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MAHMÛD HASAN DİYÛBENDÎ Skip to content (1851-1920)
Hint âlimi ve fikir adamı.
Uttar Pradeş eyaletine bağlı Bireli (Bareilly) kasabasında doğdu. Şeyhülhind unvanıyla meşhurdur. İlk eğitimini Arap dili ve Câhiliye şiiri üzerindeki eserleriyle tanınan babası Zülfikar Ali’den, amcası Mehtâb Ali’den ve bölgedeki diğer hocalardan aldı. 1866’da kurulan Diyûbend Medresesi’nin (Dârülulûm-i Diyûbend) ilk öğrencisi oldu. 1875’te aynı medreseye müderris olarak alındı ve burada çeşitli aralıklarla uzun yıllar ders verdi.
1877 yılında çıktığı hac seyahati esnasında, Hindistan’dan Hicaz’a hicret etmiş bulunan âlimlerden muhaddis Abdülganî Müceddidî’den hadis, Çiştiyye tarikatı şeyhi İmdâdullah Tehânevî’den tasavvuf dersleri ve hilâfet aldı. Hac dönüşünde medresedeki vazifesine devam eden Mahmûd Hasan 1888’de başmüderris, hocası Reşid Ahmed Gengûhî’nin vefatı üzerine 1905’te rektör oldu. Onun faaliyetleri sonunda medrese oldukça genişledi ve ünü Hindistan dışına taştı. Buraya Afganistan, Türkistan, Buhara, Yemen ve Endonezya gibi bölgelerden öğrenciler gelmeye başladı. Mahmûd Hasan, özel olarak yetiştirdiği talebelerine önce ulemâ arasında birlik oluşturulması amacıyla Cem‘iyyetü’l-ensâr’ı (1909), ardından İngiliz eğitim sisteminin din yönünden bıraktığı olumsuz etkilerden gençleri korumak üzere Nezâretü’l-maârifi’l-Kur’âniyye’yi (1913) kurdurdu. Ayrıca Batı tarzında okullarla klasik tarzda eğitim veren medreseler arasındaki metot ve zihniyet farkını azaltmak maksadıyla modern bir eğitim kurumu olan Mohammadan Anglo-Oriental High School (Aligarh Koleji) ile Diyûbend Dârülulûm’u arasında hoca ve öğrenci değişimi anlaşmasını imzalattı.
Osmanlı Devleti’nin Trablusgarp ve Balkan savaşları sırasında (1911-1913) Mahmûd Hasan Dârülulûm-i Diyûbend’i geçici olarak tatil etti; başta arkadaşları ve talebeleri olmak üzere müslümanları Osmanlılar’a yardıma çağırdı. Bu durum Hindistan’daki İngiliz idaresini yıpratmak için de iyi bir fırsattı. Mahmûd Hasan işlerini daha kolay yürütebilmek amacıyla Delhi’ye yerleşti. Güvendiği talebelerine Afganistan sınırındaki Yağıstan’da askerî bir kamp kurdurdu. Öğrencisi Ubeydullah Sindî’yi siyasî destek aramak ve gerekli organizasyonu yapmak için Afganistan’a gönderdi (1915). Sindî, Afganistan’da diplomatik faaliyetlerde bulundu ve sürgünde kurulan Hint hükümetinin Hindistan’dan sorumlu bakanı oldu.
1915’te ikinci defa hacca giden Mahmûd Hasan Mekke’de Hicaz Valisi Gālib, Medine’de Harbiye Nâzırı Enver ve Bahriye Nâzırı Cemal paşalarla görüştü. Hicaz’dan mücahidlerin bulunduğu Yağıstan’a gitmek istediyse de Ruslar’ın geçiş yollarını kapatması üzerine buna muvaffak olamadı. Mekke’de ilmî faaliyetlerine devam etmeye çalışan Mahmûd Hasan, Mekke Emîri Şerîf Hüseyin’in Osmanlı Devleti’ne karşı isyanı sırasında tutuklandı (Ekim 1916). Buna gerekçe olarak isyana dinî bir hüviyet kazandırmak için çıkarılan fetvayı imzalamaması gösterilse de asıl sebebin İngilizler aleyhine yürütülen faaliyetlere aktif biçimde katılması olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Nitekim hemen ardından üç arkadaşıyla birlikte İngilizler’e teslim edildi ve Kahire’deki savaş suçluları kampına, buradan da Malta’ya götürüldü (21 Şubat 1917). Olay Hindistan’da duyulunca İngiliz hükümeti aleyhine yapılan gösterilerde onun serbest bırakılması istendiyse de bu tepkiler İngilizler’i kararından vazgeçirmedi. Mahmûd Hasan Malta’da üç yıl kadar tutuldu ve 12 Mart 1920’de üç arkadaşıyla birlikte Hindistan’a gönderildi.
İleri yaşına ve İngiliz hükümetinin uyarısına rağmen Mahmûd Hasan ülkenin çeşitli şehirlerine seyahatte bulundu, İngiliz yönetimine karşı halkı uyarıcı konuşmalar yaptı. Kasım 1919’da oluşturulan Hilâfet Komitesi’ni desteklediğini bildirdi. Bu komite bir toplantısında kendisine “Şeyhülhind” unvanını verdi. Aligarh Koleji’nin İngiliz yanlısı politikalardan vazgeçmemesi üzerine Câmia Milliyye İslâmiyye adıyla yeni bir üniversite kurulması fikrini destekledi ve 29 Ekim 1920’de bu üniversitenin açılışını gerçekleştirdi. Aligarh’da İngiliz hükümeti aleyhinde çok etkili konuşmalar yapan Mahmûd Hasan bir soru üzerine İngiliz hükümetiyle bütün ilişkileri kesme fetvası verdi. 1919’da kurulan Cem‘iyyet-i Ulemâ-yı Hind’in ikinci toplantısındaki (19-21 Kasım 1920) konuşmasında İngilizler’i İslâm ve müslümanların en büyük düşmanı olarak ilân etti. Toplantının sonunda onun Aligarh’da verdiği fetva 500 kadar âlim tarafından imzalanarak kamuoyuna bu kuruluşun ortak fetvası şeklinde bildirildi. Mahmûd Hasan 30 Kasım 1920’de vefat etti, cenazesi Delhi’den Diyûbend’e götürülerek burada defnedildi.
Mahmûd Hasan, Dârülulûm-i Diyûbend’deki hocalığı sırasında bazı öğrencilerle özel olarak ilgilenmiş, bunlar ileriki yıllarda Hint-İslâm toplumuna büyük katkılarda bulunmuştur. Enver Şah Keşmîrî, Eşref Ali Tehânevî, Ubeydullah Sindî, Senâullah Amritsarî, Şebbîr Ahmed Osmânî, kendisi hakkındaki Risâle-i Şeyḫu’l-Hind ’in (Delhi 1918) müellifi Kifâyetullah Dihlevî, Hüseyin Ahmed Medenî, Muhammed İlyâs Kandehlevî, Seyyid Muhammed Miyân ve Ahmed Ali Lâhûrî onun bu talebelerinden bazılarıdır.
Eserleri. 1. Edille-i Kâmile . Ehl-i hadîs ekolünden Muhammed Hüseyin Batalvî’nin Hanefî mezhebindeki bazı meselelerin Kitap ve Sünnet’te delili bulunmadığı iddiası üzerine yazılmıştır (Diyûbend 1875-1877 [?]). Müellif bu konuda daha sonra ortaya atılan sorulara cevap için de Îżâḥu’l-Edille ’yi kaleme almıştır (Mîret 1299/1882; Diyûbend 1330/1912).
2. Taṣḥîḥu Ebî Dâvûd . Müellif, Sünen-i Ebî Dâvûd’un matbu ve yazma nüshalarını inceleyerek musahhah bir nüsha meydana getirmiştir. Arapça olan bu çalışma 1318 (1900) yılında Delhi’de yayımlanmıştır.
3. Mûḍıḥu’l-Furḳān . 1909’da başlayıp Temmuz 1918’de Malta’da tamamladığı Kur’an tercümesidir. İlk defa 1920 yılında Bicnôr’da basılan eser, Şah Abdülkādir ed-Dihlevî’nin Mûḍıḥu’l-Ḳurʾân (Mûżıḥ-ı Ḳurʾân) adlı Urduca Kur’an tercümesinin bazı çıkarma, ilâve ve sadeleştirilmelerle yeni bir düzenlemesidir. Tercüme Hindistan ve Pakistan’da birçok defa basılmıştır. Mahmûd Hasan eseri tamamlayınca tefsirî hâşiyeler de yazmaya başlamış, fakat tamamlayamadan vefat etmiştir. Bu hâşiyeler, Nisâ sûresinden sonrası talebesi Şebbîr Ahmed Osmânî tarafından kaleme alınarak Tefsîr-i ʿOs̱mânî adıyla neşredilmiştir (Bicnôr 1925). Afganistan Devleti Mûḍıḥu’l-Furḳān ’ı esas alarak bir Kur’an tercümesi hazırlatmış ve Tefsîr-i ʿOs̱mânî ’nin Farsça çevirisiyle birlikte yayımlamıştır. Tercüme ve tefsir Kral Fehd’in başlattığı, çeşitli dillerde Kur’an meâlleri bastırıp dağıtma programı içinde yüzbinlerce basılarak (Medine 1989) dağıtılmıştır.
4. Külliyyât-ı Şeyḫu’l-Hind . Farsça ve Urduca kaside, mersiye, methiye ve tarih manzumelerini içeren kitap müellifin talebesi Asgar Hüseyin tarafından Diyûbend’de neşredilmiş (1340/1922), daha sonra Ebû Selmân Şahcihânpûrî kitabı bir giriş ekleyerek yeniden yayımlamıştır (Karaçi 1994).
5. Ḥâşiyetü Muḫtaṣari’l-meʿânî . Sa‘deddin et-Teftâzânî’ye ait eserin ve iki şerhinin hâşiyesi olup 1344’te (1925) Delhi’de, ardından birçok defa Delhi ve Karaçi’de basılmıştır.
6. en-Nûrü’s-sârî ʿalâ Ṣaḥîḥi’l-Buḫârî . Ṣaḥîḥ-i Buḫârî derslerinin Müştâk Ahmed Pencâbî tarafından yazıya geçirilmiş şekli olup 1963’te neşredilmiştir.
Mahmûd Hasan’ın diğer eserleri de şunlardır: el-Ebvâb ve’t-terâcim li-Ṣaḥîḥi’l-Buḫârî , Cühdü’l-muḳıl fî tenzîhi’l-muʿizzi ve’l-müzil , Aḥsenü’l-ḳurâ fî tavżîḥi evs̱âḳı’l-ʿurâ , el-Feyżü’l-cârî li-şerḥi Ṣaḥîḥi’l-Buḫârî , İfâdât-ı Maḥmûd , el-Verdü’ş-şeẕî ʿalâ Câmiʿi’t-Tirmiẕî .
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Yuvaraj Deva Prasad, “The Silk Letter Plot-An Anti-British Conspiracy in World War I”, JPHS , XXXIV/3 (1986), s. 153-163.
Abdulhamit Birışık, “Şeyhu’l-Hind Mahmud Hasan Diyûbendî”, İlim ve Sanat , sy. 41, İstanbul 1996, s. 55-69.
Şeyh Nezîr Hüseyin, “Maḥmûd Ḥasan”, UDMİ , XX, 32-39.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2003 yılında Ankara’da basılan 27. cildinde, 366-367 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.