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MAĞRÂVE Skip to content Zenâte boyuna mensup Berberî kabilesi.
Yakın akrabaları ve müttefikleri Benî İfren ve Benî İrniyân ile birlikte Şelif vadisinden Tilimsân’a ve Medyûneler’le meskûn dağ silsilelerine kadar uzanan bölgede bedevî bir hayat yaşayan Mağrâve, İslâm’ı benimseyen ve fetih ordularına yardımcı olan ilk Berberî kabilelerinden biridir. Rivayete göre reisleri Sûlât b. Vazmâr, Medine’ye giderek Hz. Osman ile görüşmüş ve kabile reisliği onaylanmıştır. Onun savaşlarda esir düşünce liderliği dikkate alınıp Medine’ye götürüldüğü, halifeden gördüğü iyilik karşısında İslâm’a girdiği ve eski görevine iade edildiği de rivayet edilir. Kaynaklarda, Mağrâve’nin bu tarihten itibaren müslümanlara destek verdiği ve Hz. Osman dolayısıyla kendini Emevîler’in mevlâsı saydığı, bulunduğu bölgede Endülüs Emevîleri için savaşlara katıldığı belirtilir.
Mağrâve, 122 (740) yılında Hâricî lideri Meysere el-Medgarî’nin çıkardığı isyan sırasında devletin yanında yer aldı. İdrîsîler’in kuruluş yıllarında Tilimsân ve civarına hâkim olan kabilenin reisi Muhammed b. Hazer, Tilimsân’ı kuşatan I. İdrîs’ten eman alarak teslim oldu ve ona itaat arzetti (174/790). Valiliği onaylanan Muhammed, Zenâte’nin diğer kollarının itaat altına alınması için I. İdrîs’e yardım etti. Bu dönemde Tilimsân bölgesinin en kuvvetli kabilesi haline gelen Benî Hazer, ilk zamanlarda İdrîsîler’in başlıca dayanaklarından biri olduğu gibi hânedanın son dönemlerinde de Fâtımîler’e karşı onların yanında yer aldı.
IV. (X.) yüzyılın başlarında Mağrib-i Evsat’taki İdrîsîler’e ait merkezleri ele geçiren Fâtımîler bölgenin idaresine Miknâse reisi Mûsâ b. Ebü’l-Âfiye’yi tayin etmişlerdi. Bu esnada Mağrâve’nin başında bulunan dört kardeşten biri olan Muhammed b. Hazer el-Asgar, Mûsâ’ya isyan etti ve üzerine gönderilen orduyu Şelif vadisiyle Tilimsân arasında meydana gelen savaşta ağır bir yenilgiye uğrattı (312/924). Ardından Tâhert’e hücum edip oradaki Fâtımî birliklerini de mağlûp etti. Bir yıl sonra Fâtımî ordusu karşısında Sicilmâse bölgesine sığınmak zorunda kalsa da mücadelesini devam ettirerek 317’de (929) Zâb bölgesinin tamamına hâkim oldu. Bu yıllarda Mağrib’i ülkesine katmak için harekete geçen ve 319 (931) yılında Sebte’yi ele geçiren Endülüs Emevî Hükümdarı III. Abdurrahman, Kuzey Afrika’nın mahallî emîrlerini kendisine itaate çağırdı. Zenâte kabilelerinin yaşadığı bölgede Fâtımîler’in müttefiki Mûsâ b. Ebü’l-Âfiye’den daha etkili durumda bulunan Muhammed b. Hazer el-Asgar onun hâkimiyetini tanıyan ilk emîr oldu. Ancak Ebû Yezîd en-Nükkârî’nin isyanı sırasında Fâtımîler’le barış yapmak zorunda kaldı (335/946). Daha sonra Muhammed’in torunu Muhammed b. Hayr, Fâtımîler’e karşı ayaklanan İfrenî lideri Ya‘lâ b. Muhammed’e katıldı ve onun Tâhert ile Tanca arasındaki bölgeyi zaptetmesine yardım etti. Ya‘lâ hutbeyi Halife III. Abdurrahman adına okutunca halife de kendisini Cezayir ve Tilimsân’a vali tayin etti. Ayrıca Mağrâve’nin desteğini tekrar kazanmak amacıyla Hazer’in soyundan olan Muhammed b. Hayr’ı Fas şehri valiliğine getirdi (344/955-56). Bu arada yeniden saldırıya geçen Fâtımîler 349’da (960) Fas ve Sicilmâse’yi zaptettiler. Endülüs Emevî Halifesi II. Hakem’in Mağrâve ile tekrar ittifak yapması üzerine Fâtımîler’i destekleyen Sanhâce ile Mağrâve arasında savaşlar vuku buldu. 360 ve 361 (971 ve 972) yıllarındaki savaşlarda zor durumda kalan ve Muhammed b. Hayr başta olmak üzere ondan fazla liderini kaybeden Mağrâveliler, Mağrib-i Evsat’ı Sanhâce’ye terkedip Mağrib-i Aksâ’da Melviye’nin ötesine gidip yerleştiler. Bir süre sonra Fas, Sicilmâse, Trablusgarp, Tilimsân ve Ağmât’ta emirlikler kurdular. Murâbıtlar’ın kuruluşuna kadar güçlerini ve nüfuzlarını devam ettirdiler.
Fas Mağrâveleri. Muhammed b. Hayr’ın torunu Muhammed b. Hayr el-Asgar, 979-984 yılları arasında Fas ve Sicilmâse’yi alıp hutbeyi Fâtımîler adına okutan İfrîkıye Emîri Bulukkîn b. Zîrî’ye ve onun yerine geçen oğlu Mansûr’a karşı başarılı bir mücadele verdi. Endülüs’e gidip Hâcib İbn Ebû Âmir el-Mansûr’dan yardım istedi. Mağrib’e bir sefer düzenleyen Endülüs ordusu Mağrâve ve Benî İfren kuvvetleriyle birlikte Sebte civarına yerleşti. Bir süre sonra Mağrâve’nin liderliği Abdullah b. Hazer evlâdından Zîrî b. Atıyye’nin eline geçti. Zîrî b. Atıyye, 377 (987) yılında Hâcib el-Mansûr tarafından Fas valiliğine tayin edildi. Sanhâce’nin üzerine yürüyerek topraklarını doğu istikametinde genişleten Zîrî 382’de (992) aldığı bir davetle Kurtuba’ya gitti. Döndüğünde Fas’ı işgal etmiş olan Fâtımî Valisi Yeddû b. Ya‘lâ ile mücadeleye girip şehri geri aldı (383/993). Aynı yıl içinde yeni bir idare merkezi kurmak amacıyla Vecde şehrinin inşaatını başlattı ve oraya taşındı. Bu arada onun Kurtuba (Córdoba) hâkimiyetinden kurtulmak istemesi yüzünden Endülüs Emevîleri’yle ilişkileri bozuldu. Endülüs Emevî kuvvetleri karşısında bozguna uğrayınca (387/997) Sahrâ’ya çekilmek zorunda kaldı; ardından Sanhâce kabilelerinin yaşadığı Tâhert, Tilimsân ve Zâb bölgesinin bazı merkezlerini ele geçirdi, Hâcib el-Mansûr’a mektup göndererek ondan af diledi ve kendisine itaat ettiğini bildirdi. Güçlü bir emirlik kurmaya çalıştıysa da başaramadan öldü (391/1001). Yerine geçen oğlu Muiz, Hâcib el-Mansûr tarafından Sicilmâse bölgesi dışında bütün Fas’ın idaresiyle görevlendirildi. Muizz’in ardından yönetime amcasının oğlu Hamâme b. Muiz b. Atıyye geldi. Benî İfren 424 (1033) yılında Fas şehrini onun elinden aldı. Vecde ve Tenes’e çekilen Hamâme dört yıl sonra Temîm’i Fas’tan çıkardı. Hamâme’nin oğlu Dûnâs zamanında nüfusu artan Fas şehri büyük bir ticaret merkezi haline geldi. Şehrin kenar mahallelerini surla çevirip camiler, hamamlar ve hanlar yaptıran Dûnâs 452’de (1060) öldü. Murâbıt Hükümdarı Yûsuf b. Tâşfîn 462’de (1070) Fas’ı zaptederek buradaki Mağrâve Emirliği’ni ortadan kaldırdı.
Sicilmâse Mağrâveleri. Endülüs Emevî halifesine itaat eden Mağrâve Emîri Hazrûn b. Fülfûl, Sicilmâse’ye karşı yürüyüp Midrârî hânedanına son verdi (366/976). Hazrûn’un 369 (979) yılında Fâtımîler’in müttefiki Bulukkîn b. Zîrî es-Sanhâce tarafından öldürülmesi üzerine yerine oğlu Vânüdîn geçti. Bulukkîn’in güçlerine direnemeyen Vânüdîn şehri terketmek zorunda kaldı. Bu sırada Mağrâve’nin bazı kolları Sebte’ye sığındı. Ancak Vânüdîn, 390’da (1000) Sicilmâse’yi geri aldı. Ardından Sicilmâse’ye bir sefer düzenleyen akrabası Fas Valisi Muiz b. Zîrî’yi yenen Vânüdîn, Endülüs Emevîleri’nin çöküş yıllarında 407’de (1016) bağımsızlığını ilân etti. Egemenlik alanını Melviye ve Sufrûy’a kadar genişletip Sicilmâse Emirliği’ni dönemin en güçlü Mağrâve emirliği haline getirdi ve Fas’ı tehdit etmeye başladı. Ancak oğlu Mes‘ûd zamanında Murâbıtlar, Sicilmâse’yi zaptederek bu emirliğe de son verdiler (445/1053-54).
Ağmât Mağrâveleri. Kaynaklarda Büyük Atlas’ın Merakeş ovalarına açılan geçitlerinden birinde yer alan Ağmât’ta hüküm süren Mağrâve Emirliği’nden bahsedilmektedir. Buradaki emîrlerin isimlerini tesbit edemediğini söyleyen İbn Haldûn onların Zîrîler’in Fas’taki devletlerinin sonuncusunu kurduğunu bildirir (el-ʿİber , VII, 62). 450-460 (1058-1068) yılları arasında hüküm süren hânedanın son emîri Laggût b. Yûsuf b. Ali, Murâbıtlar’la savaş sırasında öldürüldü.
Trablusgarp Mağrâveleri. İfrîkıye Zîrî Emîri Mansûr b. Bulukkîn, kendisini destekleyen Mağrâve lideri Saîd b. Hazrûn’u 381’de (991) Tubne valiliğine tayin etmişti. Babasının yerine geçen Fülfûl b. Saîd çıkan karışıklıklar üzerine Trablusgarp’a gelerek şehri ele geçirdi ve orada bir hânedan kurdu. 391-541 (1001-1146) yılları arasında hüküm süren bu hânedana dair çok az bilgi bulunmaktadır.
Tilimsân Mağrâveleri. Muhammed b. Hayr’ın ölümünün ardından kabilenin başına geçen iki kardeşten Ya‘lâ (diğeri Hayr) bir süre sonra Tilimsân’a hâkim oldu. Şehrin idaresi Murâbıtlar’ın şehri ele geçirmesine kadar (473/1080) onun evlâdına kaldı (İbn Haldûn, VII, 60).
Bu emirliklerin yıkılışından sonra Mağrâve kabilesinin kolları başta ilk vatanları Şelif ve civarı ile Evrâs dağı etekleri olmak üzere Mağrib’in çeşitli yörelerine dağıldı. Zamanla bölgede güçlü bir emîr haline gelen Benî Hazrûn kabilesi reisi Mindîl b. Abdurrahman, Muvahhidler’in çöküş yıllarında Şelif ve çevresinde yönetimi ele geçirdi. Venşerîs dağları ve civardaki bazı merkezleri de hâkimiyeti altına aldı. Ancak İfrîkıye sınırlarını aşıp Zenâte yurduna yönelen Yahyâ b. Gāniye karşısında yenilince kabilesi dağıldı (608/1211). Ardından kabile liderliğini üstlenen oğulları Abbas b. Mindîl ve Muhammed, Abdülvâdîler’in kurucusu Yağmurasan’la ittifak kurdu. Aralarında anlaşmazlık çıkınca Hafsîler’e itaat ettiğini açıkladılar ve Abbas b. Mindîl 659 (1261) yılında Hafsî sultanı tarafından Milyâne valiliğine getirildi. 662’de (1264) onu öldüren iki kardeşi Âbid ve Sâbit yönetimi ellerine aldılar. 668’de (1270) Abdülvâdî sultanının desteğiyle kabilenin başına geçen Ömer b. Mindîl 676’daki (1277-78) ölümüne kadar yönetimde kaldı. Tekrar Mağrâve’nin başına geçen Sâbit, Zenâte’nin diğer kollarının desteğini aldı ve Abdülvâdîler’e karşı bağımsızlığını açıklayarak Milyâne ve Tunus’u zaptetti. Ancak Yağmurasan 681 (1282) yılında Tunus’u geri aldı. İki taraf arasındaki mücadele devam ederken Merînî hükümdarından yardım istemek için Fas’a giden Sâbit orada bir arkadaşı tarafından öldürüldü (694/1295). Yerine vekil bıraktığı oğlu Muhammed de kısa süre sonra ölünce kardeşleri arasında ihtilâf çıktı ve onlardan bazıları Endülüs’e cihada gitti.
Mağrâve, 699’da (1300) yaşadığı bölgeye sefer düzenleyen Merînî Sultanı Ebû Ya‘kūb en-Nâsır’a itaat arzetti. 1302’de çıkardıkları isyan da bastırıldı. Yirmi yıl sonra Mağrâve liderlerinden Muhammed b. Yûsuf, Abdülvâdî Sultanı I. Ebû Tâşfîn’e isyan ederek Benî Tûcîn’in de katılmasıyla gücünü arttırdı, Venşerîs dağı ve civarındaki bölgeyi zaptetti. Ancak isyan bastırıldı ve kendisi ortadan kaldırıldı (719/1319). Merînî Sultanı Ebü’l-Hasan el-Mansûr, Abdülvâdîler’e son verip topraklarını ele geçirince Zenâte’ye mensup kabileleri itaat altına almıştı. Fakat onun Benî Hilâl ve Benî Süleym kabileleriyle yaptığı savaşlarda öldürüldüğü şayiası üzerine Mağrâve’den Ali b. Râşid bağımsızlıklarını ilân eden liderler arasında yer aldı. 749’da (1348) Şelif, Milyâne, Tenes ve Şerşel’i ele geçirip Merînîler’e karşı Abdülvâdîler’i destekledi. Ancak daha sonra araları açıldığından 752 (1351) yılında Mağrâve yurduna yürüyen Abdülvâdî orduları Ali b. Râşid’i ağır bir yenilgiye uğratarak bölgeyi itaat altına aldılar. Ali başta olmak üzere Mağrâve’den pek çok kişi öldürüldü, sağ kalanlar çeşitli bölgelere kaçtılar.
Mağrâve’nin bir kısım kolları farklı dönemlerde Endülüs’e geçmişti. Kabileye mensup bazı birlikler Mindîl el-Mağrâvî liderliğinde Erek savaşına katıldı. Endülüs’e yerleşen Benî Hazrûn mensupları, Endülüs Emevîleri’nin yıkılışı sürecinde hânedandan Süleyman b. Hakem b. Süleyman b. Abdurrahman en-Nâsır el-Müstaîn-Billâh’a destek verdiler. 403 (1012-13) yılında Kurtuba’yı ele geçiren Süleyman, Endülüs’ü kendisine yardım eden Berberî liderleri arasında taksim ederken el-Cevf’i Benî Hazrûn’a verdi. Ancak Benî Hazrûn mülûkü’t-tavâif döneminde siyasî bir yapı oluşturmayı başaramadı. el-Menâsikü’l-fıḳhiyye müellifi İbn Mansûr el-Mağrâvî, Muhammed Şakrûn b. Ebû Cum‘a ve Moriskolar için verdiği, XVI. yüzyıl boyunca İspanya’da İslâm’ın gizlice yaşatılmasında önemli rol oynayan fetvasıyla ünlü Ubeydullah Ahmed b. Bû Cum‘a el-Mağrâvî el-Vehrânî bu kabileye mensup âlimlerin başında gelir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA :
İbnü’l-Esîr, el-Kâmil , IX, 34, 46, 68, 153-154, 255; İbn İzârî, el-Beyânü’l-muġrib , I, 66, 231, 249-255; II, 211, 243; İbn Ebû Zer‘, el-Enîsü’l-muṭrib , Rabat 1972, s. 21, 88, 102-109, 111-119, 128, 134, 138, 140; el-Ḥulelü’l-mevşiyye fî ẕikri’l-aḫbâri’l-Merrâküşiyye (nşr. Süheyl Zekkâr – Abdülkādir Zimâme), Dârülbeyzâ 1399/1979, s. 28, 32, 186; İbn Haldûn, el-ʿİber (nşr. Halîl Şehhâde), Beyrut 1421/2001, VI, 174-175, 202-206, 242-247; VII, 33-62, 85-95, 116-117, 122, 159-160, 292-295; İbnü’l-Kādî, Ceẕvetü’l-iḳtibâs , Rabat 1393/1973-74, I, 21, 178, 194, 198-199, 337-338; II, 507; Selâvî, el-İstiḳṣâ , I, 138, 213, 261-264, 268, 271-276, 280-282; II, 13, 23, 28-29; III, 124; M. Abdullah İnân, Devletü’l-İslâm fi’l-Endelüs , Kahire 1997, I, 545-547, 558, 609, 654; IV, 275, 376; E. Lévi-Provençal, “Magrâva”, İA , VII, 139-142; T. Lewicki, “Mag̲h̲rāwa”, EI2 (İng.), V, 1173-1183; Muhammed el-Mağrâvî, “Maġrâve”, Maʿlemetü’l-Maġrib , Rabat 1426/2005, XXI, 7220-7222.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2019 yılında Ankara’da basılan (gözden geçirilmiş 3. basım) EK-2. cildinde, 169-171 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.