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MAHMÛD b. MUHAMMED TAPAR Skip to content Mugīsü’d-dünyâ ve’d-dîn yemînü emîri’l-mü’minîn Ebü’l-Kāsım Mahmûd b. Muhammed Tapar b. Melikşâh es-Selcûkī (ö. 525/1131)
Irak Selçuklu sultanı (1118-1131).
498’de (1105) doğdu. Babası Sultan Muhammed Tapar, ölümüyle sonuçlanan hastalığının son günlerine rastlayan 511 yılı kurban bayramında (4-6 Nisan 1118) Oğuz töresine uygun biçimde büyük bir ziyafet tertip ederek sofrasını ve sarayını yağmalattı. Bundan birkaç gün sonra durumunda bir düzelme göremeyince beş oğlundan (Mahmud, Tuğrul, Mesud, Süleyman Şah ve Selçuk Şah) en büyüğü olan Mahmud’u yanına çağırıp ona ölümünün yaklaştığını, tahta çıkıp devlet işlerine nezaret etmesini söyledi; ardından oğlunu 15 veya 23 Zilhicce 511’de (9 veya 17 Nisan 1118) Büyük Selçuklu tahtına çıkararak emîrlerden biat aldı (İbnü’l-Esîr, el-Kâmil , X, 525; a.mlf., et-Târîḫu’l-bâhir , s. 20). Sultan Muhammed Tapar 24 Zilhicce’de (18 Nisan) ölünce Mahmud, devlet erkânının desteğiyle on dört yaşında iken Büyük Selçuklu tahtına çıkınca cülûs bahşişi olarak 10 milyon dinar dağıttı. Ertesi gün camilerde hutbe onun adına okunmaya başlandı. Abbâsî Halifesi Müstazhir-Billâh, 13 Muharrem 512’de (6 Mayıs 1118) Bağdat’ta Mahmud adına hutbe okutarak saltanatını tasdik etti.
Hâcib-i Büzürg Ali Bâr ve kâtibi Ebü’l-Kāsım Dergezînî gibi bazı devlet erkânı ve kumandanlar, yaşının küçüklüğünden faydalanarak Mahmud’u nüfuzlarını genişletmek amacıyla amcası Horasan Meliki Sencer aleyhine kışkırttılar. Zübdetü’n-Nusra ’da on madde halinde sıralanan (s. 117-121) yolsuzlukları ve haince planları haber alan ve sultanlığını ilân eden Sencer (14 Haziran 1118), bu yolsuzluk ve kışkırtmalara bir son vermek ve Büyük Selçuklu tahtının tek sahibi olmak için yeğeni Mahmud üzerine yürüdü. Sencer’in hareket ettiğini öğrenen Mahmud, amcasına çeşitli hediyeler gönderip yılda 20.000 dinar vergi ödemeyi önerdi. Ancak Sencer, devlet adamlarının yeğenini tahakküm altına aldıklarını söyleyerek yoluna devam etti. Sencer’in yanında Gazneli meliki, Sîstan hâkimi Ebü’l-Fazl Tâcüddin Nasr b. Halef, Kutbüddin Hârizmşah, Kâkûyîler’den Alâüddevle Gerşâsb, İsmâilîler ve bazı gayri müslim Türk zümreleri de bulunuyordu.
Sencer’in kararlılığını gören Mahmud Rey’e gidip savaş hazırlıklarına başladı. İki tarafın öncü kuvvetleri karşılaşınca Hâcib-i Büzürg Ali Bâr, Sencer’in kumandanı Emîr Üner’i mağlûp etti. Bağdat şahnesi Mengü Bars b. Böri Bars ile Mansûr b. Sadaka el-Esedî de Mahmud’un saflarına katıldı. Ancak Sâve civarında yapılan meydan savaşında Mahmud yenildi (2 Cemâziyelâhir 513 / 10 Eylül 1119) ve İsfahan’a çekildi; Halife Müsterşid-Billâh Bağdat’ta Sultan Sencer adına hutbe okutmaya başladı. Mahmud’un veziri Kemâlülmülk (Kemâleddin) es-Sümeyremî ve kumandanları Sencer’den Mahmud’un bağışlanmasını istediler; Sencer de özellikle annesi Seferiye Hatun’un ricasıyla yeğenini bağışladı. Bunun üzerine Mahmud’un Sencer’in huzuruna çıkarken tâbiliğini açıkça belirtmesi için şu şekilde hareket etmesi kararlaştırıldı: Mahmud Sencer’in yedek atına binecek, kendi saltanat alâmeti olan kırmızı renkten vazgeçip Sencer’in alâmeti olan siyah-beyazı benimseyecekti; huzura girince yer öpecek ve Sencer’i ayakta bekleyecek, rikâbının yanında yayan yürüyecek, otağının arkasındaki çadırda onun aile efradından biri gibi oturacak, amcasının güven ve hoşnutluğunu kazanmak için yanında yirmi gün (veya bir ay) kalacak, yanında kaldığı sürece kendi adına nevbet çaldırmayacaktı. Sencer böylece, hükümdarlık hak ve alâmetlerinden vazgeçmiş bir durumda huzuruna çıkan yeğeni Mahmud’u kucakladı; sonra da onu Irak Selçuklu sultanı ve kendisinin veliahdı ilân edip kızıyla evlendirdi. Mahmud, Sencer’in önce Mâhmelek Hatun adlı kızıyla, onun ölümü üzerine diğer kızı Gevher Neseb Hatun ile evlendi. Şâban 513’te (Kasım 1119) yapılan antlaşmaya göre Sencer “es-sultânü’l-a‘zam ve sultânü’s-selâtîn”, Mahmud “es-sultânü’l-muazzam ve seyyidü’s-selâtîn” unvanlarını kullanacak, Mahmud da amcası gibi günde beş defa nevbet çaldıracaktı. Ancak Sencer, yeğenine babası Muhammed Tapar’ın doğrudan yönettiği toprakların bir kısmını bıraktı; Rey, Mâzenderan ve Kūmis bölgelerini kendi topraklarına ilhak etti. İbnü’l-Esîr, söz konusu antlaşmadan sonra Sencer’in bir menşurla yeğeni Mahmud’a verdiği toprakları şöyle sıralar (et-Târîḫu’l-bâhir , s. 21): Hemedan, İsfahan, Cibâl (Irâk-ı Acem), Kirman, Fars, Hûzistan, Irâk-ı Arab, Azerbaycan, İrmîniye, Diyarbekir, Musul, el-Cezîre, Diyârımudar ve Diyârırebîa, Suriye ve Beledürrûm (Anadolu). Sencer, Mahmud’u yirmi gün (veya bir ay) kadar yanında tuttuktan sonra hil‘at, kıymetli mücevherler, eyer takımları, değerli atlar ve mahfeli bir fil hediye edip Irak Selçuklu sultanı olarak ülkesine gönderdi. Bu arada Mahmud’un ordusunda kendisine karşı savaşan kumandanları ve devlet adamlarını tasfiye etti. Sencer, bu taksim sırasında Mahmud’un kardeşlerinden Tuğrul’a el-Cibâl’in doğu yarısıyla Gîlân’ı, Selçuk Şah’a Fars eyaletiyle İsfahan ve Hûzistan’ın yarısını iktâ etmiş, böylece Mahmud’un başında bulunduğu Irak Selçuklu Devleti’nin kendisine karşı bir daha tehlike oluşturmaması için gerekli tedbirleri almıştır.
Mahmud’un Irak’a dönmesinden kısa bir süre sonra Musul ve Azerbaycan meliki olan Mesud, ünlü veziri Tuğrâî ve Atabeg Cüyûş Bey Ayaba gibi bazı emîrlerin tahrikiyle isyan etti. Hemedan yakınlarında Esedâbâd Boğazı’nda yapılan savaşı kumandanı Aksungur el-Porsukī’nin çabasıyla Mahmud kazandı (Rebîülevvel 514 / Haziran 1120). Mesud af dileyip huzura gelince Mahmud kardeşini bağışladı. Vezir Tuğrâî idam edildi; Atabeg Cüyûş Bey Ayaba ise affa mazhar oldu, fakat Musul’un idaresi elinden alınıp Aksungur el-Porsukī’ye verildi. Ertesi yıl Gürcü Kralı IV. David’in Selçuklular’a ödediği haracı vermemesi ve hâkimiyet alanını Şamahı ve Derbend’e doğru genişletmesi üzerine Mahmud kardeşi Melik Tuğrul’u Gürcistan seferine memur etti (515/1121). Ancak Necmeddin İlgazi, Dübeys b. Sadaka ve Atabeg Gündoğdu’nun da bulunduğu Selçuklu ordusu Gürcüler karşısında başarı sağlayamadı. Gürcüler Tiflis’e girdiler ve yönetimdeki Benî Ca‘fer ailesini oradan sürdüler. Bunun üzerine Sultan Mahmud bizzat sefere çıktı ve Şirvan’a kadar gitti, fakat o da kayda değer bir sonuç alamadan geri döndü (517/1123). Gürcüler Tiflis ile Ani’yi yağmaladılar ve buradaki Şeddâdîler’in hâkimiyetine son verdiler. O sıralarda Melik Tuğrul, Halife Müsterşid-Billâh ile anlaşmazlığa düştü ve girdiği mücadelede yenilerek Sencer’e sığındı. Mahmud, Tuğrul’un bu hareketini kendi hâkimiyetine yapılan bir saldırı kabul etti ve Tuğrul’un bu davranışından Sencer’i sorumlu tutup halife ile iş birliğine gitti. Sencer bu ittifakı duyunca Mahmud’a bir elçi göndererek halifenin Selçuklular’a komplo hazırladığını, kendisini bertaraf edebilirse sıranın ona geleceğini bildirip Mahmud’u uyardı. Bunun üzerine Mahmud halifeyle yaptığı ittifakı bozarak onunla mücadeleye girdi (520/1126). Bu mücadele ertesi yıl yapılan bir antlaşmayla sona erince Sultan Sencer, Mahmud’un halifeyle anlaşmasından yine rahatsız oldu.
Bu arada Hille Emîri Dübeys b. Sadaka, Melik Tuğrul’u Bağdat’ı ele geçirerek yeni bir Selçuklu Devleti kurmaya teşvik etti. Ancak Mahmud onları Cibâl üzerinden Horasan’a sürdü (519/1125). Tuğrul başarılı olamayınca Dübeys ile birlikte Horasan’a gidip Sultan Sencer’e, Mahmud’la Müsterşid-Billâh’ı kendi aleyhine iş birliği yapmakla suçlayarak şikâyet etti. Sencer de Mahmud’a karşı bir sefer hazırlığına başladı ve olup bitenleri öğrenmek için onu huzuruna çağırdı. Mahmud hemen Rey’e gidip kayıtsız şartsız itaat sundu (522/1128); Sencer de ona Dübeys’in Hille’ye yerleşmesine izin vermesini emretti ve kendisine zorluk çıkarmaları muhtemel olan Tuğrul ile Mesud’u yanına alıp Horasan’a götürdü. Bir süre sonra Mahmud’un taahhütlerini yerine getirmediğini görünce Mesud’u faaliyetlerinde serbest bıraktı, Mesud da ağabeyine karşı ikinci defa ayaklandı. Zilhicce 524’te (Kasım 1130) Cürcân’dan Sâve’ye gelen Mesud’un Bağdat üzerine yürümek niyetinde olduğunu öğrenen Mahmud, Hemedan’a giderek onun ilerlemesini engelledi ve iki kardeş arasında anlaşma sağlandı. Yapılan antlaşmaya göre Mesud Mahmud’u sultan tanıyacak, Mahmud da onu birinci veliaht ilân edecek, Mahmud’un oğlu Dâvud ikinci, kardeşi Tuğrul üçüncü veliaht olacaktı. Sultan Mahmud’un oğullarından Melikşah ile Muhammed de Irak Selçuklu tahtına çıkmıştır.
Sultan Mahmud zaman zaman Abbâsî Halifesi Müsterşid-Billâh ile anlaşmazlığa düşmüş ve bu anlaşmazlık Bağdat’ın muhasarasına kadar varmıştır. Bağdat’taki nüfuzunu ve şahnesinin otoritesini güçlendirmek isteyen Mahmud, Zilhicce 520’de (Aralık 1126) ve Muharrem 521’de (Ocak 1127) iki defa Bağdat’ı kuşattı. Sonunda halifenin veziri Celâleddin b. Sadaka’nın aracılığıyla anlaşmazlık giderildi. İbnü’l-Esîr, Sultan Mahmud’un 524’te (1130) Alamut’u muhasara ederek aldığını söylerse de (el-Kâmil , X, 666) diğer kaynaklarda bunu doğrulayacak bilgi yoktur. Mahmud’un saltanatının son yıllarında idareyi ele geçiren liyakatsiz kişiler yüzünden devletin otoritesi sarsılmış ve hazinesi çok kötü bir duruma düşürülmüştü (Ahbârü’d-devleti’s-Selcûkıyye , s. 69; Bündârî, s. 147).
Sultan Mahmud 15 Şevval 525’te (10 Eylül 1131) Hemedan’da vefat etti. İyi bir eğitim gören ve çok zeki olan Mahmud Arapça’nın yanı sıra şiir, edebiyat, siyer ve tarih konularında bilgi sahibiydi. Mutedil, hassas, adaletli ve anlayışlı bir hükümdar olarak tanınıyordu. Âlim, edip ve şairleri, hayır sahiplerini korurdu. İmam Gazzâlî’nin kardeşi Ahmed el-Gazzâlî’yi sarayına davet ederek ihsanda bulunmuştu. Şair Haysa Beysa da ondan “ed-Dâliyye” adlı kasidesiyle iyi bir ödül almıştı. Kaynaklar Mahmud’un avcı kuşlara ve av köpeklerine düşkün olduğunu kaydeder. Sultan Mahmud ordusunun gittiği her yere bîmâristanını da götürürdü. Çok sayıda devenin taşıdığı seyyar hastahanede görev yapan hekimler arasında Ebü’l-Hakem el-Endelüsî ile Sedîd Ebü’l-Vefâ Yahyâ b. Saîd de bulunuyordu.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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a.mlf., “Maḥmūd b. Muḥammad b. Maliks̲h̲āh”, EI2 (İng.) , VI, 63-64.
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Mehmet Altay Köymen, Büyük Selçuklu İmparatorluğu Tarihi , Ankara 1984, II, bk. İndeks.
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Abdülkerim Özaydın, Sultan Muhammed Tapar Devri Selçuklu Tarihi (498-511/1105-1118) , Ankara 1990, s. 149-150.
Ali Sevim – Erdoğan Merçil, Selçuklu Devletleri Tarihi: Siyaset, Teşkilât ve Kültür , Ankara 1995, s. 231-241.
M. Th. Houtsma, “Mahmûd”, İA , VII, 170-171.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2003 yılında Ankara’da basılan 27. cildinde, 371-372 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.