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LUGAZ Skip to content Lafız veya mahiyet özellikleri belirtilerek bir nesnenin adının bulunması istenen, Arap, Fars ve Türk edebiyatlarında bir belâgat terimi, genellikle manzum bir söz sanatı.
1/2 Müellif: İSMAİL DURMUŞ Bölüme Git
Sözlükte “çöl faresinin, saklandığı yerin bulunmaması için yuvasını labirent gibi eğri büğrü kazması; saptırmak, sözün maksadını gizlemek, şaşırtmalı …
2/2 Müellif: MUSTAFA İSMET UZUN Bölüme Git
TÜRK EDEBİYATI. Arap edebiyatında ortaya çıkıp Arap ve Türk edebiyatlarında rağbet gören lugaz Fars edebiyatında genellikle yerini muammaya bırakmış v…
Sözlükte “çöl faresinin, saklandığı yerin bulunmaması için yuvasını labirent gibi eğri büğrü kazması; saptırmak, sözün maksadını gizlemek, şaşırtmalı söz söylemek” anlamlarına gelen lağz kökünden türeyen lugaz/luğz/lağz “çöl faresinin yuvası, gidilmesi zor olan eğri büğrü yol; derin sır, bilmece, zekâ oyunu” demektir. Arap edebiyatında daha çok luğz (çoğulu elgāz ) ve ülgūze terimleri kullanılır. Eski Arap belâgat ve edebiyat âlimleri lugazla eş veya yakın anlamlı “muhâcât, uhcüvve/uhciyye, ehâcî, huceyyâ, ta‘miye/muammâ, mugālata/uğlûta, lahn/melâhin, muâyât” gibi terimler de kullanmışlardır. Edebiyatta ve özellikle şiirde bir sözü/kavramı açık bir dille anlatma yerine onu ima eden ifadeler kullanarak şiiri/sözü bir bilmece, hatta bazan bir muamma şekline sokmaya ilgāz, böyle şiire/söze lugaz/luğz denir. Ancak bunun edebî zevki okşayacak tarzda icra edilmesi şarttır. Müteahhir dönem âlimleri önceleri lugaz kapsamında yer alan muammayı isim bilmecelerine hasretmişlerdir.
Lugazların çoğu manzumdur. Genellikle “rubbe, rubbe vâvı” veya soru edat ve cümleleriyle başlayan bu manzumelerde kitap, kalem gibi somut varlıkların nitelikleri zikredilerek kendilerinin bilinmesi istenir. Lugaz, bir düşünceyi mecazdan daha kapalı biçimde dile getiren bir anlatım tarzı olmasıyla beyan ilmi kapsamında bir disiplin sayıldığı gibi akıl ve zihni geliştirmesiyle de felsefe, mantık gibi aklî ilimlerden kabul edilir. Lugazlarda ipucu verilmekle birlikte bazılarının çözülmesi güçtür. Bunlara “işârî lugaz” denir.
Lugaz lafız ve mâna lugazları olarak iki temel kategoriye ayrılır. Lafız lugazlarının birden çok mânaya sahip kelimenin uzak veya karşıt anlamını kastetmek (tevriye, lahn, melâhin, mugalata ma‘neviyye), kelimeyi anlamlı sözcüklere bölüp verilen müterâdifleriyle bilinmesini istemek, iki kelimeyi bitişik yazmak, bir kelimeyi parçalayıp yazmak, hemzeliyi yumuşatmak (teshîl), nokta değişikliği yapmak (tashîf), tersinden okumak (kalb) ve başka bir dile nakletmek gibi birçok çeşidi vardır. Tevriye yoluna örnek olan ”والله ما رأيت عليًّا ولا كلمته“ cümlesinin kastedilmeyen ve ilk akla gelen (yakın) anlamı, “Vallahi Ali’yi ne gördüm ne de onunla konuştum” şeklinde iken, “Vallahi Ali’nin ne ciğerine (rie) vurdum, ne de onu yaraladım (kelm)” şeklindeki uzak anlamı kastedilmiştir.
Mâna lugazlarında bir şeyin anılan vasıflarıyla kendisinin bilinmesi istenir. Diş hakkındaki şu dizelerde olduğu gibi: ”… /وصاحب لا أملّ الدهر صحبته“ (Öyle bir dost ki ömür boyu dostluğundan bıkmamışım. Benim için mutsuz olmuş, benim için didinmiş. Ne var ki bir kişiyi [doktor] görmekle birlikte ebediyen ayrıldık). Mâna lugazlarının uzun kasideler halindeki örnekleri de vardır. Bizzat lugaz olarak tasarlanmayan, ancak i‘rab, tefsir, lafız ve mâna güçlüğü sebebiyle rastlantı olarak lugaz konumunda bulunan, “ebyâtü’l-meânî” ve “ebyâtü’l-müşkileti’l-i‘râb” adı verilen beyitler de bu türe dahil edilir. Râilibil’in, ”قتلوا ابن عفّان الخليفة محرما“ (Halife Affânoğlu’nu [Osman’ı] suçsuz yere öldürdüler) mısraında “muhrim” kelimesi “suçsuz yere” demek olduğu gibi “ihramlı iken, haram aylarında iken” anlamına da gelir. Eğitim ve öğretim amaçlı, zekâ geliştirici lugazlar da mâna lugazı sayılır. Başta nahiv olmak üzere lugat, fıkıh, ferâiz, hesap vb. konularda çok sayıda lugaz manzumesi tertip edilmiştir. Harîrî’nin el-Maḳāmât’ının 32. bölümünde bazı kelimelerin uzak anlamları kastedilerek düzenlenmiş 100 fıkıh lugazı cevaplarıyla birlikte yazılmıştır.
Lugaz ve muammaların zor anlamları çözme alışkanlığı kazanmak, boş zamanları değerlendirmek ve eğlenmek gibi amaçlarla eski filozoflardan biri tarafından icat edildiği ileri sürülmektedir. Tevrat’ta lugaz, muamma ve remiz terimleriyle Hz. Süleyman, Sebe Melikesi Belkıs, Sur Kralı Hîram ve Şimşon’a (Şemşon) nisbet edilen çeşitli lugaz örnekleri geçmektedir (Sayılar, 12/8; Hâkimler, 14/14; I. Krallar, 10/1; Süleyman’ın Meselleri, 1/6; Hezekiel, 17/2). Kur’an’da maksatlı olarak tertip edilmiş lugazlar yoktur. Ancak i‘rab veya yorum ve anlam güçlüğü sebebiyle bir nevi lugaz hükmünde olan ya da tevriye ve kinayeye benzer edebî türler halinde bir tür lugaz sayılan unsurlar bulunabilir. Ayrıca insanlar tarafından Kur’an’da geçen bazı şeylerle ilgili olarak düzenlenmiş lugaz çalışmaları mevcuttur. İbn Hişâm en-Nahvî’nin Ḥallü elġāz ve mesâʾil iʿrâbiyye fi’l-âyâti’l-Ḳurʾâniyye ve’l-eḥâdîs̱i’n-nebeviyye’siyle (nşr. Muhammed İbrâhim Sâlim, Kahire 1409/1989) Alâeddin b. Nâsırüddin et-Trablusî’nin el-Elġāzü’l-ʿAlâʾiyye fî elfâẓi’l-Ḳurʾân’ı (Brockelmann, GAL Suppl., II, 452) bu konuda yazılmış eserler arasında sayılabilir. Bir hadiste (Buhârî, “ʿİlim”, 5, 50; Müslim, “Münâfiḳīn”, 63, 64) Hz. Peygamber’in, çevresindeki sahâbeye ağaçlar içinde yapraklarını dökmeyen ve müslümana benzeyen ağacın hangisi olduğunu sorması ve kimsenin bilememesi üzerine onun hurma ağacı olduğunu söylemesi dikkat çekme, zekâ ve kavrayış düzeyini sınama gibi yararları sebebiyle lugaz üslûbunun Resûl-i Ekrem tarafından kullanıldığı, İslâm ulemâsının buna dayanarak çeşitli ilim dallarında lugaz üslûbu ile öğretmeyi amaçlayan çeşitli eserler kaleme aldığı ifade edilir. Ayrıca Hz. Peygamber’in bu hadiste, gövdesinin odunlaşmaması sebebiyle ot cinsinden olduğu halde hurmaya mecaz (istiare) yoluyla ağaç demesi şaşırtma ve yanıltma işlevi gördüğünden bilinçli bir lugaz üslûbunun kullanıldığını gösterir. İslâm’dan önceki dönemde Mütelemmis’in (ö. 569) çağdaşı Hind bint Huss’un ilk kelimesi verilen ifadeyi hikmet cümleleri halinde tamamlama şeklinde yaptığı yarışmalar, İmruülkays b. Hucr’ün Abîd b. Ebras ile yaptığı soru-cevap şeklindeki manzum atışmalar, Abdülmesîh b. Amr el-Gassânî’nin Hâlid b. Velîd’in sorularına verdiği hikmetli cevaplar Arap edebiyatında lugaza benzer ilk örneklerdir. Lugaz, Abbâsîler’in ilk zamanlarından itibaren entelektüel hayatın ve şehir yaşamının gelişmesine, refahın artmasına paralel biçimde şiirlerde müstakil konu şeklinde işlenmeye başlamıştır. Bunun ilk örneği olarak Hammâd er-Râviye (ö. 155/772), bir dost meclisinde çekirge ve mızrak dipçik demiri hakkında lugaz beyitleri söylemiştir (İbn Kuteybe, s. 521). Daha sonra lugaz manzumeleri nazmedenlerin çoğu şairler arasından değil fakih, gramerci, tabip gibi başka meslek sahipleri arasından ve özellikle entelektüel kesimden çıkmıştır. Edip Abdurrahman b. Muhammed en-Nazzâm, nahivci İbnü’l-Haşşâb, nahivci Ali b. Îsâ el-Fihrî, Muvahhid emîrlerinden İbn Abdülmü’min diye tanınan Süleyman b. Abdullah, tabip İmâdüddin ed-Düneysirî, tabip Hibetullah İbnü’t-Tilmîz, tabip Yahyâ İbnü’t-Tilmîz, fakih Ahmed el-Vâdîâşî, edip ve fakih İbnü’l-Ceyyâb bunlar arasında sayılabilir (İbn Ebû Usaybia, II, 268, 271-272, 278; İbnü’l-Hatîb, IV, 144-145; Makkarî, II, 654; V, 451-454). Şairler arasında, lugaz ve muamma beyitleri divanlarında ayrı bir bölüm oluşturacak şekilde fazla olan İbn Uneyn ile İbn Şeref el-Kayrevânî ve Mihyâr ed-Deylemî’nin adları zikredilebilir.
Lugaz ve ilgāz tabirlerini ilk defa kullananlardan olan Halîl b. Ahmed’in (ö. 175/791) lugaz ve muammaya dair ilk eseri de (Kitâbü’l-Muʿammâ) yazdığı kaydedilir. Câhiz, lugaz kabilinden bazı mensur ifadelere ve anekdotlara yer vermekle birlikte (el-Beyân ve’t-tebyîn, II, 147) Asmaî ve Ebû Osman el-Mâzinî gibi onun da lugazın faydasına inanmadığı kaydedilir. Bu âlimleri cehalet ve zevksizlikle suçlayan Dellâlülkütüb lugazı akıl ve zekâyı geliştirici aklî ilimlerden sayar (el-İʿcâz, vr. 9). İbn Düreyd, Kitâbü’l-Melâḥin’inde uzak anlamlarının kastedildiği 185 yemin lugazını düzenleyip açıklamış ve bir zalimin yemine zorladığı kişinin bunlarla şer‘î cezadan kurtulabileceğini söylemiştir. İbn Fâris, mânası az bilinen lugatlarla ilgili Fütyâ faḳīhi’l-ʿArab adlı eserindeki lugazları “fakīhü’l-Arab” dediği sembolik bir şahsa nisbet eder. Zemahşerî’nin nahiv lugazlarına dair el-Eḥâcî (el-Muḥâcât) en-Naḥviyye’si (nşr. Mustafa el-Haderî, Dımaşk 1969) Kāsım b. Hüseyin el-Hârizmî ve Alemüddin es-Sehâvî tarafından şerhedilmiştir. Ebü’l-Alâ el-Maarrî’nin Dîvânü’l-elġāz’ı, İbnü’l-Fârız’ın Manẓûmetü’l-elġāz’ı, İbn Hişâm en-Nahvî’nin nahiv lugazlarına dair Mûḳıdü’l-eẕhân’ı ile el-Elġāz’ı (Kahire 1304), İbn Lüb et-Tağlibî’nin el-Ḳaṣîdetü’l-luġziyye’si, Süyûtî’nin eṭ-Ṭırâz fi’l-elġāz’ı, Hâlid el-Ezherî ile Ali b. Îsâ en-Nahvî’nin el-Elġāzü’n-naḥviyye’leri (Brockelmann, GAL, II, 34; Suppl., II, 918), Seyyid Şerîf el-Muammâyî’nin el-Elfiyye fi’l-muʿammâ ve’l-elġāz’ı, İbnü’l-Cezerî’nin el-Elġāzü’l-Cezeriyye’si (kıraat), Hüseyin Vefâî’nin el-Elġāzü’l-ḥisâbiyye’sinin yanı sıra bir kısmı basılmış yüzlerce lugaz manzumesi tertip edilmiştir (Ahmed M. eş-Şeyh, s. 139-195). Harîrî, Zemahşerî, Süyûtî ve Nâsîf el-Yâzicî’nin makāmâtlarında muhtelif türleriyle mensur lugaz örnekleri yer almaktadır. Dellâlülkütüb’ün el-İʿcâz fî fünûni’l-elġāz (Dârü’l-kütübi’l-Mısriyye, Edeb, nr. 498), İbrâhim el-Havrânî’nin Cilâʾü’d-deyâcî (Beyrut 1882), Muhammed Bahît el-Mutîî’nin Ḥallü’r-rumz (Kahire 1327), Ahmed el-Hulvânî’nin Ḥalâvetü’r-ruz (Kahire 1308), Tâhir el-Cezâirî’nin Teshîlü’l-mecâz (Dımaşk 1303), Radıyyüddin İbnü’l-Hanbelî’nin Kenzü men ḥâcâ ve ʿammâ fi’l-eḥâcî ve’l-muʿammâ ile Risâle fi’l-eḥâcî ve’l-elġāz (Brockelmann, GAL, II, 483; DİA, XXI, 69) adlı eserleri lugazın teori ve pratiğine dair önemli çalışmalardandır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Tehânevî, Keşşâf, II, 1082, 1295; Buhârî, “ʿİlim”, 5, 50; Müslim, “Münâfiḳīn”, 63, 64; Câhiz, el-Beyân ve’t-tebyîn, II, 147; İbn Kuteybe, eş-Şiʿr ve’ş-şuʿarâʾ, Beyrut 1412/1991, s. 521; Mihyâr ed-Deylemî, Dîvân, Kahire 1345/1926, II, 122; İbn Reşîḳ el-Kayrevânî, el-ʿUmde (nşr. Muhammed Karkazân), Beyrut 1408/1988, I, 521-525; İbn Şeref el-Kayrevânî, Dîvân (nşr. Hasan Zikrî Hasan), Kahire 1983, s. 64, 102-103, 108; Dellâlülkütüb, el-İʿcâz fî fünûni’l-elġāz, Dârü’l-kütübi’l-Mısriyye, Edeb, nr. 498, vr. 9, ayrıca bk. tür.yer.; İbn Uneyn, Dîvân (nşr. Halîl Merdem Bek), Dımaşk 1356/1946, s. 149, 152, 173, 178; Ziyâeddin İbnü’l-Esîr, el-Mes̱elü’s-sâʾir (nşr. Ahmed el-Havfî – Bedevî Tabâne), Kahire, ts. (Dâru nehdati Mısr), III, 76-95; İbn Ebû Usaybia, ʿUyûnü’l-enbâʾ fî ṭabaḳāti’l-eṭıbbâʾ, Kahire 1300, II, 268, 271-272, 278; İbnü’l-Hatîb, el-İḥâṭa, IV, 144-145; Süyûtî, Buġyetü’l-vuʿât, II, 31, 182; a.mlf., el-Müzhir fî ʿulûmi’l-luġa ve envâʿihâ (nşr. M. Ahmed Câdelmevlâ v.dğr.), Kahire, ts. (Dâru ihyâi’l-kütübi’l-Arabiyye), I, 578-638; a.mlf., el-Eşbâh ve’n-neẓâʾir fi’n-naḥv (nşr. Abdülâl Sâlim Mekrem), Beyrut 1406/1985, IV, 184-314; Taşköprizâde, Miftâḥu’s-saʿâde, I, 273-275; Makkarî, Nefḥu’ṭ-ṭîb, Beyrut 1408/1988, II, 654; V, 451-454; Tâhir el-Cezâirî, Teshîlü’l-mecâz ilâ fenni’l-muʿammâ ve’l-elġāz, Dımaşk 1303, s. 57-128; Brockelmann, GAL, II, 34, 483; Suppl., II, 452, 918; Mustafa Sâdık er-Râfiî, Târîḫu âdâbi’l-ʿArab, Beyrut 1394/1974, III, 403-420; Bedevî Tabâne, Muʿcemü’l-belâġati’l-ʿArabiyye, Riyad 1402/1982, II, 787-792; Bekrî Şeyh Emîn, Muṭâlaʿât fi’ş-şiʿri’l-Memlûkî ve’l-ʿOs̱mânî, Beyrut 1986, s. 176-180; Mîşâl Âsî – Emîl Bedî‘ Ya‘kūb, el-Muʿcemü’l-mufaṣṣal fi’l-luġa ve’l-edeb, Beyrut 1987, II, 1078; Ahmed M. eş-Şeyh, Kütübü’l-elġāz, Trablus 1397/1988, s. 139-195, ayrıca bk. tür.yer.; Ahmed Matlûb, Muʿcemü’l-muṣṭalaḥâti’l-belâġıyye ve teṭavvürühâ, Beyrut 1996, s. 576-577; M. Faruk Toprak, “Klasik Arap Şiirinde Lugaz”, Nüsha, sy. 3, Ankara 2001, s. 97-110; Cevat İzgi, “İbnü’l-Hanbelî, Radıyyüddin”, DİA, XXI, 69.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2003 yılında Ankara’da basılan 27. cildinde, 221-222 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
TÜRK EDEBİYATI. Arap edebiyatında ortaya çıkıp Arap ve Türk edebiyatlarında rağbet gören lugaz Fars edebiyatında genellikle yerini muammaya bırakmış ve muamma lugazdan daha çok gelişme göstermiştir. Farsça’da bu tür manzumeler için lugaz yanında çîstân ve uğlûta kelimeleri de kullanılır (Dihhudâ, XII, 12405). Fars kültürünün etkisiyle Orta Asya Türkleri’nin bu tabiri kullandığı, Şiban Han’ın divanındaki “çîstân-ı iğne, çîstân-ı ok” gibi başlıklardan (Şiban Han Dîvânı, s. 320-321) anlaşılmaktadır. Klasik İslâm belâgatında ilm-i beyâna dahil hünerler arasında yer alan ve bu sebeple her üç edebiyatta benzer özellikler gösteren lugaz Taşköprizâde’nin Mevzûâtü’l-ulûm’unda, “Söz söyleyenin, maksadını gizleyerek bir eşyanın veya anlatmak istediği şeyin alâmet ve sıfatlarını zikredip ne olduğunu sormasıdır” şeklinde özetlenebilecek biçimde tarif edilmiştir. Burada maksadın doğru olarak tesbiti ve bilinmesi okuyucunun anlayışına, bilgisine ve kültürüne, metinde verilen ip uçlarına bırakılmıştır. Birbirine yakın özellikler gösteren muamma ile lugaz arasındaki en belirgin fark muammanın sadece esmâ-i hüsnâ, esmâ-i nebî ve diğer özel isimlere dayanması, lugazın ise bunun dışındaki her türlü varlığın özelliklerinin anlatılarak isimlerinin bilinmesi ve genellikle soru cümlesiyle başlamasıdır.
Lugazlara “Nedir ol, nedir ol kim, ol ne isim, ne acep isim” gibi soru cümlecikleriyle başlanır. Farsça lugazlar “çîst, çîst ân ki, çîstân” gibi sorularla başlar. Arapça lugazlarda böyle bir şart görünmez, ancak bunlar da “mâ” gibi bir soru edatıyla ve “mâ hüve, mâ hüve’l-ism, habbirûnî eyye şey’in” gibi soru cümleleriyle tertip edilmektedir. Türk ve Fars edebiyatlarındaki örneklerde ilk mısraa yerleştirilen bu gibi ibarelerin ardından şiirlerin uzun olanlarında genellikle şairin mahlası da bulunur. Türkçe lugazlar bazı halk bilmecelerindeki tekerlemeleri andıran, “Bunu ârif olan bilir; erbâb-ı kemâl anlar; her ne kim dilerse olur, ona feyiz kapısı açılır; isteyen bunu bulur, endişeden kurtulur; hünerin var ise fende / feth kıl bu lugazım sen de” gibi cümlelerle sona erer.
Neylî’nin, cevabı da lugaz olan bir mesnevisi bu türü tanıtma bakımından dikkat çekici bir örnektir: “Ol nedir kim bir hisâr-ı ma‘nevî / Ekser ebyâtı içinde mesnevî // Fethine erbâb-ı tab‘ eder gulû / Ortaya alırlar onu sûbesû // Hâsılı bir sırr-ı mübhemdir garaz / Oldu gâhî cevher ü gâhî araz // Söylesem de ben onu sana nedir / Yine sorarsın onu bana nedir // Oldu rehber kendisine bu lugaz / Görünen köye kılavuz istemez.” Lugazlar metnindeki bilgiler, ipuçları, işaret ve imâlar değerlendirilerek sezgi veya istihraç suretiyle çözülebildiğinden çok defa muammaya göre daha uzun ve ayrıntılı manzumeler halinde düzenlenir. Bilinmesi istenen şeyin sıfat ve alâmetlerini ustalıklı bir biçimde ancak müphem bir tarzda söylemek gerekir. Meselâ, “Ol nedir ki yokdurur cisminde can / Karnı içi dopdolu yılan çiyan / Dili yoktur yetmiş iki dil bilir / Başını kesiceğez söyler ayan” kıtası kamış kalem için söylenmiş bir lugazdır.
Türk edebiyatında lugazlara “lugaz-gûne” denilen ve kıta, rubâî, bir veya birkaç beyit şeklinde kaleme alınan manzumeleri de dahil etmek gerekir. Nâbî gibi şairlerde örneklerine çokça rastlanan bu şiirlerin ilk bakışta lugazlarla bir ilgisi görünmemekle beraber “lugaz-gûne muammâ” veya “muammâ betarîk-i lugaz” denilen şiirlerde olduğu gibi anlatımlarında bazı müphemlikler görülmekte, okuyucuya sorular yöneltilmektedir.
Türk edebiyatına XV. yüzyıldan itibaren girmeye başlayan lugaz ve muamma XVIII. yüzyılda en verimli devresini yaşamıştır. Manzum olanları aruzun çeşitli kalıplarıyla yazılmakla beraber daha çok “fâilâtün fâilâtün fâilün” kalıbının kullanıldığı görülmektedir. Beyit ve kıta dışında gazellere de rastlanmakla beraber mesnevi şeklinde kafiyelenmiş yirmi-yirmi beş beyitlik örnekler çoğunluktadır. Aralarında Ahmed Paşa, Nâbî, Nedîm, Şeyh Galib gibi meşhurların da bulunduğu lugaz kaleme alan şairlere Lâmiî, Âşık Ömer, Sünbülzâde Vehbî, Rahmî, Ferdî, Sücûdî, Vahyî, Zarîfî, Zamîrî, Fazlî, Saîdî, Râşid, Reşîd, Lebîb, Fennî, Emînî, Sâbit, Zîver, Sâmî, Enderunlu Vâsıf gibi pek çok şairi de eklemek mümkündür. Mutasavvıf bir şair olan Himmetzâde Abdi Efendi’nin manzum lugazlardan ibaret Dîvân-ı Lugaz adlı bir eseri vardır (TSMK, Hazine, nr. 1050, vr. 206b -212b ). Fıtrat Hanım’ın yazdığı lugazlar arasında “cemre” hakkında olanı çok beğenilmiş ve meşhur olmuştur. Keçecizâde İzzet Molla’nın da Koca Râgıb Paşa’nın ”ع“ harfi üzerine söylediği 147 lugazı şerheden on varaklık bir eseri vardır (bilinen tek nüshası İÜ Ktp., TY, nr. 3566). Manzum lugazlar divanların son kısmında “elgāz” veya “lugaz âyîne” başlıkları altında yer alırken mensur lugazlara daha çok cönklerde rastlanmaktadır. Kelâm, fıkıh gibi dinî ilimlerle ilgili meseleleri anlatmak, hesap, nahiv, belâgat gibi alanlarda zihni açmak ve özellikle talebeleri bu gibi metinler üzerinde düşündürmeye ve doğruyu bulmaya yöneltmek için kaleme alınmış mensur lugazlar da vardır. Divan edebiyatında lugaz yazmak, bunlara cevap beklemek, dolayısıyla manzum cevaplar tertip etmek, halk edebiyatında olduğu gibi cevabı bilen yahut bulanlara mükâfat vaad etmek gibi bir gelenek de bulunmaktadır. Nitekim Sultan III. Murad’ın kandil lugazının, Enderun Hazine Koğuşu ağalarından Cihâdî Bey ile Müdâmî mahlaslı bir şair tarafından yine manzum olarak cevaplandırıldığı bilinmektedir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Tâhirülmevlevî, Edebiyat Lügatı, İstanbul 1973, s. 93; Bedr-i Dilşad’ın Murâdnâmesi (haz. Âdem Ceyhan), İstanbul 1997, II, 699; Şiban Han Dîvânı (haz. Yakup Karasoy), Ankara 1998, s. 320-321; Nâbî Dîvânı (haz. Ali Fuat Bilkan), İstanbul 1997, Giriş, I, s. XXIX, XXX; II, 1326-1349; Mehmed Hafîd, ed-Dürerü’l-müntehabâtü’l-mensûre fî ıslâhi’l-galatâti’l-meşhûre , İstanbul 1221, s. 297; Enderunlu Osman Vâsıf Bey ve Dîvânı (haz. Rahşan Gürel), İstanbul, ts. (Kitabevi), s. 695-696; Âmil Çelebioğlu – Yusuf Ziya Öksüz, Türk Bilmeceler Hazînesi, İstanbul 1979, s. 17-32; M. Kaya Bilgegil, Edebiyat Bilgi ve Teorileri, Ankara 1980, s. 273-275; Cem Dilçin, Örneklerle Türk Şiir Bilgisi, Ankara 1983, s. 490; Mehmet Arslan, “Divan Edebiyatında Muamma”, Osmanlı Edebiyat-Tarih-Kültür Makaleleri, İstanbul 2000, s. 251-252, 256-257, 268; M. A. Yekta Saraç, Klâsik Edebiyat Bilgisi Belâgat, İstanbul 2000, s. 264-266; a.mlf., “Muamma ve Divan Edebiyatındaki Seyri”, TDED, XXVII (1997), s. 298-300; Dihhudâ, Luġatnâme, XII, 12405-12407; XIII, 18704; Fikret Türkmen, “Lügaz”, TDEA, VI, 102-103; Nuri Özcan, “Abdi, Himmetzâde”, DİA, I, 74; Naci Okçu, “İzzet Molla Keçecizâde”, a.e., XXIII, 563.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2003 yılında Ankara’da basılan 27. cildinde, 222-223 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.