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MÂHİYET Skip to content Bir mevcudun veya ma‘dûmun küllî kavramı, bir varlığın özü, onun kendisiyle o olduğu şey anlamında felsefe terimi.
Arapça’da “mâ hüve” (Bu nedir?) sorusundan oluşturulmuş yapma (ca‘lî) bir isimdir. Tehânevî bu terimin “mâ hiye”den gelmiş olduğu görüşünü zayıf bulur. “Mâ” edatına, nisbet ifade eden “yâ” ile isim yapmak için kullanılan “tâ” harfinin eklenmesiyle oluşan mâiyyet de mâhiyyet ile eş anlamlı olarak kullanılmaktadır. İsâmüddin İbn Arabşah keyfiyyet, kemmiyyet ve şahsiyyet terimlerinin keyfe, kem ve şahs kelimelerinden türetildiği gibi mâhiyetin de mâ edatından türetildiği görüşünü savunmaktadır. Ancak mâhiyetin “mâ hüve”den geldiği görüşü yaygın kabul olarak benimsenmiştir (et-Taʿrîfât , “mâhiyyetü’ş-şeyʾ” md.; İsâmüddin el-İsferâyînî, s. 35-36; Ebü’l-Bekā, s. 863; Ahmed Negirî, s. 789).
Bir felsefe terimi olarak mâhiyet somut bir varlığı (mevcut) ne ise o yapan özü ifade etmek için kullanılır. Meselâ somut bir varlık olarak ağacın ne olduğuyla ilgili soru ağaçlar arasında müşterek olan, onları ağaç olmayanlardan farklı kılan bir öze atıfla cevaplandırılır ve buna “ağacın mâhiyeti” anlamında “ağaçlık” denilir. Bu anlamda Eflâtun, somut varlıkların yanında iyilik ve güzellik gibi değerlerin özünü değişmez ve sabit formlardan ibaret, kendi başlarına müstakil varlıklar olan idelerin teşkil ettiğini düşünmüş, somut varlıkların ne iseler o olarak var olmalarını bu ideleri temsil etmelerine bağlamıştı. Ancak Aristo, hocasının sabit ve değişmez form fikrine bağlı kalmakla birlikte idelerin müstakil varlık oldukları görüşünü reddederek mevcudu ontolojik yönden form ve maddeden oluşan bir vahdet şeklinde kavramış, bunu dört illet nazariyesiyle birleştirip somut varlıkları ne iseler o yapanın bu varlıkların kendi içlerinde taşıdıkları formlar olduğu tezini ortaya koymuştur. Bunun yanında yeterince sistematik olmamakla birlikte Aristo, mantığın tanım teorisi içinde bir şeyin ne olduğuyla ilgili sorunun onun ait olduğu cins ve hassa zikredilerek cevaplandırılacağını, böylece elde edilen tanımın o şeyin mâhiyetini ifade edeceğini söylemektedir. Aristo’nun nüve olarak mâhiyet meselesini ontolojik ve mantıkî cihetlerden söz konusu ettiği söylenebilir. Ancak o, mâhiyet anlamında birden çok terim kullandığı gibi vücutla mâhiyeti birbirinden sistematik bir şekilde ayırmamaktadır (Eisler, s. 742; Flach, IV, 1687-1688; Izutsu, s. 132-135; Atay, s. 73-77).
Fârâbî, mâhiyeti vücuttan tefrik edip varlıkları bu ayırıma bağlı olarak inceleyen ilk filozoftur. Fârâbî somut nesnelerin bir mâhiyeti, bir de vücudu olduğunu, mâhiyetin vücuda kurucu bir unsur olarak dahil olmadığı gibi vücudun aynı da olmadığını söylemiş, vücudun mâhiyete dışarıdan ârız olması gerektiğini savunmuştur. Ona göre bir şeyin vücudunun bizzat kendi mâhiyeti olması hariç vücut hiçbir zaman bir mâhiyetin lâzımı olamaz. Bu demektir ki somut nesnelerin mâhiyetleri onları zorunlu olarak var kılmaz; onların mevcut olabilmesi için mâhiyetlerine dışarıdan varlık verilmesi gerekir. Böyle olunca da mâhiyetleri vücutlarından tefrik edilebilen somut nesnelerin, varlıklarını kendisinden aldıkları ve vücudu mâhiyetiyle aynı olan bir varlığı tanımadan bu somut varlıkların nasıl mevcut olduğunu açıklamak mümkün değildir. Fârâbî, somut nesneler üzerinden yaptığı kavramsal tahlille varlıkları mâhiyeti vücudundan tefrik edilebilen ve edilemeyen olmak üzere iki kısma ayırmakta, birincisine mümkin varlıklar, ikincisine zorunlu varlık demektedir (Izutsu, s. 136-141; Atay, s. 77-81). Fârâbî’nin Aristo’da bulunmayan bu tefrikinin teolojik bir hüviyet kazanarak yaratılış ve yaratanla yaratılan arasındaki ilişki meselesi haline gelmesi, Grek düşünürleriyle müslüman düşünürlerin ontolojik sorunlara yönelişlerindeki kaygı farklılığı ile alâkalıdır.
İbn Sînâ mâhiyet-vücut ayırımını ontolojisinin temeli haline getirmiştir. Fârâbî gibi İbn Sînâ da metafiziğin birinci ve nihaî nesnesi saydığı somut varlıkları kavramsal bir tahlile tâbi tutar ve bunlarda kurucu iki unsur tesbit eder: Mâhiyet ve vücut. İbn Sînâ mâhiyetin vücuttan farkını en esaslı ontolojik ayırım olarak ortaya koyarken bu ayırımdan kaynaklanan birçok meseleyi de ayrıntılı biçimde incelemiştir. Bu ayırımın ona sağladığı en önemli imkân, yaratıcıyı yaratılandan ayırmaya ve bunlar arasındaki ilişkiyi açıklamaya zemin teşkil etmesidir. Ona göre mâhiyeti vücudundan tefrik edilebilen ve edilemeyen olmak üzere iki varlık kategorisi vardır. Birinci kısma mümkin varlıklar, ikincisine zorunlu varlık denilmektedir. Mümkin olanlar çok olmakla birlikte zorunlu varlık her cihetten bir olmak durumundadır. Zorunlu varlık, bizâtihi varlık olduğu ve varlığı ile mâhiyeti aynı olduğu için mümkin varlıklara varlık vererek onları mevcut kılar (vâhibü’l-vücûd); mevcut kılma ise onların mâhiyetlerine vücut sıfatının verilmesiyle gerçekleşir. Bu tefrik kavramsal bir ayırım olmakla birlikte yine de mâhiyetin varlığıyla ilgili bir soru ortaya çıkarır. Bu sorunun cevabı, mâhiyetler için de benzer bir tefriki veya bir şeyin kendi varlığını öncelemesi gibi bir düşünceyi akla getirdiği için İbn Sînâ mâhiyetin varlıktan bağımsız olarak kendi başına ele alınabileceğini söylemektedir. Bu yönden mâhiyet ne birdir ne çok, ne küllîdir ne cüz’î, ne mevcuttur ne ma‘dûm. İbn Sînâ böylece, mâhiyetlerin ne olduğuyla ilgili soruyu vücut ve ademe karşı nötr olduğunu söylediği tabii küllî kavramı içerisinde ele alarak mâhiyetin vücut ve ademin fevkinde olduğunu belirlemiş olur (al-Attas, s. 10-18; Izutsu, s. 141-144).
İbn Sînâ’nın mâhiyet konusunda tefrik ettiği, kendisinden sonra daha da sistematize edilerek geliştirilen “üç itibar teorisi”nde mâhiyet meselesinin sadece mantıkî yönden ele alınması yeterli bulunmayıp birinci olarak somut nesnelerin somut nesneler olarak ele alınabileceği, ikinci olarak onların varlığı dikkate alınmadan da haklarında konuşmanın mümkün olduğu belirtilmektedir. Üçüncü cihet ise bir nesnenin sadece zihinde varlığı dikkate alınınca ortaya çıkmaktadır (eş-Şifâʾ el-Manṭıḳ , s. 15; Izutsu, s. 144).
Mâhiyet hakkında konuşurken klasik hale gelmiş olan tavır böylece üç ayrı itibar cihetini tefrik eder. Bunlardan birincisi “lâ bi-şartı şey’in” tabiriyle ifade edilir ve bununla meselâ bir canlının mâhiyetinden bahsederken onun ne somut bir nesne olarak dış dünyada varlığı ne de zihindeki varlığı dikkate alınır. Buna “mutlak mâhiyet” adı verilir. Bu anlamda meselâ canlılık sadece canlılıktır. İkincisi “bi-şartı lâ-şey” tabiriyle anlatılır. Bununla da bir şey hakkında konuşurken onun sadece zihinde varlığı dikkate alınır. Buna “mücerred mâhiyet” denilir. Üçüncü olarak “bi-şartı şey’in” mâhiyetlerden söz edilir. Bu durumda mâhiyet dış dünyadaki somut nesneleri ifade eder. Buna “mahlût mâhiyet” adı verilir. Mutlak mâhiyet aynî ve zihnî varlık kaydından âzâde olduğu gibi mücerred mâhiyet sadece zihinde, mahlût mâhiyet ise hem zihinde hem dış dünyada mevcuttur (Seyyid Şerîf el-Cürcânî, Şerḥu’l-Mevâḳıf , III, 27-32; Ahmed Negirî, s. 790; al-Attas, s. 6-7).
Bunların yanında dil bilimi ve fıkıh usulünde “Bu nedir?” sorusuna verilen cevap, mâhiyet teriminin tabii ve şer‘î dili dikkate alan farklı bir kullanım şeklini ifade etmektedir. Dil bilimcileri mâ ile sorulan sorulara verilecek cevapları günlük dilin felsefesi açısından incelemeye yönelmiş, bu çerçevede “mâ” sorusunun cevabını, soruya konu olan şeyin mâhiyeti hakkında bir tasavvur olarak kabul etmişlerdir. Sekkâkî, Arapça’daki mâ sorusunun cevabının dildeki cinse tekabül ettiğini belirtmiştir. Teftâzânî, mevcut olmayan şeyler hakkında da konuşma imkânı bulunduğuna işaret ederek hakikati olmayan şeylerin mefhumu bulunabileceğini, bunların dildeki anlamları (cinsler) dikkate alınarak mâhiyetleri hakkında konuşulabileceğini söylemektedir. Cürcânî de dildeki mâhiyet anlayışı ile mantıktaki anlayışın farklı olduğunu belirterek benzer görüşleri ifade etmiştir (Bâbertî, s. 352-353; Teftâzânî, el-Muṭavvel , s. 232-233; a.mlf., Muḫtaṣarü’l-meʿânî , I, 209-211). Dil bilimi açısından mâhiyetin ele alınış şekli felsefeden ve müteahhirîn kelâmcılarından farklı olmakta, ayrıca fıkıh ve fıkıh usulünde isimlerin açıklanması sadedinde “Bu nedir?” sorusunun cevabı verilirken mantık ve felsefeden çok, tabii dildeki ve dil bilimindeki kullanım şekli esas alınmaktadır. Mâtürîdî ve Ebü’l-Muîn en-Nesefî örneklerinde görüldüğü gibi bu durum mütekaddimîn kelâmı için de geçerlidir (Kitâbü’t-Tevḥîd , s. 166-167; Tebṣıratü’l-edille , I, 161-165).
Mâhiyet teriminin, “Bir şeyin kendisiyle o şey olduğudur” şeklindeki tanımında geçen “ile” (bi) bağlacının sebep bildirmesi durumunda fâil illetin mâhiyetiyle aynı olduğu ve bir şeyin mâhiyeti denildiğinde onun fâil illetinin kastedildiği intibaı ortaya çıkmaktadır. Çünkü vücudu mümkün olan bir şey mevcut olabilmesi için onu icat edecek bir mûcide muhtaçtır. O şeyi ademden vücuda getirene “fâil illet” denilmekte, böylece fâil illetin tanımı ile mâhiyetin tanımı örtüşmektedir. Nitekim İşrâkī tavır, tanımdaki “bi” bağlacının sebebiyet bildirdiği tezinden hareketle mâhiyetin fâil illetle aynı şeyi ifade ettiğini, dolayısıyla vücudun mâhiyeti öncelediğini savunmuştur (Hayâlî, s. 22-24; Bihiştî Ramazan Efendi, s. 23-24; Ebü’l-Bekā, s. 863; Ahmed Negirî, s. 789; Abdülhakîm Siyâlkûtî – Abdullah el-Eyyûbî, I, 76-90; Kalın, s. 138-144).
Mâhiyet, biraz daha geniş anlamıyla bir şeyin ait olduğu mantıkî veya lisanî cinsi ifade etmek için kullanılmaktadır (Ebü’l-Bekā, s. 752). Ebü’l-Bekā, ruh sahibi olmayan mevcûdat hakkında sorulan “mâ hüve” (Bu nedir?) sorusunun cins ifade ederken ruh sahibi olanlar hakkında sorulan “men hüve” (Bu kimdir?) sorusunun mümâselet ifade ettiğini söyler. “Bu nedir?” sorusu, “Bunun cinsi nedir?” sorusunun başka bir şekilde ifadesi olmaktadır. Verilen cevap tabii dildeki cins ile mantıktaki cins tanımına bağlı olarak değişmektedir. Allah’ın mâhiyetinden bahsedilemeyeceği tezini temellendirirken filozofların ve müteahhirîn kelâmcılarının O’nun cinsi olmadığını söylemeleri, mâhiyet teriminin mantıktaki cins kavramına tekabül eden kullanımını esas almaktadır. Mantıkta cinsin en önemli özelliklerinden biri fasla ihtiyaç duymasıdır. Halbuki Allah hakkında ihtiyaç ima eden bir ifadenin kullanılması uygun görülmemiştir. Fakat dildeki cins terimi söz konusu olduğunda bu kaygı geçerli değildir. Çünkü dilde cins kavramı faslı veya herhangi bir alt unsuru gerektirmez. Bu yönden mütekaddimîn dönemi kelâmcıları ve Şerḥu’l-ʿAḳāʾid ’e hâşiye yazan Osmanlı ulemâsı, Allah’ın mâhiyetinden dildeki anlamıyla sadece kendisinden ibaret bir cins olarak bahsedilmesinde sakınca görmezken felâsife ve müteahhirîn kelâmcıları, Allah’ın mâhiyetinden bahsetmenin O’nun hakkında vücut-mâhiyet terkibini akla getireceğini söyleyerek bunu reddetmişlerdir (Mâtürîdî, s. 166-167; Nesefî, I, 161-165; Hayâlî, s. 56).
Batı Ortaçağı’nda İbn Sînâ ve diğer müslüman filozofların eserleri Latince’ye tercüme edilirken mâhiyet essentia ve ens in yanında çoğunlukla quidditas terimiyle karşılanarak varlık felsefesinin önemli terimlerinden biri haline gelmiştir. Bilhassa küllîlerin varlığı ve bu çerçevede vücut-mâhiyet ayırımı, bunların hangisinin diğerini öncelediği meselesi önemli tartışmalara konu olmuştur. XX. yüzyıl Batı düşüncesinde Martin Heidegger ve Jean Paul Sartre gibi düşünürler, meseleyi insan üzerinde yoğunlaştırarak insanın vücûdunun mâhiyetini öncelediği ve insanın mâhiyetini bilfiil oluşturduğu tezini insanın özgürlüğünü ispat etmenin bir gerekçesi olarak kabul etmişlerdir (Eisler, s. 742; Aquin, tür.yer.; Allers, s. 70 vd.).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
et-Taʿrîfât , “mâhiyye”, “mâhiyyetü’ş-şeyʾ” md.leri.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2003 yılında Ankara’da basılan 27. cildinde, 336-338 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.