daha açık bir şekilde gösterirler. Askerî hizmetler dışında genellikle tarım, hayvancılık ve ticaretle uğraşıyorlardı. Konuştukları Türkçe, Kıpçak Türkçesi grubundandı. XVII. yüzyılda Lehistan’da kötü şartlarda yaşayan bir kısım Lipkalar 1672’de ayaklanarak aynı yıl meydana gelen Kamaniçe seferinde Osmanlılar tarafına geçti. Sefer sonunda yapılan Bucaş Antlaşması ile Podolya, Osmanlı topraklarına katıldı ve Lipka Tatarları, Osmanlı Devleti’ne göç imkânı buldu. Leh Kralı III. Jan Sobieski, Lipkalar’a karşı 1672’de Lipka Ayaklanması diye anılan sefere çıkmak zorunda kaldı (Sikorski, s. 101-211). Bütün bu gelişmeler Lipkalar’ın ellerinden alınan haklarına tekrar kavuşmasını sağladı. Zuravno (İzvança) Antlaşması’yla da (1676) Lipkalar’ın göç konusu tekrar karara bağlandı. Bunların bir kısmı 1673 ve 1683’te III. Jan Sobieski’nin yanında Osmanlılar karşısında yer aldı. Osmanlı Devleti’ne bir diğer Lipka göçü XVIII. yüzyıl başında Stanisław Leszczyński’nin de aday olduğu krallık seçimi sırasında gerçekleşti. XVIII. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında Lehistan’daki olumsuz siyasal gelişmeler ve Lehistan’ın taksimi hadiseleri karşısında meydana gelen mücadelelerde Lipkalar büyük yararlılıklar gösterdi. Son Leh Kralı Stanisław August Poniatowski döneminde Bar Konfederasyonu’na (1768-1772) katıldılar. Lehistan’ın ikinci taksiminin hemen öncesinde cereyan eden Leh-Rus savaşında (1792) birçok Lipka hizmette bulundu. Lehistan’ın taksimine karşı çıkan 1794 Kosciuszko İsyanı sırasındaki çatışmalara Lipkalar da katıldı. XIX. yüzyılda Napolyon savaşlarında ve Lehistan’ın bağımsızlığını kazanması için meydana gelen ayaklanmalarda da yer aldılar.
XIX. yüzyılda Lipkalar’ın kimliklerini koruma ve İslâm’ı yaşama hususunda sıkıntıları arttı, bazıları göçe zorlandı. Ancak yine de Kur’an’ın Lehçe’ye çevirisi ve yayını 1838 ve 1858’de mümkün oldu. XX. yüzyıl başında tek camileri Lublin iline bağlı Studzianka’da idi. Fakat bu cami 1915’te Rus ordularınca yakıldı. Müslüman ibadet merkezlerinin başında bulunan, imam ya da molla (mułła) denen kişi bütün müslüman Lipkalar’ın evlilik, cenaze vb. dinî merasimlerinde önder konumundaydı. Studzianka’nın son imamı 1923’te ölen Maciej Bajrulewicz’tir. 1925’te kurulan Müslüman Dinî Birliği’yle beraber din öğretimi işleri Polonya Cumhuriyeti Müftülüğü’nün uhdesine verildi. 1989’dan sonra kamu okullarında dinî eğitim verilmeye başlandı.
XX. yüzyılın başlarında Białystok’ta bulunan bazı Lipkalar, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’ne göç etti. Lipka asıllı Aleksander Sulkiewicz ve Maciej Bajraszewski, I. Dünya Savaşı sırasında Polonya lideri Józef Piłsudski’nin yakın arkadaşlarındandı. 1919’da kurulan Ulan Tatar Alayı, Rusya ile savaşta yararlıklar gösterdi; bir Lipka birliği de 1920’deki Polonya-Bolşevik Rusyası harbinde savaştı. Lipkalar’ın bir kısmı I. Dünya Savaşı’nın ardından Nowogródek’e göç etti. Savaş sonrası Lipka birlikleri “Tatar atlıları” (jazda tatarska) diye bilinen 13. Vilnius Ulan Alayı’nı oluşturdu. Ulan kelimesi eskiden beri Lipka birlikleri için söylenir ve “oğlan, yiğit, delikanlı” anlamında kullanılırdı. Lipka Tatar birlikleri, II. Dünya Savaşı’nda da hizmet etti. Bu süreçte Ruslar’ın veya Almanlar’ın baskıları ile yaşanan sürgün, göçler ve kötü yaşam koşulları yüzünden nüfusları azaldı. 1932’de Polonya’da nüfusu 6000 civarında olan Lipkalar’ın on altı camisinin bulunduğu belirtilir. II. Dünya Savaşı’nın ardından Polonya’daki Lipkalar, Bydgoszcz, Poznań, Wrocław, Ełk, Giżycko, Olsztyn, Gdańsk, Szczecin, Białystok, Sokółka gibi şehirlere dağıldı. Yine Litvanya ve Belarus’ta Vilnius, Nowogródek, Grodno gibi yerlerde ikamet etmektedirler. Polonya’da Bohoniki, Kruszniany ve Gdańsk’ta cami ve mezarları vardır. Przegląd Islamski (1930-1934), Rocznik Tatarski, Życie Tatarskie, Świat Islamu, Lieuvos Totoriai (Vilnius) ve 1992’den beri Rocznik Tatarów Polskich gibi dergilere sahiptirler (Konopacki, s. 12-13). 1983’te Müslüman Dinî Birliği’nin kayıtlarına göre nüfusları 2100 civarındaydı. Günümüzde Polonya’da yaklaşık 4000 Lipka Tatarı’nın yaşadığı bilinmektedir. Büyük bir kısmı Polonya’nın sosyalist dönemdeki siyasetinin etkisiyle Polonya kültürünü benimsemiştir ve birçoğunun adı ve soyadı Lehçe’dir.
Osmanlı tarihinde Lipkalar’ın önemli bir yeri vardır. Başta ulak ve kılavuz olarak görevlendirildikleri gibi casus olarak da birçok hizmetleri olmuştur. Meselâ Bâbıâli, son Leh kralı Poniatowski’nin kral seçimi esnasında Lehistan’da yaşanan gelişmeleri takip ederken Lipkalar’dan gizlice bilgi edinmiştir (BA, A.DVN.DVE. [8], 169/1). Yine Lipkalar İstanbul’da ve Bahçesaray’a giden elçilik heyetlerinde tercümanlık yaptılar. XVII ve XVIII. yüzyıllardaki göçler sonucu Osmanlı topraklarına gelen Lipkalar Kamaniçe ve Hotin civarına yerleştirildiler. İsveç Kralı XII. Karl’ın emrindeki Lipkalar da kralla birlikte Osmanlı Devleti’ne sığınmıştı. Hac için yola çıkan bir Lipka tarafından Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman’a sunulmak üzere 965’te (1557-58) kaleme alınan Risâle-i Tâtâr-ı Leh adlı eserde Lipkalar’ın XVI. yüzyıldaki durumuna ve Lehistan’a dair bilgiler yer alır. Antoni Muchliński’nin Lehçe yayımladığı risâle, kendisine 1853’te İstanbul’dan tanıdığı kitapçı Emin Efendi tarafından gönderilmişti (Muchliński, IV [1858], s. 241). Risâleye göre Lipkalar bu coğrafyaya gelen ilk müslümanlardır. Lehler de müslümanlar kadar cengâverdir. Leh hükümdarları atalarına iyi davranmışsa da günümüzde hizmetlerinin karşılığını alamamakta ve zulme uğramaktadırlar. Lipka Tatarları’nın şehirlerinde camileri, mezarlıkları bulunmaktadır ve Lehistan’da Osmanlı sultanından korkulmaktadır. Kırım hanları ile olan husumet Lipka Tatarları’na da yansımaktadır. Leh ordusu içerisinde Lipka süvarileri vardır ve savaşlarda büyük yararlıklar göstermektedir. Yine bu risâleye göre Lehistan’daki Lipkalar’ın sayısı 200.000 civarındadır. XVII. yüzyılda Evliya Çelebi, Lipkalar’ı Tatar ve müslüman ahali içinde gösterir. I. Mehmed Giray Han’ın Rus knezlerine verdiği 1520 tarihli şartnâmede Lipkalar da söz konusu edilmiştir. Peçuylu İbrâhim de Târih ’inde Leh krallarının Lipkalar’a güveninin yüksek olduğunu ve Kur’an’ı Arap harfleriyle yazıp Lehçe tefsir ettiklerini belirtir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA :
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