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LOZAN ANTLAŞMASI Skip to content Türk Kurtuluş Savaşı sonunda 24 Temmuz 1923’te imzalanan antlaşma.
İsviçre’nin Lozan (Lausanne) şehrinde yapılan görüşmeler sonucunda imzalandığı için bu şehrin adını taşır. Kurtuluş Savaşı sonunda müttefik devletler İngiltere, Fransa ve İtalya, Mudanya Mütarekesi’nin ardından 27 Ekim 1922’de İstanbul ve Ankara hükümetlerine yaptıkları çağrıda barış görüşmelerinin Lozan’da başlayacağını bildirdiler. Sadrazam Ahmed Tevfik Paşa, Ankara’daki Büyük Millet Meclisi başkanlığına gönderdiği telgrafta devlet ve milletin başına daha büyük zararlar gelmemesi için birlikte hareket edilmesi gerektiğini belirtmiş ve kendilerinin gönderecekleri temsilci dışında Ankara’nın da temsilci seçmesini istemişti. Bu önerinin kabulü, müttefiklerin körüklemeye çalıştığı İstanbul-Ankara ikiliğini peşinen kabul etme anlamına geleceğinden Büyük Millet Meclisi’nin toplantısında tepkilere yol açtı. Tartışmalar sürerken Sağlık Bakanı Rıza Nur ve Hüseyin Avni Ulaş ile yetmiş yedi arkadaşı verdikleri önerge ile Osmanlı Devleti’nin sona erdiğinin karar altına alınmasını teklif ettiler. Böylece 1 Kasım 1922’de kabul edilen kanunla saltanatla halifelik birbirinden ayrıldı ve saltanatın kaldırıldığı duyuruldu.
Mudanya müzakerelerinde başarılı olan İsmet Paşa’nın barış görüşmelerinde baş delege olması uygun görüldüğünden Yusuf Kemal (Tengirşenk) Hariciye vekilliğinden istifa ettirilerek yerine İsmet İnönü getirilmişti. Hükümet delegasyonu şöyle belirlemişti: Baş delege İsmet İnönü, ikinci delege Rıza Nur, delege Hasan Saka (eski İktisat vekili). Delegasyona yardım edecek çok geniş bir danışmanlar grubu oluşturulmuştu. Milletvekillerinden M. Celâl Bayar, Zekâi Apaydın, Lemi Saltık ve Zülfü Tiğrel, Hariciye Vekâleti’nden Münir Ertegün ile Yusuf Hikmet Bayur, ayrıca Tevfik Bıyıklıoğlu, Tahir Taner, Şükrü Kaya ve Fuat Ağralı gibi uzmanlar bunlar arasındaydı. Büyük Millet Meclisi hükümetin önerdiği listeyi onayladı. Meclisteki konuşmalarda özellikle sınırlar, tam bağımsızlık ve Ermenistan meselesi üzerinde duruldu. Ege adaları ile Rodos ve Oniki Ada’nın Türkiye’ye bırakılması istenirken bazı milletvekilleri Kıbrıs’ın da geri verilmesine dair görüşlerini bildirdi. Batı Trakya için halk oylamasına başvurulması gerektiği hatırlatıldı ve Mîsâk-ı Millî sınırları içinde olan Musul’un anavatandan ayrılmaması gerektiği ifade edildi. Bu istekler İsmâil Safa tarafından “borçsuz, azınlıksız, istiklâli tam, sınırlarında mazlum ve zincir sesi olmayan bir vatan” şeklinde özetlenmişti.
Lozan Konferansı, davette belirtildiği gibi 13 Kasım’da değil 20 Kasım 1922’de Man Benon gazinosunda düzenlenen törenle açıldı. Görüşmeler bir ara kesintiye uğradığından konferans iki döneme ayrılır. Birinci dönem 4 Şubat 1923’e kadar sürdü. İki buçuk ayı aşkın bir aradan sonra 23 Nisan’da başlayan ikinci dönem 24 Temmuz 1923’te sona erdi. Konferansa Türkiye ile birlikte sekiz devlet görüşmeci olarak davet edildi. Bazı devletlerin de Boğazlar ve ticaret meseleleri ele alındığında toplantılara katılması öngörülmüştü. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ise gözlemci olmayı tercih etmişti. Böylece katılımcılar çağrı yapanlar (İngiltere, Fransa, İtalya, Japonya), bütün görüşmelere katılanlar (Türkiye, Yunanistan, Romanya, Sırp-Hırvat-Sloven Devleti [Yugoslavya]), gözlemci (Amerika Birleşik Devletleri), Boğazlar statüsü için çağrılanlar (Sovyet Rusya, Bulgaristan) ve ticaret sözleşmelerine katılanlar (Belçika, Portekiz) olmak üzere beş gruptan oluşuyordu.
Türkiye ile barış konusunda müttefikler adına hareket eden İngiltere, Lozan’da da aynı rolü sürdürmek istediğinden Dışişleri Bakanı Lord Curzon başkanlığında geniş bir delegasyonla gelmişti. Açılışta İsviçre başkanından sonra ilk sözü Curzon aldı. Fakat asıl taraflardan biri olduğu için ısrarla konuşmak isteyen İsmet İnönü, bütün medenî milletler gibi hürriyet ve istiklâl istediklerini belirterek gözetilmesi gereken temel ilkeyi vurguladı.
Görüşmelere 21 Kasım’da Uşi (Ouchy) Şatosu Oteli’nin büyük salonunda başlandı. Müttefikler konferansı istedikleri gibi yönlendirmek amacıyla bazı esaslar belirlediler. Curzon başkanlığı üstlendi, Fransız delegesi Massigly genel sekreterliğe getirildi. Meselelerin önce görüşüleceği üçüncü komisyonun başkanlıklarını da kendi üzerlerine almışlardı. İnönü bu komisyon başkanlıklarından birinin Türkiye’ye verilmesini, genel sekretere de bir Türk yardımcı belirlenmesini istemişti. Bunlar kabul edilmemiş, yalnızca Reşit Saffet Atabinen yazı komitesinde görev almıştı.
Bütün bunlar müzakerelerin sert geçeceğinin göstergesiydi. Çağdaş bir gözlemcinin belirttiği gibi Türkler konferansa galip olarak gelmişlerdi. Fakat Türk-Yunan meselesi tamamıyla ikinci plana atılmıştı. Konu aslında Türkiye ile Avrupa arasındaki ilişkilerin çözülmesine ve düzenlenmesine ilişkindi. Çünkü Şark Meselesi baştan aşağı konferansın çalışması içine alınmıştı. Yunanistan Başbakanı Elefteros Venizelos, arkasında Curzon’un desteğini bulunca zafer kazanmış bir ülke temsilcisi gibi konuşmaya başlamıştı. İngiltere de Mîsâk-ı Millî sınırları içinde bulunan petrol bölgesi Musul’u elinden çıkarmamaya kararlı görünüyordu. Türkiye, Anadolu’da yaptıkları yıkımın karşılığı olarak Yunanistan’dan 4 milyon altın tazminat talebinde bulundu. Buna karşılık müttefikler ordularının Türkiye’deki işgal masrafları olarak 50 milyon, vatandaşlarının uğradıkları zararlar karşılığında da 15 milyon altın tazminat istediler. Sonuçta onların bu tazminattan, Türkiye’nin de Almanya ve Avusturya hükümetlerinin I. Dünya Savaşı sonunda kendilerine teslim etmiş oldukları Türk altınlarından ve İngiltere’ye sipariş edilen gemiler için ödenen paradan vazgeçmesiyle bir mutabakat sağlandı.
Ancak Adalar, Musul ve kapitülasyonlarla Yunanistan’dan istenen savaş tazminatı konularında anlaşmaya varılamadı. Bunun üzerine üç müttefik devlet hazırladığı bir metni 31 Ocak 1923’te Türk delegasyonuna vererek bunun tamamıyla kabul ya da reddedilmesini istedi. Curzon, İnönü’ye Türkiye’nin imzalayacağı en iyi anlaşmanın bu anlaşma olduğunu, bunu imza etmedikleri takdirde Türkiye’nin Asya’nın görünmez karanlığında kaybolacağını söyleyerek tehditte bulundu. İnönü de ülkesini esarete mahkûm edecek bir belgeye imza koyamayacağını kesin bir dille belirtti. Oturum kapandıktan sonra Türkiye’yi bir oldubitti karşısında bırakmak isteyen Curzon o akşam Lozan’dan ayrıldı. Böylece görüşmeler kendiliğinden kesilince Türk heyeti de yurda döndü.
20 Şubat’ta Ankara’ya gelen İnönü hükümete bilgi vererek yeni tâlimat istedi. Konu Büyük Millet Meclisi’nde görüşülürken sert tartışmalara yol açtı. Bazı milletvekilleri Türk heyetini Mîsâk-ı Millî’ye uymamak, hatta ona ihanet etmekle suçladı. Dört gün süren tartışmalar, Mustafa Kemal’in araya girip delegasyonun meclise karşı değil hükümete karşı sorumlu bulunduğunu belirtmesiyle önlenebildi.
Öte yandan üç müttefik devlet 29 Şubat’ta Türkiye’nin itirazlarına cevap vermiş, Türk tarafı da karşı önerilerini 8 Mart’ta bildirince görüşmelere yeniden başlanması kararlaştırılmıştı. 23 Nisan 1923’te Lozan’da ikinci toplantı başladığında Curzon’un yerini Sir Horace Rambdold aldı. Bu defa da ekonomik ve malî konularda güçlükler baş gösterdi. Yunanistan’dan istenen tazminat konusu yeni bir bunalıma yol açarken İnönü ile bakanlar kurulu başkanı Hüseyin Rauf Orbay’ın aralarının bozulmasına sebep oldu. Tazminat meselesi, Yunanistan’ın Karaağaç İstasyonu’nu Türkiye’ye bırakmasıyla çözüme bağlandı. Bütün çabalara rağmen Türk-Irak sınırının nerelerden geçeceği hususunda İngiltere ile bir uyuşma sağlanamadı. Sonunda bunun ileride yapılacak görüşmelere bırakılması kararlaştırıldı. Görüşmeler 17 Temmuz’da bitirildi, ancak delegasyonların hükümetlerinden gereken yetkiyi almaları için antlaşmanın 24 Temmuz’da imzalanması kararlaştırıldı. İnönü hükümetten istediği izne uzun süre karşılık alamayınca Mustafa Kemal’e başvurdu. Onun Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi başkanı ve başkumandan olarak verdiği yetkiye dayanılarak 24 Temmuz 1923’te Lozan Üniversitesi Salonu’nda düzenlenen törende antlaşma imzalandı.
Lozan Antlaşması tek bir metin olmayıp esas antlaşma ile ona ekli on yedi ayrı protokol ya da sözleşmeden meydana gelmektedir. 143 maddeden oluşan esas barış antlaşması dört bölüm halinde düzenlenmişti. 1. Siyasal içerikli olan toprak, tâbiiyet ve azınlıklara ilişkin maddeler (1-45); 2. Malî konular (46-63); 3. Ekonomik hükümler (64-100); 4. Ulaşım ve sağlık sorunları (101-143). Antlaşmada çözümü ileriye bırakılan Musul meselesi Türk-Irak sınırının tesbit edilmesi olarak anılmış ve bunun dokuz ay içinde Türkiye ile Büyük Britanya arasında dostça belirleneceği hükmüne yer verilmişti (md. 3). Antlaşmanın başlıca hükümleri şöylece özetlenebilir.
Sınırlar. Trakya’daki Türkiye-Yunanistan sınırı Karaağaç Türkiye’de kalmak üzere Meriç ırmağının “talvek”i olarak tesbit edilmişti. İmroz (Gökçeada), Bozcaada ve Tavşan adaları dışında kalan ve adları sayılan adalar Yunanistan’a bırakılmıştı. Yunan birlikleri işgal ettikleri İmroz ve Bozcaada’dan çekildikten sonra Türkiye buralarda yerli halkın da söz sahibi olacağı bir yönetim uygulayacaktı. Yunanistan Midilli, Sakız, Sisam ve Nikarya adalarında hiçbir deniz üssü ve istihkâm kurmayacaktı (md. 13-14, 5 ve 15. ekler). İtalyanlar’ın Uşi Antlaşması ile geri vermeleri gerekirken işgallerini sürdürdükleri Rodos ve Oniki Ada kendilerinde (md. 15), İngilizler’in 1914’te topraklarına kattıklarını ilân ettikleri Kıbrıs da yine onlarda kalacaktı. Ancak ada Türkler’i iki yıl içinde Türk vatandaşlığını kabul edebileceklerdi (md. 20-21). Bunun dışında Mısır ve Sudan’ın da İngiliz egemenliğine geçtiği kabul edilmişti (md. 17). Trablusgarp (Libya) üzerindeki haklardan da vazgeçilmişti (md. 22). Türkiye-Suriye sınırı, Fransa ile imzalanmış olan 20 Ekim 1921 Ankara Antlaşması ile belirlenen sınır olarak kabul edilmişti. İskenderun ve Antakya’daki Türkler’in kendi kültürlerini korumaları konusunda söz konusu antlaşmadaki hükümlere uyulacaktı.
Boğazlar. Boğazlar’da barış ve savaş dönemlerinde denizden ve havadan serbest geçiş esası kabul edilmişti (md. 23). Bu maddeye ek protokole göre Boğazlar’dan geçişi kontrol etmek üzere bir Türk üyenin başkanlığında İngiltere, Fransa, İtalya, Japonya, Yunanistan, Bulgaristan, Romanya, Rusya ve Sırbistan temsilcilerinden oluşan bir komisyon kurulacaktı. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri de isterse bu komisyona üye olabilecekti. Çanakkale ve İstanbul boğazlarının her iki yakasında belirli bir bölge silâhtan arındırılacaktı. Türkiye bu bölgede sayısı 12.000’i geçmeyen bir kuvvet bulundurabilecekti.
Kapitülasyonlar. “Antlaşmayı yapan taraflar, Türkiye’de kapitülasyonların tamamıyla kaldırılmasını her biri kendisiyle ilgili olarak kabul ettiğini açıklarlar” biçimindeki 28. maddenin hükmüyle Türkiye’de kapitülasyonlar tarihe karışmıştı. Ancak adliyeyi düzenlemek amacıyla birkaç yabancı uzman beş yıl süreyle Türkiye’de görev yapacaktı, fakat Türk hükümeti bu uzmanların önerilerini kabul etmek zorunda olmayacaktı.
Azınlıklar. Antlaşmanın 37-44. maddeleriyle Türkiye’de yaşayan, müslüman olmayan azınlıklara bazı haklar tanınmıştı. Fener Rum Ortodoks Patrikhânesi’nin azınlık sayılan Rumlar’ın temsilcisi ya da koruyucusu olduğuna ilişkin bir hükme ise yer verilmemişti. Barış görüşmelerinde Türk tarafı patrikhânenin ülkeden çıkarılması gerektiğini belirtmişti. Fakat sonuçta patrikhânenin “ekümen” (evrensel) olmaktan çıkması ve herhangi bir siyasal görev veya rol üstlenmeden yeni Türkiye’nin dinî kurumları arasında yer alması görüşünde birleşildi.
Mübadele. Ek 6 numaralı protokole göre Türkiye’de yaşayan Rumlar’la Yunanistan’da kalan Türkler’den büyük bir kısmı karşılıklı olarak değiştirilecekti. İmroz, Bozcaada ve İstanbul’da bulunan Rumlar’la Batı Trakya’daki Türkler o dönemde her iki devletin izlediği siyasete uygun olarak mübadele dışı bırakılmıştı.
Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi barışa kavuşmayı ve genel olarak antlaşmayı olumlu karşıladı. Ancak bazı üyeler, Musul sorununun geriye bırakılması ve Oniki Ada ile savaş tazminatı açısından eleştirilerde bulundu. Antlaşma ve ekleri 2 Ağustos 1923’te 14’e karşı 213 oyla onaylandı.
Lozan Antlaşması bağımsız yeni bir Türk devleti kurulduğunun, başta I. Dünya Savaşı’nın galipleri olmak üzere başlıca dünya devletlerince onaylandığını gösteren uluslararası bir belgedir. Aynı zamanda Kurtuluş Savaşı’nın siyasî hedeflerini gösteren Mîsâk-ı Millî hükümlerinin günün şartları içinde büyük oranda gerçekleştirildiğini de kanıtlamaktadır. “Türkler’i Avrupa’dan çıkarmak” şeklinde özetlenebilecek olan yüzyıllık Avrupa siyaseti Lozan’da sona ermiş oluyordu; ayrıca bazı çevrelerin öne sürdüğü gibi bu antlaşma bir hezimet antlaşması değildi. I. Dünya Savaşı sonunda dayatılmış bir antlaşmayı (Sevr) yeniden müzakereye açarak bundan başarıyla çıkılmasını sağlayan ve bağımsız bir devletin doğuşuna zemin hazırlayan çok büyük bir kazanımdı.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2003 yılında Ankara’da basılan 27. cildinde, 214-217 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.