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LİVÂTA Skip to content Erkekler arasındaki eşcinsel ilişki.
Sözlükte “havuzu çamur vb. ile sıvamak suretiyle onarmak” anlamına gelen livâta kelimesi örfte erkekler arasındaki eşcinsel ilişkiyi ifade eder. Arapça’da bu mânada aynı kökten türeyen livât, mülâvata ve televvut kelimeleri de kullanılmaktadır. Kelime anlamını erkekler arası eşcinsel ilişkinin yaygın olduğu Lût kavminden almaktadır. Cevâd Ali, livâta kelimesinin Araplar arasında Kur’an’da Lût kavminden bahsedilmesinden sonra (aş.bk.) kullanılmaya başlandığını söyler (el-Mufaṣṣal , V, 143; ayrıca bk. Râgıb el-İsfahânî, el-Müfredât , “lvṭ” md.). Kesin bir ayırım yapılması güç olmakla birlikte livâta fiilinde aktif olan taraf lûtî, lâit, mülâvit ; pasif taraf me’bûn ve übne kelimeleriyle ifade edilir. Türkçe’de livâta karşılığı olarak lûtîlik ve oğlancılık kelimelerinin yanı sıra eşcinsellik de kullanılmaktadır. Bununla birlikte aynı cinse mensup kişiler arasındaki cinsel ilişkileri ifade etmesi sebebiyle eşcinsellik (İng. homosexsuality), lezbiyenlik/sevicilik (bk. SİHÂK ) olarak adlandırılan kadınlar arası eşcinsel ilişkileri de kapsamaktadır. Türkçe’de livâta fiilini işleyen kimselere lûtî ya da eşcinsel adı verilir. Batı dillerinde livâta karşılığı olarak Lût kavminin yaşadığı Sodom şehrinden türetilen sodomy/sodomie kelimesi de kullanılır.
Erkekler arası eşcinsel ilişki hemen her dönemde ve her toplumda cinsî bir sapkınlık olarak görülmüş ve kınanmış, dinlerin de ortaklaşa mücadele ettiği çirkin bir davranış olmuştur. Tevrat’ta, Sodom halkının rabbe karşı günahkâr olduğu ve orada her türlü ahlâksızlığın, özellikle cinsî sapıklığın yaygınlaştığı ifade edilir (Tekvîn, 13/13; 18/20). Yahudilik’te çirkin bir davranış olarak kabul edilen erkekler arası eşcinsel ilişkiler yasaklanmış ve bu tür ilişkide bulunanların cezalarının ölüm olduğu belirtilmiştir (Levililer, 18/22; 20/13). Yeni Ahid ’de de eşcinsel ilişkide bulunanlar şiddetle kınanan kimseler arasında zikredilir (Romalılar’a Mektup, 1/27; Korintoslular’a Birinci Mektup, 6/9).
Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de livâta kelimesi geçmemekle birlikte “aşırı derecede çirkin davranış, açık hayâsızlık ve sapkınlık” anlamındaki fâhişe (çoğulu fevâhiş ) ve fahşâ kelimeleri livâta fiilini de kapsayan geniş bir içerikle yirmi dört yerde geçer ve zina , livâta, sevicilik gibi iffetsizlikler şiddetle kınanır, yol açacağı dinî ve hukukî sorumluluklara işaret edilir (bk. M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem , “fḥş” md.; ayrıca bk. FUHUŞ ). Cinsî ihtiyaçların tabii ve meşrû çerçevede karşılanması, fıtrat ve iffet in korunması, insanlık onurunu zedeleyen her türlü cinsî azgınlık ve sapıklıktan uzak durulması Kur’an’ın temel mesajlarından biridir. Kur’an’da, Lût kavminin livâtanın yaygınlık kazandığı ilk toplum olduğuna atıfla onların, bu çirkin fiili işlemeleri ve peygamberleri Hz. Lût’un kendilerini bu işten alıkoymaya yönelik uyarı ve öğütlerine kulak vermeyişleri sebebiyle helâk edildiği anlatılır (el-A‘râf 7/80-84; Hûd 11/78-83; el-Enbiyâ 21/74; eş-Şuarâ 26/161-175; en-Neml 27/54; el-Ankebût 29/28-35). Hz. Peygamber’in hadislerinde de livâta kınanmış ve bu fiili işleyen kimseye Allah’ın rahmet nazarıyla bakmayacağı bildirilerek (Tirmizî, “Raḍâʿ”, 12) livâta yapanların lânetlendiği ifade edilmiştir (Müsned , I, 317). Resûl-i Ekrem ayrıca, “Ümmetim hakkında en çok korktuğum şey Lût kavminin davranışıdır” demiş (İbn Mâce, “Ḥudûd”, 12; Tirmizî, “Ḥudûd”, 24) ve erkeğin eşiyle anal ilişkide bulunmasını da “küçük livâta” şeklinde nitelendirerek yasaklamıştır (İbn Mâce, “Nikâḥ”, 29; Ebû Dâvûd, “Nikâḥ”, 45; Tirmizî, “Ṭahâret”, 102). Bir başka hadiste de hemcinsleriyle ilişkide bulunan kadınlar ve erkekler zina yapan kişiler olarak ifade edilmiştir (Şevkânî, VII, 131).
İslâm dini, cinselliği tabii bir vâkıa olarak kabul edip cinsel ihtiyaçların mâkul ve meşrû zeminde giderilmesine imkân vermiş, ancak cinselliğin insanlık onur ve değerini ihlâl edecek biçimde kontrolsüz kullanımını önleyici bazı sınırlamalar getirmiştir. Evliliğin teşvik edilip aile hayatını ve kurumunu korumaya yönelik tedbirlerin alınması, iffetin ve neslin korunmasının dinin temel gayeleri arasında gösterilmesi, cinsel sağlık ve ahlâk eğitimine önem verilmesi, müstehcenlik, fuhuş ve zina ile mücadele edilmesi böyle bir anlam taşır. Bunun için Kur’an ve Sünnet’te cinsî hayata ilişkin olarak birçok ayrıntılı düzenleme ve hüküm yer almıştır. Bunlardan biri de livâtanın İslâm’da şiddetle kınanıp büyük günahlardan sayılması olmuştur. İslâm literatüründe konu ferdî ve içtimaî ahlâk, cinsiyet ahlâkı ve eğitimi gibi açılardan ele alınıp fert ve toplumların böyle bir sapkınlıktan korunması, fertlerin bu tür davranış ve eğilimlerini önleyici ve tedavi edici tedbirlerin alınması üzerinde durulmuş, fıkıh literatüründe ise daha çok hukukî açıdan bu gruba giren fiillerin suç teşkil etmesinin şartları ve bu fiili işleyenlere uygulanacak ceza yönüyle incelenmiştir (ayrıca bk. CİNSİYET ).
Kur’an’da ve hadislerde yer alan ifadelerden hareketle İslâm âlimleri, livâtanın dünyevî cezayı da gerektiren haram bir fiil olduğu konusunda görüş birliğine varmışlardır. Hatta livâtayı haramlık bakımından zinadan daha ağır bir fiil olarak kabul edenler de vardır. Livâta yapan kimseye verilecek ceza konusunda ise İslâm hukuk ekolleri farklı görüşlere sahiptir. Bu konudaki fikir ayrılığı, livâtanın zina kapsamında bir suç mu yoksa ondan ayrı başka bir suç mu teşkil ettiği konusundaki farklı yaklaşımlardan, ayrıca bu fiili işleyen kimselere verilecek ceza ile ilgili hadislerin yorumundan kaynaklanmaktadır.
İslâm hukukçularının çoğunluğu, Kur’an’da hem zinanın hem livâtanın açık hayâsızlık ve çirkin davranış (fahişe) olarak nitelendirilmesini dikkate alarak livâtayı zinaya kıyas etmiş, bu fiilin zina olarak adlandırılabileceğini ve zina ile aynı hükümleri taşıdığını belirtmiştir. İmam Şâfiî ile Hanefî hukukçularından Ebû Yûsuf ve Muhammed b. Hasan eş-Şeybânî’ye göre livâta yapan kişiye zina suçunda olduğu gibi had cezası uygulanır; fâil muhsan ise recmedilir, muhsan değilse 100 celde ile cezalandırılır. Şâfiîler, livâta suçunda fâilin bekâr olması durumunda kendisine ayrıca sürgün cezası verilmesi gerektiğini ifade ederler. İmam Mâlik ve Ahmed b. Hanbel ise Hz. Peygamber’den nakledilen ve livâta yapan kişilerin öldürülmesi ya da recmedilmesi gerektiğini ifade eden hadisleri (İbn Mâce, “Ḥudûd”, 24; Ebû Dâvûd, “Ḥudûd”, 29; Tirmizî, “Ḥudûd”, 24) esas alarak muhsan olsun ya da olmasın livâta fiilinin fâiline recm cezası verileceği görüşündedir. Bu hukukçulara göre livâta suçunun ispatı için zina suçunda olduğu gibi dört şahit getirilmelidir. Livâta yapan kişilerin öldürülmesi gerektiğini ifade eden hadisler, aralarında Nesâî’nin de bulunduğu bazı hadis otoriteleri tarafından sened yönünden tenkit edilmiştir (Şevkânî, VII, 131). Diğer taraftan Resûl-i Ekrem’in livâta yapan kimseyi recm cezası ile cezalandırdığına veya livâtanın cezaî müeyyidesi hakkında hüküm verdiğine dair bir bilgi mevcut değildir (İbnü’t-Tallâ‘, s. 33).
İmâmiyye ve Zâhiriyye mezhebine mensup hukukçularla Ebû Hanîfe livâtayı zinadan ayrı bir fiil olarak değerlendirmektedir. Onlara göre livâta, zinaya kıyas edilemeyeceği ve zina olarak adlandırılamayacağı için ondan farklı bir suç oluşturmakta ve farklı hükümler taşımaktadır. Ebû Hanîfe, üreme organının dışındaki bir yolla kadın ya da erkekle cinsel ilişkide bulunmanın zina olarak kabul edilemeyeceğini ve livâta yoluyla nesebin karışma ihtimalinin bulunmadığını ifade ederek bu suçu işleyen kimseye devletin yetkili organlarınca takdir edilecek bir cezanın (ta‘zîr ) verilmesi gerektiğini belirtir. Bu fakihler ayrıca livâta suçunun ispatı için iki şahidin yeterli olduğu görüşündedir. Diğer taraftan aralarında Ebû Müslim el-İsfahânî ’nin de bulunduğu bazı âlimler, Kur’an’da kadınların açık hayâsızlıkta bulunmasıyla ilgili olarak yapılan açıklamanın ardından, “İçinizden iki kişi açık bir hayâsızlıkta bulunursa onlara ceza verin” meâlinde bir ifadenin yer almasını (en-Nisâ 4/16) erkekler hakkında bir açıklama olarak yorumlamakta ve bu hükmün livâta yapan kişilerle ilgili olduğunu, bu sebeple âyetin hükmü gereğince onlara ta‘zîr cezası uygulanacağını ileri sürerler. Tâbiîn âlimlerinden Mücâhid ’in de bu görüşte olduğu nakledilmektedir (Fahreddin er-Râzî, IX, 231-232; Reşîd Rızâ, IV, 437-440). İslâm hukukçularının çoğunluğu, bir kimse aleyhine yapılan livâta ithamının ispat edilmediği takdirde kazf suçunu meydana getireceği görüşündedir. Ebû Hanîfe ve Zâhirîler ise bu tür bir ithamı hakaret ve sövme kapsamına dahil ederek ta‘zîr cezasını gerektiren bir suç olarak kabul ederler.
Livâtanın gerek din ve ahlâk gerekse hukuk düzeni açısından günah, çirkin ve suç teşkil eden bir fiil olmasının yanı sıra tıp otoriteleri de anal ilişkinin zedelenmeye ve yaralara yol açtığını, özellikle AIDS hastalığını meydana getiren virüsün eşcinsel ilişkiler yoluyla açılan yaralardan kolayca girmek suretiyle hızlıca ürediğini ifade etmektedir. Eşcinsel ilişki, modern refah toplumlarında çeşitli sebeplerle belli bir yaygınlaşma eğilimi gösterip bireysel özgürlük kapsamında telakki edilerek sınırlı ölçüde hukuken korunsa ve tabii karşılansa bile, dinî ve ahlâkî öğretilerin yanı sıra günümüzde insanlığın ortak sağduyusu ve kamuoyu onu insanî değerlere ve insan haysiyetine aykırı çirkin bir davranış olarak görmeye devam etmekte, onunla mücadelede en etkili çare olarak da karşı cinsler arası tabii ve meşrû ilişki önerilmektedir. Eşcinsellik eğilim ve davranışı biyolojik ve psikolojik bozukluğun bir ürünü olması durumunda ise tedavi edilmesi gereken bir hastalık sayılmaktadır.
Kur’an’da Lût kavminin çirkin davranışlarının onları büyük bir felâkete sürüklediği belirtilerek şiddetle kınanması, Hz. Peygamber’in hadislerinde livâta ve sevicilik gibi çirkin fiilleri işleyen kimseler hakkında kullanılan ağır ifadeler, İslâmî öğretide eşcinselliğin fıtrat a ve insanlık onuruna aykırı bir davranış olduğunun ısrarla vurgulanması ve zinaya denk bir suç olarak görülüp cezaî müeyyidelerle önlenmeye çalışılması İslâm toplumlarında bu konuda ortak bir bilinç oluşturmuş, bu tür fiillerin toplumda yaygınlaşmasını önlemiş veya en alt düzeyde kalmasını sağlamıştır. Bununla birlikte bu çirkin fiilin tarihsel süreçte müslüman toplumlarda da eksik olmadığı, özellikle refahın artıp insanların lüks içinde yaşadığı dönemlerde ve çevrelerde belli ölçüde yaygınlaşma eğilimi gösterdiği söylenebilir. İslâm tarihinde erkekler arasında eşcinsel ilişkilerin ilk olarak Abbâsîler döneminde yaygınlaştığı görülmektedir. Bu tür ilişkiler başta şiir olmak üzere çeşitli edebî türlerdeki eserlere de yansımış ve “livâta edebiyatı” olarak adlandırılabilecek bir tür meydana gelmiştir (Selâhaddin el-Müneccid, s. 89, 149-172). Ahlâk dışı söz ve davranışlarıyla tanınan Kûfeli şair Vâlibe b. Hubâb ve öğrencisi Ebû Nüvâs ’ın (ö. 198/813 [?]) erkekler arası eşcinsel ilişkilere dair şiirleri, Arap edebiyatında cinsel temaları işleyen ve erkekler arasındaki eşcinsel ilişkilere yer veren nesir türündeki ilk eserlerden biri olan Câhiz ’in (ö. 255/869) Müfâḫaretü’l-cevârî ve’l-ġılmân ’ı (nşr. Pellat, Beyrut 1957; A. Hârûn, Resâʾilü’l-Câḥiẓ , Kahire 1979 içinde) bu türün ilk örnekleri arasında sayılabilir. İbn Hindû ’nun Risâletü’l-visâṭa beyne’z-zünât ve’l-lâṭa (Brockelmann, GAL Suppl. , I, 426) ve Tîfâşî ’nin Nüzhetü’l-elbâb fîmâ lâ yûced fî kitâb (nşr. Celûl Azzûne, Tunus 1997) adlı kitapları da bu konulara temas eder. Diğer taraftan livâtanın haramlığına dair telif edilen müstakil eserler arasında Âcurrî’nin Ẕemmü’l-livâṭ (nşr. Mecdî es-Seyyid İbrâhim, Kahire, ts. [Mektebetü’l-Kur’ân]), Muhammed b. Ömer el-Gamrî’nin el-Ḥükmü’l-mażbûṭ fî taḥrîmi fiʿli ḳavmi Lûṭ (nşr. Abdullah el-Mısrî, Kahire 1988) ve İbnü’l-Mibred ’in et-Tevaʿʿud bi’r-recm ve’s-siyâṭ li-fâʿili’l-livâṭ (Dârü’l-kütübi’z-Zâhiriyye, nr. 3215/1) isimli kitapları zikredilebilir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “lvṭ” md.
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Nebi Bozkurt, “Fuhuş”, DİA , XIII, 211-213.
“Livâṭ”, Mv.F , XXXV, 339-341.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2003 yılında Ankara’da basılan 27. cildinde, 198-200 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır. Bu madde en son 28.04.2020 tarihinde güncellenmiştir.