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LOKMAN Skip to content Kur’an’da kendisine hikmet verildiği bildirilen, peygamberliği tartışmalı bir din büyüğü.
1/2 Müellif: ÖMER FARUK HARMAN Bölüme Git
Lukmân kelimesinin İbrânîce veya Süryânîce olduğu belirtilmektedir (Fîrûzâbâdî, VI, 90; Âlûsî, XXI, 82). Kur’an’da Lokman’la ilgili bilgiler, aynı adı…
2/2 Müellif: MUSTAFA İSMET UZUN Bölüme Git
TÜRK EDEBİYATI. Türk edebiyatında Lokman, Arap edebiyatında öne çıkan özellikleri yanında hakîm/filozof kimliğinden çok hekim/tabip hüviyetinde görülm…
Lukmân kelimesinin İbrânîce veya Süryânîce olduğu belirtilmektedir (Fîrûzâbâdî, VI, 90; Âlûsî, XXI, 82). Kur’an’da Lokman’la ilgili bilgiler, aynı adı taşıyan sûrede onun iki defa ismen zikredilmesinden ve oğluna verdiği bazı öğütlerin naklinden ibarettir (Lokmân 31/12-19). Buna karşılık Câhiliye şiirinde ve kısas-ı enbiyâ başta olmak üzere bazı İslâmî kaynaklarda Lokman’a dair çeşitli rivayetler yer almakta ve bu rivayetlerdeki bilgilerin aynı adı taşıyan veya benzer niteliklere sahip farklı kişilere ait olduğu ve bunların birbirine karıştırıldığı ifade edilmektedir. Gerçekte biri Kur’an’da zikredilen ve kendisine hikmet verilmesi sebebiyle Lokmânü’l-hakîm (Lokman Hekim) diye mâruf olan, diğeri ise Arap şiirinde Lokmân b. Âd olarak geçen iki kişinin mevcudiyeti yanında (Cevâd Ali, I, 316-317) zaman içinde muhtelif kişilere ait çeşitli özellikler de bu isim etrafında toplanmıştır. Künyesiyle ilgili olarak Lokmân b. Âd (Vehb b. Münebbih, s. 78; Mufaddal ed-Dabbî, s. 151); Lokmân b. Âdiyâ b. Lüceyn b. Âd veya Lokman b. Âd b. Avs b. İrem (Meydânî, I, 429; II, 389); Lokman b. Ankā (İbn Kuteybe, s. 25; Mes‘ûdî, I, 57; Süheylî, I, 266); Lokman b. Bâûr b. Nâhûr b. Târeh (Sa‘lebî, s. 266; Beyzâvî, II, 253) gibi bilgiler vardır.
İslâm’dan önce Araplar arasında uzun ömrü, bilgeliği ve darbımeselleriyle temayüz eden Lokman, Câhiliye dönemi şiirlerinde Hz. Hûd’un kavmine adını veren Âd’a nisbetle Lokmân b. Âd olarak geçmekte, ancak İslâmî kaynaklarda bu zatın Kur’an’da zikredilen Lokman olmadığı belirtilmektedir (Câhiz, I, 126; Fîrûzâbâdî, VI, 90). Hz. Lokman’ın Kur’an’da örnek bir şahsiyet olarak takdim edilmesi onun Arap toplumunca bilindiğini göstermektedir. Rivayete göre Âd kavmi günahkârlıkları ve peygamberlerini dinlememeleri yüzünden kuraklıkla cezalandırılınca (Taberî, Târîḫ , I, 219; İA , VII, 65) bu felâketten sadece Hûd ve ona inananlarla yağmur duası için Mekke’ye giden, aralarında Lokman’ın da bulunduğu bir heyet kurtulmuştur. İkinci Âd kavminin çekirdeğini oluşturan bu topluluk, yeni bir kuraklıktan korktuğu için başlarına geçen Lokman’la birlikte Sebe bölgesine göç etmiş, Me’rib Seddi de Lokman tarafından inşa edilmiştir (Cevâd Ali, I, 319).
Lokman’ın ne kadar yaşadığı konusunda farklı rivayetler vardır. Bu rivayetlere göre Lokman Allah’tan uzun ömür dilemiş, tercih kendisine bırakılınca Araplar’da uzun ömrün simgesi olan kartaldan hareketle yedi kartal ömrü kadar yaşamayı istemiştir (Taberî, Târîḫ , I, 223). Lokman’ın beş yüz altmış, bin, üç bin, üç bin beş yüz veya dört bin yıl yaşadığı nakledilmektedir. Bu sebeple kendisine “Lokmânü’n-nüsûr” (kartallar kadar uzun yaşayan Lokman) denildiği gibi “el-Muammer” (uzun ömürlü) lakabıyla da anılmıştır (Nüveyrî, XIII, 60). Ebû Hâtim es-Sicistânî uzun ömürlüler arasında Lokman’ı Hızır’dan sonra ikinci sırada zikreder (el-Muʿammerûn , s. 4-5). Vefat ettiğinde Ahkāf’ta Hûd peygamberin kabrinin yakınına defnedildiği söylenir (Vehb b. Münebbih, s. 78-85). Yâkūt, onun mezarının Taberiye gölünün doğu tarafında veya Remle’de, bir rivayete göre de Yemen’de olduğunu nakletmektedir (Muʿcemü’l-büldân , IV, 19).
Lokmân b. Âd hikmetli sözler söylemesiyle meşhur olduğundan Lokmânü’l-hakîm diye de mâruftur. Hz. Peygamber’in Yemen’den gelen bir heyeti karşılarken onlara, “İman Yemenli’dir, hikmet Yemenli’dir” (Müslim, “Îmân”, 88-90) şeklindeki iltifatıyla Lokman’ın Yemen’deki Âd kavmine mensubiyetine atıfta bulunduğu öne sürülmüştür (Gutas, CI/1 [1981], s. 78). Lokman’a pek çok darbımesel atfedilmektedir (Mufaddal ed-Dabbî, s. 151-163). İmruülkays b. Hucr, Nâbiga ez-Zübyânî, A‘şâ, Lebîd b. Rebîa ve Tarafe b. Abd gibi şairler onun bu özelliğinden bahseder (Ebû Hâtim es-Sicistânî, s. 4-5; Horovitz, s. 133-135). Câhiliye Arapları Lokman’la ilgili birçok kıssa biliyor ve kendisini hakîm diye niteliyordu. Bu özelliği Kur’an’da da vurgulanmaktadır (Lokmân 31/12).
Eski Arap kıssalarında Lokman, Âd kavmine mensup bir kişi olarak takdim edildiği gibi İslâmî kaynaklarda İsrâiloğulları’ndan biri olarak da gösterilmektedir. Buna göre Lokman, Hz. Eyyûb’un kız kardeşinin veya teyzesinin oğludur. Hz. Dâvûd zamanına yetişip ondan ilim öğrenmiş, Dâvûd peygamber oluncaya kadar fetva vermiş, sonra da onun yardımcısı olmuştur (Taberî, Câmiʿu’l-beyân , XXI, 67). Yunan filozofu Empedokles’in Lokman’dan hikmet okuduğu rivayet edilmektedir. Lokman’ın İsrâiloğulları’nın kadılarından biri olduğu, Hz. Dâvûd veya Hz. Îsâ ile Hz. Muhammed arasında yaşadığı da öne sürülmektedir (Âlûsî, XXI, 82). Diğer taraftan Benî İsrâil’den birine ait Habeşli (İbn Kuteybe, s. 25) veya Nübyeli (Sa‘lebî, s. 266) siyahî bir köle olduğu gibi başka rivayetler de vardır (Vehb b. Münebbih, s. 78; Mes‘ûdî, I, 57).
Rivayete göre Lokman’dan nübüvvetle hikmetten birini seçmesi istenince hikmeti tercih etmiş, hilâfet Dâvûd’a verilmiş, Lokman da ona vezir olmuştur (Kurtubî, XIV, 60). İkrime el-Berberî ve Şa‘bî onun nebî olduğunu söylemekteyse de Katâde b. Diâme, Mücâhid b. Cebr gibi âlimlere göre nebî değil hakîmdir (Taberî, Câmiʿu’l-beyân , XXI, 67).
Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in Mekke’de nâzil olan 31. sûresi Lokmân adını taşımaktadır. Fakat bu sûrede Lokman’ın kimliğine dair bilgi bulunmadığı gibi Âd kavminden ve onlara gönderilen Hûd peygamberden bahseden diğer sûrelerde de onun adından söz edilmemektedir. Lokmân sûresinde (31/12-19) Lokman’a hikmet verildiği bildirilmekte ve oğluna hitaben iman, ibadet, ahlâk ve görgü kurallarına dair öğütleri aktarılmaktadır. Lokman’a verilen hikmetin ilim, üstün kavrama yeteneği, isabetli söz ve davranış, ilim-amel uygunluğu, din konusunda derin bilgi olduğu belirtilmektedir (a.g.e. , XXI, 67; Fahreddin er-Râzî, XXV, 145). Hikmetlerinden bir kısmı hadislerde de nakledilir (Müsned , II, 87). İbn Hişâm’ın rivayetine göre Süveyd b. Sâmit adlı müşrik Lokman’a nisbet edilen ve onun hikmetini, ilmini ve mesellerini ihtiva eden Mecelletü Luḳmân ’ın Kur’an’dan üstün olduğunu ileri sürmüş, Resûlullah onu dinledikten sonra Lokman’a atfen söylenenleri güzel bulmuş, fakat Kur’an’ın bunlardan daha üstün olduğunu belirtmiştir (es-Sîre2 , s. 427). Bu durum, Câhiliye Arapları’nca “Mecelletü Luḳmân” denilen bir sahifenin bilindiğini doğrulamaktadır. Vehb b. Münebbih’in, Lokman’a nisbet edilen hikmet külliyatından on bin babı aşkın bir kısmı okuduğunu, daha güzelini kimsenin işitmediği bu sözleri insanların hem konuşmalarında hem yazılarında kullandıklarını belirtmesi de (İbn Kuteybe, s. 25; Kurtubî, XIV, 61) bunu teyit eder.
Lokman’ın Câhiliye şiirinde efsaneleştirilmiş kişiliği başkalarına ait pek çok sözün ona nisbet edilmesine, özellikle onunkilerle Ezop’un (Aesop) sözleri arasında alâka kurulmasına sebep olmuş, Batı’da neşredilen bazı eserlerde Ezop’a atfedilenler gibi Lokman’a da çeşitli kıssa ve rivayetler mal edilmiştir.
Çok yönlü bir kişiliğe sahip olduğu için Lokman Bel‘am, Ahikar ve Ezop gibi tarihî şahsiyetlerle karşılaştırılmıştır. Sa‘lebî ve Beyzâvî onun şeceresini Lokmân b. Bâûr b. Nâhûr olarak verirler; benzer bir şecere, Bel‘am b. Bâûrâ şeklinde Tevrat’ta Bel‘am’ın künyesi olarak geçmektedir. Lokman’ın Bel‘am ile aynı kişi sayılması Taberî’de de rastlanmayan, geç dönemlere ait asılsız bir iddiadır.
Lokman’ın öğütleriyle Asur kralının veziri, kâhin ve hakîm Ahikar’ın vecizeleri arasında benzerlikler bulunduğu yolundaki eski bir iddia XX. yüzyılın başında R. Harris tarafından yeniden ileri sürülmüşse de bu iddia tatminkâr delillere dayanmaz. Bununla birlikte Ahikar efsanesi Arap dünyasında biliniyor, ona ve Lokman’a nisbet edilen hikmetli sözler Yakındoğu hikmet edebiyatının ortak birikiminin bir parçasını oluşturuyordu. Muhtemelen Yakındoğu’nun hikmet literatürüne ait pek çok mesel Câhiliye döneminden itibaren Arap yarımadasına girmeye başlamıştır. Nitekim Hîreli hıristiyan Arap şairi Adî b. Zeyd, Ahikar’dan el-Ḥayḳār diye bahsetmektedir. Bütün bunlar Lokman’a nisbet edilen hikmetli sözler külliyatını arttırmış olabilir (EI2 [Fr.] , V, 817-818; DBS , I, 203).
Ortaçağ’lar boyunca çeşitli kıssaların kahramanı olarak dillerde dolaşan Lokman bir bakıma Araplar’ın Ezop’u haline gelmiş, Avrupa’da Ezop’la ilgili söylenenlerin büyük bir kısmı Lokman’a uyarlanmıştır. İslâmî kaynaklarda onun kalın dudaklı, geniş ayaklı, Habeşistanlı veya Nübyeli bir köle olarak takdim edilmesi de Ezop’u hatırlatmaktadır. Efendisinin kendisinden bir koyun kesip önce en iyi, sonra da en kötü iki yerini getirmesini istemesi kıssası (Taberî, Câmiʿu’l-beyân , XXI, 67-68), diğer kölelerin efendilerinin incirinden yiyip Lokman’ı itham etmeleri gibi olaylar Ezop’un kıssasında da mevcuttur. Lokman’la ilgili olan ve Câhiliye Arapları’nca bilinmeyen bu tür kıssalar Ortaçağ’ın sonundan itibaren ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu sebeple Lokman’a dair muahhar hikâyelerin birçok unsuru Ezop’un hikâyelerinden alınmadır.
Lokman diğer özellikleri yanında hekimliğin atası olarak da tanınmış, onun bütün bitkilerin özünü bildiği söylenmiş ve kendisinden dertlere şifa olacak reçeteler ve formüller nakledilmiştir. Lokman’a nisbet edilen meseller çeşitli adlarla bir araya getirilmiştir. Bunlardan biri Ems̱âlü Luḳmân al-Ḥakîm ve baʿżu aḳvâli’l-ʿArab ’dır ki Thomas Erpenius (Leidae 1615), bir diğeri olan Ems̱âlü Luḳmân el-Ḥakîm ise Georg Wilhelm Freytag (Bonn 1823) tarafından Latince’ye çevrilmiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Mustafavî, et-Taḥḳīḳ , “Luḳmân” md. (X, 225-226).
Müsned , II, 87.
Müslim, “Îmân”, 88-90.
Vehb b. Münebbih, Kitâbü’t-Tîcân fî mülûki Ḥimyer , San‘a 1347, s. 78-87.
Mufaddal ed-Dabbî, Ems̱âlü’l-ʿArab (nşr. İhsan Abbas), Beyrut 1981, s. 151-163.
İbn Hişâm, es-Sîre2 , s. 427.
Ebû Hâtim es-Sicistânî, el-Muʿammerûn ve’l-veṣâyâ (nşr. Abdülmün‘im Âmir), Kahire 1961, s. 4-5.
Câhiz, el-Beyân ve’t-tebyîn , I, 126-130.
İbn Kuteybe, el-Maʿârif (Sâvî) , s. 25.
Taberî, Târîḫ (Ebü’l-Fazl) , I, 219-223.
a.mlf., Câmiʿu’l-beyân , XXI, 67-68.
Mes‘ûdî, Mürûcü’ẕ-ẕeheb (Abdülhamîd) , I, 57; III, 366.
Sa‘lebî, ʿArâʾisü’l-mecâlis , s. 266-269.
İbn Fâtik, Muḫtârü’l-ḥikem ve meḥâsinü’l-kelim (nşr. Abdurrahman Bedevî), Beyrut 1980, s. 260-279.
Meydânî, Mecmaʿu’l-ems̱âl (Abdülhamîd) , I, 429-430; II, 389.
Süheylî, er-Ravżü’l-ünüf , Kahire 1332/1914, I, 266.
Fahreddin er-Râzî, Mefâtîḥu’l-ġayb , XXV, 145.
Yâkūt, Muʿcemü’l-büldân , IV, 19.
Kurtubî, el-Câmiʿ , XIV, 59-72.
Beyzâvî, Envârü’t-tenzîl , İstanbul 1303, II, 253.
Nüveyrî, Nihâyetü’l-ereb , XIII, 60-61.
İbn Kesîr, el-Bidâye , II, 123-129.
Demîrî, Ḥayâtü’l-ḥayevân , II, 353-354.
Fîrûzâbâdî, Beṣâʾir (nşr. M. Ali en-Neccâr), Beyrut, ts. (el-Mektebetü’l-ilmiyye), VI, 90-91.
Âlûsî, Rûḥu’l-meʿânî , XXI, 82-84.
J. Horovitz, Koranische Untersuchungen , Berlin-Leipzig 1926, s. 132-136.
L. Pirot, “Ahikar”, DBS , I, 203.
Abdülmecîd Âbidîn, el-Ems̱âl fi’n-nes̱ri’l-ʿArabiyyi’l-ḳadîm , Kahire 1956, s. 46.
Cevâd Ali, el-Mufaṣṣal , I, 314-320.
Mustafa Asım Köksal, Peygamberler Tarihi , Ankara 1993, II, 229-235.
Cevdet İsmail Çakmakçı, “Luḳmân fi’l-edebi’l-ʿArabî”, AÜİFD , XXIII (1978), s. 367-391.
a.mlf., “Lukman Bibliyografyası”, AÜ İlâhiyat Fakültesi İslâm İlimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi , sy. 4, Ankara 1980, s. 295-302.
D. Gutas, “Classical Arabic Wisdom Litterature: Nature and Scope”, JAOS , CI/1 (1981), s. 78.
B. Heller, “Lokman”, İA , VII, 64-67.
a.mlf. – [N. A. Stillman], “Luḳmān”, EI2 (Fr.) , V, 817-819.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2003 yılında Ankara’da basılan 27. cildinde, 205-206 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
TÜRK EDEBİYATI. Türk edebiyatında Lokman, Arap edebiyatında öne çıkan özellikleri yanında hakîm/filozof kimliğinden çok hekim/tabip hüviyetinde görülmektedir. Bu sebeple Türk divan, tasavvuf ve halk edebiyatlarıyla Türk folklorunda “Lokman Hekim, Lokmân-ı hâzık, tabip Lokman, dert Lokman’ı, şifâ Lokman’ı” gibi ad ve sıfatlarla anılmış, bu özelliğini vurgulayacak kelimelerle tavsif edilmiştir. “Şifâ-yı Lokmân, devâ-yı Lokmân, yed-i Lokmân, Lokman eli, ilâc-ı Lokmân, merhem-i Lokmân, bâb-ı Lokmân, muhtâc-ı Lokmân, yara saran Lokman” bunlardan en yaygın olanlardır. Yazıcıoğlu Mehmed, Muhammediyye ’nin “Tertîbü’l-Enbiyâ” adlı bölümünde onu, “Gitti ol da geldi Lokmân-ı hekîm / Mâhir etmiş hikmete onu hakîm” beytiyle Süleyman peygamberden sonra gelen hikmet sahibi bir hekim/nebî olarak anar. Müştak Baba’nın, “Âvâz-ı bülend ile demiş Hazret-i Lokman / Hikmetle tegannî maraz-ı aşka devâdır” beytinde olduğu gibi onun hikmet sahibi oluşu tabip olmasının gereği gibi görülmüş, birçok şiirde bu iki özelliği bir arada zikredilmiştir.
Türk-İslâm edebiyat ve kültüründe Lokman’ın tabip özelliğinin öne çıkması, hakîm kelimesinin halk ağzında hekîme dönüşmesi ve eski dönemde felsefenin tıp dahil olmak üzere devrin belli başlı ilimlerini de içine almasıyla olmuştur (Bayat, s. 4-6). Osman Şems’in, “Bu Şems gibi var ise her kanda Hudâyâ / Bîmâr-ı gam-ı aşk ona Lokman bağışla” ve Süleyman Zâtî’nin “Hikmet olur sözleri hastedil olanlara / İllet ü emrâzına mâni-i Lokman olur” beyitlerinden onun aşk derdinin devasını bilen tabip olarak benimsendiği görülmektedir. Karacaoğlan’ın, “Şu dertli gönlümün Lokman’ı sensin”; “Derdimin Lokman’ı gel yavaş yavaş” mısraları ile Feymânî’nin, “Her doktora Lokman diye sarıldım” mısraı bu anlayışı halk şiiri içinde ortaya koyan örneklerdir. Ancak âşık bu dert yüzünden açıkça veya Şem‘î’nin ifadesiyle “gizli gizli bâb-ı Lokman’a düşmüş” olsa da Lokman’ın gücü sınırlıdır ve gerçek şifa Allah’tandır. Nihânî bunu, “Lokmanlar yaraya sarar dermânı / Velâkin sağaldır keremler kânı” beytiyle ifade eder.
Âşık, Lokman’a benzettiği sevgilisi için, “İnâyet et şol Lokmân’ı yetiştir / Hızr elinden şol peymânı yetiştir” diye feryat ederken Lokman-Hızır münasebetini ortaya koyar. Ancak derdin devasını bulmakta bazan o da âciz kalır: “Lokman çare bilmez dil yâresine” (Müdâmî). Bazan da aşk derdinin devası sevgilinin Lokman gibi şifa dağıtan elleri yahut gözleri olur: “Bana Lokman yeter şimdi yâr eli” (Gevherî); “O şâh-ı Lokmân’a benzer gözlerin” (Noksânî). Ölüm derdine ise Lokman da şifa bulamaz: “Cihan tasında ma‘cûn-ı hayâta sa‘y edip Lokman / Çürüttü mâye-i ömrün memâta bulmadı derman” (Ağazâde Nakşî). Lokman’ın sevgiliye benzetilmesi onun diğer özelliklerinin de ortaya konulmasına yol açar. Nitekim şairler burada hakîm oluşuna, hikmetli söz ve nasihatlerine yönelirler. Yârin sözü Lokman’ın hikmeti gibidir: “Maraz-ı aşk devâsın leb-i cânandan sor / Yürü ey hasta gönül hikmeti Lokman’dan sor” (Ulvî).
Divan şairleri bazı bakımlardan kendi sözlerini Lokman’ın hikmetlerine benzetirler. Özellikle sevgilinin güzelliği vasfedilirken, memduh övülürken bu alâka iyice öne çıkarılır. Ahmed Paşa, II. Bayezid için yazdığı “geçmiş olsun” kasidesinde padişahı överken, “Sû-i mîzâcın âlemin hikmetle ıslâh etmeye / Sen Hızr-dem Îsâ-nefes Lokmân’a sıhhat yaraşır” beytiyle onun tabip ve hakîm oluşunun yanında Hızır-İsâ-Lokman ilişkisine de işaret etmiştir. Hâkānî ise, “Ma‘rifet kadrini irfan anlar / Hikmet-i nazmımı Lokman anlar” diyerek övünür.
Lokman’ın hakîm ve tabip özelliği Eflâtun, Câlînûs (Galenos), Bukrat (Hipokrat) gibi aynı yolda şöhret yapmış diğer isimleri de çağrıştırarak birlikte kullanılmasına vesile olmuştur: “Gözlerin Eflâtun ellerin Lokman” (Âşık Ali İzzet); “Bir dem cehâletle kalır hîç nesneyi bilmez olur / Bir dem dalar hikmetlere Câlînûs u Lokmân olur”; “Nice bir Câlînûs u Bukrât olam Lokmân olam” (Yûnus Emre).
Felsefî ve ilmî bilgiyle düşünceyi ifade eden hikmet, Türk tasavvuf edebiyatında “ilm-i ledün”, yani Allah tarafından ve yalnız Allah’ın dilediği kullara verdiği özel bilgi olarak anlaşıldığından hikmet sahibi Lokman da bir insân-ı kâmil telakki edilmiştir. Bu sebeple Hak âşığı, Yûnus gibi, “Okuyup hikmet ilmini Lokman olayım bir zaman” diyerek onun mertebesine ulaşmak ister. İlâhî hikmetler gerçek mânasıyla gönül sahipleri tarafından anlaşılabileceğinden hikmetin kaynağı ve yolu “gönül” mânasına da gelen “dil”dir. Bu durumda Lokman, tasavvuf ve tekke şiirinde âşığın gönlünü ifade eden bir tasavvufî remiz haline gelmiş olur.
Lokman hekimin oğluna vasiyetleri, öğütleri, hikmetli sözleri, adı etrafında şekillenmiş efsaneler, onunla ilgili olarak nakledilen fıkralar Arap, Fars ve Türk edebiyatında, tasavvuf ve ahlâk kitaplarında ele alınmış, her üç edebiyatın nasihatnâme türü eserlerinde müstakil kitaplara konu olmuştur. Bunları doğrudan doğruya Pendnâme-i Lokmân adını taşıyanlarla Atebetü’l-hakāyık ’tan başlayarak Attâr’ın tanınmış eseri de dahil Türkçe-Farsça çeşitli pendnâmelerde mevcut nasihatlere kadar genişletmek mümkündür. Türk edebiyatında müellifi bilinmeyen Hikâyât-ı Hazret-i Lokmân (Manisa İl Halk Ktp., nr. 965/5), Nidâî mahlaslı Kaysûnîzâde Mehmed’in Tercüme-i Nazm-ı Lokmân Hekim ’i (Millî Ktp., nr. A 4883/4) ve Çağatayca Sad Pend-i Sûdmend Berâ-yı Ferzend-i Hidmend (Kazan 1308; eser Süheyl Ünver tarafından Lokman Hekim’in Oğluna Verdiği 100 Nasihat adıyla Türkiye Türkçesi’ne aktarılarak birkaç defa basılmıştır) adlı eserler bilinmektedir. Pendnâme-i Lokmân Hekim adını taşıyan bir diğer manzum eser, Medîne Kadısı Ahmed Râşid Efendi’nin Şeyhülislâm Ârif Hikmet Kütüphanesi’nde rastladığı, Mîr İmâd hattıyla yazılmış Pendnâme-i Loḳmân Ḥekîm Cihet-i Ferzend adlı Farsça bir eserdeki otuz dört nasihatin her birini beşer beyit halinde tercüme edip çeşitli konulardaki bazı şiirlerini de ekleyerek neşrettiği risâledir (İstanbul 1324; beyitlerin ayrıca nesre çevrilerek aktarıldığı bu didaktik manzume ve ekler için bk. Öztürk, s. 175-232).
Tefsirler, hadis kitapları ve şerhleri, kısas-ı enbiyâ, İslâm tarihleri, tasavvuf ve ahlâk kitapları ve nasihatnâmelere kadar çeşitli eserlerde de Lokman’la ilgili konulara yer verilmiştir (konuyla ilgili 390 adet kitap ve makalenin bibliyografik künyesi için bk. bibl. Bayat; ayrıca bk. bibl. Kalender; bibl. Ekin).
Lokman’ın öğütleri XVII. yüzyıldan itibaren Batı dünyasında da dikkatleri çekmiştir. Bu konuda yazılmış eserlerin en eski tarihlisi, Lokman’dan nakledilen fıkralarla Lokman’a atfedilen Arapça kelâmıkibarları içine alan Fabules Locmai Sapientis Et Quddam Dicta Arabum adlı kitaptır (Leidae 1615) (tercümesi için bk. Öztürk, s. 233-262; Batı dillerinde konuyla ilgili diğer eserler için bk. bibl. Bayat).
Lokman Hekim’in tabip kimliği onun şifalı bitkiler hususunda uzman kabul edilmesini gerektirdiğinden bu alanda kaleme alınan kitaplarda, kitap adından başlayarak çeşitli hastalıklar için sunduğu reçetelere kadar pek çok konuda ismi kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca ünlü kişiler adına falnâme tertip etme geleneğinden Lokman Hekim de nasibini almış görünmektedir. Süheyl Ünver, Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Kütüphanesi’nde bulunan (Hazine, nr. 1703) ve I. Ahmed adına hazırlanmış olan bir falnâmede minyatürünün de bulunduğu bir Lokman Hekim falı tesbit etmiştir (“Türk Âleminde Hayırlı Bir Falı Olan Lokman Hekim = Eskülap”, Yeni Tıp Alemi , X, nr. 115-120 [İstanbul 1961], s. 472-476). Bu konuda Emin Cenkmen’in Eski Bir Aşkın Hikâyesi (İstanbul 1941) ve Ahmet Cemil Akıncı’nın Lokman Hekim (İstanbul 1973) adıyla kaleme aldığı romanları vardır. Lokman Hekim Halk Sağlığı Dergisi ile Lokman Hekim Yayınları’nı da Türk yayın hayatında onun adını taşıyan eserler olarak zikretmek gerekir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
A. Süheyl Ünver, Lokman Hekim , İstanbul 1968.
İlhan Yardımcı, Sağlık Folklorumuzda Lokman Hekim , İstanbul 1969.
Harun Tolasa, Ahmet Paşa’nın Şiir Dünyası , Ankara 1973, s. 26.
Müjgan Üçer, “Halk Edebiyatımızda Lokman Hekim Üzerine”, I. Uluslararası Halk Edebiyatı Semineri , Eskişehir 1984, s. 365-372.
Mustafa Kalender, Lokman Sûresinin Eğitim Açısından Yorumu (yüksek lisans tezi, 1991), MÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
Yunus Ekin, İslâm Ahlâkı Açısından Lokman Sûresi’nin Tefsiri (yüksek lisans tezi, 1994), MÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
Osman Öztürk, Lokman Hekimin Oğluna Nasihatı , İstanbul 1997.
İskender Pala, Ansiklopedik Dîvân Şiiri Sözlüğü , İstanbul 1999, s. 257.
Nevin Akkaya, Türk Halk Şiirinde Özel Adlar , Balıkesir 1999, s. 140-141, ayrıca bk. İndeks.
Ali Haydar Bayat, Türk Kültüründe Lokman Hekim , İstanbul 2000.
Muhsin Demirci, Lokman Sûresi ve Ahlâkî Öğütler , İstanbul 2001.
Ahmet Gül, “Lokman Hekim ve Öğütleri”, EÜ İlâhiyat Fakültesi Dergisi , II, Kayseri 1985, s. 387-406.
Dihhudâ, Luġatnâme , XII, 17423-17426.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2003 yılında Ankara’da basılan 27. cildinde, 206-208 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.