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MAARRETÜNNU‘MÂN Skip to content Suriye’nin kuzeybatısında tarihî bir şehir.
Halep’in 70 km. güneyinde, üstünde birçok arkeolojik kalıntılar bulunan Zâviye dağlarının doğusunda, Halep’i Hama üzerinden Humus’a bağlayan tarihî yol üzerinde yer alır. Eski Arrâ’nın yerine kurulmuş olduğu düşünülen şehrin tarihi milâttan önce I. binyıla kadar uzanır. Adı Asur metinlerinde Ara, Hellen-Romen döneminde Arra olarak geçer. Strabo’nun Megara diye adlandırdığı şehrin ismi Latin tarihçiler tarafından Marra şeklinde kaydedilmiştir. Maarre’ye eklenen Nu‘mân ismiyle ilgili farklı rivayetler vardır. İslâm tarihçilerinin çoğu Nu‘mân b. Beşîr el-Ensârî adlı sahâbeye izâfeten şehre bu adın verildiği, bazıları ise Tenûh kabilesinden Nu‘mân b. Adî b. Gatafân es-Sâtı‘dan geldiği görüşündedir. Kavşak noktasında bulunmasından dolayı kuruluşundan itibaren faal bir ticaret merkezi olan şehir İslâm tarihi kaynaklarında Zâtülkusûr, Maarretühaleb ve Maarretühıms adlarıyla da anılmaktadır.
Ebû Ubeyde b. Cerrâh kumandasında şehre gelen İslâm ordusu halk cizye ve haraç ödemeyi kabul edince şehri barış yoluyla teslim aldı (16/637). Hulefâ-yi Râşidîn devrinde Halep’e bağlı olan Maarretünnu‘mân Muâviye zamanında Hıms’a bağlandı. Hârûnürreşîd döneminde Avâsım’a dahil edildi. Me’mûn’un Suriye valisi Abdullah b. Tâhir, âsi Nasr b. Şebes’e karşı giriştiği mücadele sırasında şehrin surlarını ve birçok küçük kaleyi yıktırdı. 290 (903) yılında Karmatîler şehri yağmalayıp binlerce kişiyi öldürdüler, kadın ve çocukları esir aldılar. 325’te (937) Suriye’ye girip Maarretünnu‘mân’a yönelen Benî Kilâblı göçebelerle çatışmaya giren şehrin kumandanı Muâz b. Saîd esir düştü. Şehir 333’te (945) Hamdânîler’den Seyfüddevle’nin hâkimiyetine girdi. Aynı yıl İhşîd unvanı ile tanınan Mısır Valisi Muhammed b. Tuğç, Dımaşk’tan hareketle Maarretünnu‘mân üzerine yürüyüp şehri ele geçirdi ve esaretten kurtardığı Muâz b. Saîd’i vali tayin etti.
Bizans İmparatoru Nikephoros Phokas, 968 yılı sonunda Suriye’ye yaptığı sefer sırasında Maarretünnu‘mân’ı da zaptetti. Şehrin surlarını ve Büyük Cami’yi yıktırdı, halk Bizans’a vergi ödemeyi kabul etmek zorunda kaldı (358/969). Fakat Bizans’ın bölgede yeterli sayıda askeri bulunmadığından Seyfüddevle’nin oğlu Sa‘düddevle el-Hamdânî kısa bir süre sonra şehri yeniden ele geçirdi. 969 Ocağında Bizanslılar tekrar Suriye’de ilerlediler. İmparator Nikephoros, Halep’te yönetimi eline geçiren Kargûye ile (Kargaveyh) anlaşarak Maarretünnu‘mân’ın idaresini ona bıraktı. Ancak Sa‘düddevle el-Hamdânî, Kargûye’nin hâkimiyetine son verdi. Seyfüddevle’nin memlükü Rummâh, Maarretünnu‘mân’da efendisi Saîdüddevle’ye karşı ayaklanınca (386/996) Saîdüddevle Halep Atabegi Lü’lü’ ile anlaşıp şehri kuşatmak üzere harekete geçti. Rummâh da Fâtımîler’in hizmetindeki Mengü Tegin’den yardım istedi. Mengü Tegin’in Rummâh’a yardıma geleceğini öğrenen Saîdüddevle ile Lü’lü’ Halep’e çekildiler. Lü’lü’ 392’de (1002) Fâtımîler’le anlaşarak Maarretünnu‘mân’ı ele geçirdi. Ertesi yıl şehrin yakınındaki kaleleri kendisine karşı bir tehlike oluşturmaması için yıktırdı.
XI. yüzyılın ilk çeyreğinde Halep’in hâkimiyetini ele geçiren Mirdâsîler’in tarih sahnesine çıkmasının ardından Maarretünnu‘mân sık sık el değiştirmeye başladı. Sâlih b. Mirdâs 418’de (1027) Maarretünnu‘mân’ı kuşattı ve şehrin ileri gelenlerinden yetmiş kişiyi tutukladı. Tutuklular şair Ebü’l-Alâ el-Maarrî’nin araya girmesiyle serbest bırakıldı. 434 (1042-43) yılında Emîr Nâsırüddevle el-Hamdânî, Halep hâkimi Mirdâsî Simâl’e karşı yaptığı sefer esnasında şehri ele geçirdi. Mirdâsîler’den Mahmûd 457’de (1065) Halep’e girince Maarretünnu‘mân’ı Türk kumandanı Hârûn b. Han’a iktâ etti. Hârûn ertesi yıl şehre girdi. Sıkı disiplin altındaki ordusu halka hiçbir zarar vermedi. 462’de (1070) kuzeyde Bizans topraklarından Halep üzerine yürüyen Türk birlikleri Maarretünnu‘mân, Kefertâb, Hama, Hıms ve Refeniye şehirlerine kadar indiler ve bölgeyi tahrip ettiler. Kısa bir müddet sonra Selçuklu Türkleri Kuzey Suriye bölgesinde göründü. 472 (1079-80) yılında Suriye Selçuklu Meliki Tutuş, Maarretünnu‘mân ve Sermin’in doğu köylerini yağmaladı. Anadolu Selçuklu Hükümdarı I. Süleyman Şah 478’te (1085) o sırada Ukaylîler’e ait bulunan Maarretünnu‘mân’a sahip oldu. 485’te (1092) Tutuş, Maarretünnu‘mân dahil bölgedeki bazı yerleri Antakya Valisi Yağısıyan’a iktâ etti. Ancak üç yıl sonra Halep Meliki Rıdvân Maarretünnu‘mân ve civarını Sökmen b. Artuk’a verdi.
Antakya’yı ele geçirdikten (491/1098) bir süre sonra yolları üzerindeki Maarretünnu‘mân’a gelen I. Haçlı Seferi orduları hemen şehre saldırdılarsa da şehir halkı tarafından geri püskürtüldüler. Onların arkasından Maarretünnu‘mân önüne gelen Bohemund’un birliklerinin de sonuç alamaması üzerine Haçlılar şehrin kuşatılmasına karar verdiler. Bohemund’un teklifiyle halk hayatlarının bağışlanması karşılığında haraç ödemeyi kabul etti. Fakat çok kısa bir süre sonra (14 Muharrem 492 / 11 Aralık 1098) Haçlılar şehri istilâ edip yaklaşık 20.000 kişiyi öldürdüler; her tarafı yakıp yıktılar.
Maarretünnu‘mân ve civarındaki bazı kaleleri Halep Meliki Rıdvân b. Tutuş 496’da (1103) Haçlılar’ın elinden geri aldı. 505 (1111-12) yılında Musul Atabegi Mevdûd b. Altuntegin Halep melikine karşı Dımaşk Atabegi Tuğtegin ile ittifak yaptı ve ardından Maarretünnu‘mân üzerine yürüdü. 513’te (1119) Kudüs Kralı II. Baudouin de Maarretünnu‘mân’a hücum edince Rıdvân onunla bir anlaşma yaparak şehri kendisine verdi. 531’de (1137) Musul ve Halep hâkimi Atabeg İmâdüddin Zengî, Maarretünnu‘mân’ı Haçlılar’dan geri aldı ve Haçlılar’ı şehirden çıkarıp müslümanları yeniden bu topraklara yerleştirdi (İbnü’l-Esîr, XI, 52). 552 (1157) yılında vuku bulan deprem Maarretünnu‘mân’da büyük tahribat yaptı (İbnü’l-Adîm, II, 306).
Selâhaddîn-i Eyyûbî 574’te (1178) Maarretünnu‘mân’a yakın bazı köyleri Emîr Şemseddin İbnü’l-Mukaddem’e iktâ etti. 587 (1191) yılında şehir Eyyûbîler’den el-Melikü’l-Muzaffer Takıyyüddin Ömer’in eline geçti. 589’da (1193) onun elinde bulunan şehir daha sonra zaman zaman Hama ve Halep’e bağlandı. 595 (1198-99) yılında, Hama Eyyûbî Hükümdarı el-Melikü’l-Mansûr Muhammed döneminde şehre Ebü’l-Fevâris Necâ b. Abdülkerîm bir Şâfiî medresesi inşa ettirdi. 597’de (1201) şehir Halep Hükümdarı el-Melikü’z-Zâhir Gāzî tarafından yağmalandı ve Halep topraklarına katıldı. Ertesi yıl Hama Emîri el-Melikü’l-Mansûr’a verildi. Şehrin 622’ye (1225) doğru Hama Emîri el-Melikü’n-Nâsır’a ve bir ara Dımaşk Emîri el-Melikü’l-Muazzam Îsâ’ya ait bulunduğu kaydedilmektedir (a.g.e. , III, 197). 635 (1238) yılında Mısır Eyyûbî Hükümdarı el-Melikü’l-Kâmil’in ölümü üzerine Halep Emîri el-Melikü’n-Nâsır Yûsuf Maarretünnu‘mân’ı eline geçirdi. Moğollar’ın önünden kaçan Hârizm Türkleri 638’de (1240-41) Fırat’ı geçip Suriye’ye girdiler ve Maarretünnu‘mân’a kadar ilerlediler.
Baybars’ın Aynicâlût’ta kazandığı zaferden sonra Memlük Sultanı Kutuz 658’de (1260) Hama, Ba‘rîn ve Maarretünnu‘mân’ı Hama’nın eski emîri el-Melikü’l-Mansûr’a geri verdi. Bu tarihten itibaren kısa fâsılalar dışında şehir Hama Melikliği’ne bağlı kaldı. Memlükler döneminde Hama Melikliği’ne son verilerek burası bir eyalet haline getirildi, Maarretünnu‘mân da bu eyalet içinde bir şehir oldu (742/1341).
Maarretünnu‘mân, Yavuz Sultan Selim zamanında Mercidâbık Savaşı’nın ardından Osmanlı Devleti’nin idaresi altına girdi (922/1516). XVII. yüzyılda Kâtib Çelebi Maarretünnu‘mân’ın bağımsız bir sancak olduğunu ve eskiden mâmur olan şehrin şimdi büyük bir kısmının harap durumda bulunduğunu kaydeder (Cihannümâ , s. 592).
XIX. yüzyılda Maarretünnu‘mân Dımaşk eyaletinin kuzeyinde bir sancak merkeziydi. Daha sonra Halep livâsına bağlı bir kaza merkezi haline getirildi. 1879’da burayı ziyaret eden Sachau’a göre (Reise , s. 94) şehirde 400 kadar ev vardı. Şehir bakımlı bahçelere ve tarıma elverişli topraklara sahipti. Yaklaşık aynı tarihlerde Maarretünnu‘mân’a uğrayan Berchem ise burasının sefil görünüşlü büyük bir köy olduğunu kaydeder (Voyage , s. 201 vd.). XIX. yüzyılın sonunda şehirde 1180 ev, on altı cami, on beş mescid, iki medrese, dört hamam, 300 dükkân bulunuyordu, nüfusu da 5900 kişi idi (Cuinet, II, 216). Şehir 1916’da Halep vilâyetinin Antep sancağına bağlanmış, Ekim 1918’de İngilizler tarafından işgal edilmiş, kısa bir süre sonra Fransızlar’a bırakılmıştır. Maarretünnu‘mân, Suriye Cumhuriyeti zamanında idarî olarak Halep’e bağlı kalmıştır. Günümüzde Suriye’nin idarî bölümlerinden biri olan İdlîb muhafazasına bağlı bir kaza merkezidir. 1960’ta 12.000 kadar olan nüfusu 2003 yılı tahminlerine göre 60.000’e yaklaşmıştır. Çevresinde tahıl ve pamuk yetiştirildiği için Suriye’nin önemli bir ticaret merkezidir.
Maarretünnu‘mân eskiden yedi kapılı bir surla çevriliydi. Ulucami (el-Mescidü’l-câmiu’l-kebîr), Mescid-i Yûşâ, Mescid-i Şeyh Atâ, Dâvûd Zâviyesi, Şâfiî (Ebü’l-Fevâris) Medresesi ve Osmanlı döneminde inşa edilmiş olan kervansaray şehrin belli başlı mimari eserleridir. Yûşâ, Şît, Meşhed-i Yûsuf, Abdullah b. Ammâr b. Yâsir ve Şeyh Ebû Zekeriyyâ Yahyâ b. Mansûr türbeleri şehrin başlıca ziyaret yerlerini oluşturur. Ömer b. Abdülazîz’in türbesi de Maarretünnu‘mân yakınlarındaki Deyrsem‘ân’da bulunmaktadır.
İbnü’l-Adîm şehir halkının üstün zekâlarıyla tanındığını söyler. Ortaçağ’da Maarrî nisbesiyle anılan çok sayıda âlim ve şair yetişmiş olup bunlardan bazıları şunlardır: Şair ve filozof Ebü’l-Alâ el-Maarrî ile fakih, edip, şair ve tarihçi Zeynüddin İbnü’l-Verdî, Sirâcüddin İbnü’l-Verdî, muhaddis Ebü’l-Behî Meymûn b. Ahmed, muhaddis Ebû Husayn et-Tenûhî, İbnü’l-Müneccâ, Kādî el-İmâm Ebü’l-Beyân Muhammed b. Ebû Gānim el-Maarrî.
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N. Elisséeff, “Maʿarrat al-Nuʿmān”, EI2 (İng.) , V, 922-927.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2003 yılında Ankara’da basılan 27. cildinde, 274-276 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.