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MAHMUD ŞEVKET PAŞA Skip to content (1856-1913)
II. Meşrutiyet devri sadrazamı.
Bağdat’ta doğup büyüdü, bundan ötürü Arap lakabıyla da anılır. Abdülmecid devri mutasarrıflarından Çeçen asıllı Kethüdâzâde Süleyman Bey’in oğludur. Köklü bir Türk ailesinden gelen annesinin soyu IV. Murad dönemine kadar uzanır. Bağdat’taki rüşdiyede bir yıl okuduktan sonra askerî okula devam etmek üzere İstanbul’a geldi (1870). Üsküdar Atlamataşı Askerî Rüşdiyesi’ne iki yıl devam edip Kuleli Askerî İdâdîsi’ne kaydoldu (1873). Burayı bitirince 1876’da Mekteb-i Harbiyye’ye girdi ve 1878’de mezun olup erkân-ı harbiyye sınıfına geçti. 1880’de burayı da yüzbaşı rütbesini almış olarak bitirdi ve Erkân-ı Harbiyye Dairesi’nin ikinci şubesinin telif ve tercüme bürosunda göreve başladı. Arapça yanında Almanca ve Fransızca da biliyordu. Daha sonra Mekteb-i Harbiyye’de cebir ve hendese, fenn-i esliha, endaht nazariyeleri gibi dersler vermeye, çeşitli dergilerde yazılar ve tercümeler yayımlamaya başladı. Mekteb-i Harbiyye’yi ıslah çalışmalarını sürdüren Von der Goltz Paşa’nın muavinliğini yaptı ve takdirlerini kazandı. 1884’te kolağası oldu.
Alman askerî misyonunun yönlendirmesiyle yeni silâhların büyük ölçüde Almanya’ya sipariş edilmesi kararlaştırılınca Vidinli Tevfik Bey riyâsetinde kurulan silâh satın alma komisyonlarında çalıştı. 1890’da miralaylığa yükseldi. Bu arada incelemelerde bulunmak üzere Almanya ve Fransa’ya seyahat etti ve alınacak silâhların seçiminde önemli rol oynadı. Uzun yıllar Almanya’da kaldı. 1895’te mirlivâ oldu. 1901’de ferikliğe terfi etti ve aynı yıl Hicaz demiryolu hattında Mekke-Medine telgraf hattının yapılmasına memur edildi. Bu vazifeyi bir sürgün gibi algılaması II. Abdülhamid’e karşı duygularını değiştirdi. Altı yedi ay kadar sonra döndüğünde tekrar eski görevinin başına geçti. 1905’te birinci ferikliğe yükseltilerek Kosova valiliğine getirildi. Burada İttihat ve Terakkî Cemiyeti ile ilişki kurdu ve rejim aleyhtarlığına göz yumdu. 1908’de Üçüncü Ordu kumandanlığına tayin edilen Mahmud Şevket Paşa, II. Meşrutiyet’in ilânıyla ve İstanbul’dan Meşrutiyet’in korunması için Üçüncü Ordu’dan avcı taburlarının istenmesi üzerine siyaset sahnesinde hızla yükselmeye başladı.
31 Mart Vak‘ası’nın ardından İstanbul’a yürüyen Hareket Ordusu’nun başında İstanbul’a geldi ve şehirde sıkı yönetim ilân etti. Kısa zaman içinde etkin bir rol oynayarak II. Abdülhamid’in hal‘i ve Sultan Reşad’ın (V. Mehmed) tahta çıkarılmasıyla sonuçlanacak olan saltanat değişiminde etkili oldu. 18 Mayıs 1909’da Birinci, İkinci ve Üçüncü ordular müfettişliğine getirildi. Hükümet ve meclis üzerinde otorite kurarak sıkı ve sert bir yönetim uyguladı; nihayet giderek İttihat ve Terakkî Cemiyeti ile ters düşmeye başladı. Hüseyin Hilmi Paşa’nın sadâreti Mahmud Şevket Paşa’nın tahakkümü altında geçti ve İbrâhim Hakkı Paşa kabinesinde Harbiye nâzırı olması önlenemedi (25 Ocak 1910). Her üç ordunun müfettişliği görevini bırakmaya razı olmadı. Aynı yıl başlayan Arnavut isyanını sert bir şekilde bastırmış olması Balkan Savaşı’ndaki çözülmenin sebeplerinden birini teşkil edecektir. Yemen isyanlarını bastırmak için Trablusgarp’tan asker çekmesi İtalyan saldırısındaki (1911) zayıf direnişin sebeplerinden biri olarak görülmüş ve kendisi için ayrı bir eleştiri konusu olmuştur. İbrâhim Hakkı Paşa kabinesinin düşmesiyle kurulan Said Paşa kabinesinde de Harbiye nezâretini korumakla beraber bir müddet sonra istifa etmek zorunda bırakıldı (Temmuz 1912). Said Paşa kabinesinin de istifasıyla Gazi Ahmed Muhtar Paşa başkanlığında kurulan “büyük kabine” kendisini Balkan Savaşı esnasında Alasonya Ordusu kumandanlığına getirmek istediyse de Mahmud Şevket Paşa zafer ümidi görmediğinden bu görevi kabul etmedi. Savaşın ardından basın ve muhalefet kendisini yenilginin sorumluları arasında gösterdi.
Balkan Savaşı’nda Bulgarlar’ın Edirne’yi de alarak İstanbul önlerine kadar gelmeleri barış yapılmasını kaçınılmaz kılmıştı. Bulgaristan’ın Romanya’nın da iştirakiyle komşularına karşı savaşa devam etmek zorunda kalması hiç olmazsa Trakya ve Edirne’nin kurtarılması için bir fırsat vermekteydi. Büyük kabinenin kayıplara razı olması üzerine İttihat ve Terakkî Cemiyeti Bâbıâli’ye baskın düzenleyerek bir hükümet darbesi yaptı ve Sadrazam Kıbrıslı Kâmil Paşa istifaya mecbur edildi (23 Ocak 1913). Yeni kabine İttihatçılar’ın teklifini kabul eden Mahmud Şevket Paşa tarafından kuruldu. Çatalca istihkâmlarında ordunun durumunu teftiş eden yeni sadrazama göre ordunun tekrar savaşması mümkün değildi. Ancak İttihatçılar’ın baskısı karşısında Edirne’nin kurtarılması amacıyla saldırı kararı alındı. Komşularının sürdürdüğü savaşın baskısı altındaki Bulgaristan, Trakya’daki Türk ileri harekâtı karşısında duracak halde değildi. Edirne’nin tekrar ele geçirilmesi, ucuz kahramanlıklarla II. Meşrutiyet’in ilânından beri kendilerine zafer destanları düzülmesine alışmış son dönem askerlerine iktidar yolunu açan bir manevra havasında geçti ve “Edirne fâtihi” sanı etrafında başta Enver Paşa olmak üzere pek çokları arasında amansız bir yarış başladı, dolayısıyla düşmanlık tohumları ekildi.
Eskiden beri tam olarak anlaşamadığı İttihat ve Terakkî ileri gelenleriyle, sadrazam olarak iktidarının paylaşılmasına izin vermeyen bir kişiliğe sahip olan Mahmud Şevket Paşa arasındaki sürtüşmeler giderek büyüdü ve cemiyet onu bir tehdit olarak görmeye başladı. Öte yandan muhalefet de sadrazama karşı sertleşmişti. Mahmud Şevket Paşa, İstanbul muhafızı olan Cemal Paşa’nın kendisine karşı bir suikast düzenlenebileceğine dair uyarılarına ise pek itibar etmemekteydi. 11 Haziran 1913’te Harbiye Nezâreti’ndeki çalışmalarını bitirdikten sonra sadârete doğru yola çıkan Mahmud Şevket Paşa Çarşıkapı civarında silâhlı bir saldırıya uğradı ve öldürüldü, ertesi günü Hürriyet-i Ebediyye tepesinde toprağa verildi. Silâhı ateşleyen Topal Tevfik ve diğer iş birlikçileri kısa zamanda yakalanarak idam edildi. Suikast olayında paşadan kurtulmak isteyen İttihat ve Terakkî Cemiyeti’nin rolü olduğunda şüphe yoktur. Dönemin padişahı gibi bir kukla olacak olan Said Halim Paşa’nın sadâretiyle cemiyetin elinde olay, İttihatçılar’ın sıkı ve sert bir idare oluşturularak muhalefeti susturmalarına vesile olmuştur.
Mahmud Şevket Paşa, İttihatçı olmamakla beraber iktidar kapısını açtıkları ve iktidarına ortak olmak istemedikleri sürece bunlara sempatiyle bakmıştır. Çehresi ürküntü veren bir görünüşe sahipti; asabî ve sert mizaçlı, süratle iş gören ve görülmesini isteyen bir şahsiyetti. Bununla beraber cesareti az, ancak fazla ihtiyatlı ve temkinliydi. Bazı devlet sırlarını dönemin padişahından bile gizlediği söylenir. Hareket Ordusu’nun başında İstanbul’a girmesinden ötürü her devrin kalemleri kendisini Napolyon, Mithad Paşa ve II. Fâtih gibi unvanlarla yüceltmeye çalışmışlardır. Diktatörce icraatı bu gibi söylemlerin etkisinde kaldığına işaret edebilir. Mekteb-i Harbiyye’de de okutulmuş olan Logaritma Cedâvili Risâlesi (Jean Dupuis’den tercüme, İstanbul 1301, 5. bs., 1330), Fenn-i Esliha (İstanbul 1301), Usûl-i Hendese (I-II, İstanbul 1302-1304) gibi bazı derleme kitaplar ve tüfeklerle ilgili risâleler (Asâkir-i Şâhânenin Piyade Sınıfına Mahsus 87 Modeli Mükerrer Ateşli Mavzer Tüfeği , İstanbul 1303; Mükerrer Ateşli Tüfekler , İstanbul 1308; Küçük Çaplı Mavzer Tüfekleri Risâlesi , İstanbul 1311; Küçük Çaplı Mavzer Tüfeklerine Mahsus Atlas , İstanbul 1311) kaleme almış olduğu bilinmektedir. En önemli eseri Devlet-i Osmâniyye’nin Bidâyet-i Tesîsinden Şimdiye Kadar Osmanlı Teşkilât ve Kıyâfet-i Askeriyyesi ’dir (I-III, İstanbul 1320). Kitap, kuruluşundan 1902 yılına kadar Osmanlı askerî teşkilâtını ele alır ve bu konuda ciddi bir araştırma olarak kabul edilir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
BA, Y.A.RES , nr. 78/19, 12.3.1313.
BA , Meclis-i Vükelâ Mazbatası, nr. 134, 24 Kânunusâni 1325.
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nr. 35, 49, 27 Rebîülâhir – 18 Receb 1327.
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Ahmed Refik [Altınay], 11 Nisan İnkılâbı , İstanbul 1325.
Mir’ât-ı Sicill-i Me’mûrîn Hey’et-i Tahrîriyyesi, Mücâhid-i Hürriyyet Mahmud Şevket Paşa ve Hareket Ordusu , İstanbul 1327.
Denkwürdigkeiten des Marschalls Izzet Pascha (ed. K. Klinghardt), Leipzig 1927, tür.yer.
C. F. von der Goltz, Denkwürdigkeiten , Berlin 1929, tür.yer.
Mahmud Muhtar Paşa, Mâziye Bir Nazar: Berlin Muahedesi’nden Harb-i Umûmiye Kadar Avrupa ve Türkiye-Almanya , İstanbul 1341, tür.yer.
İbnülemin, Son Sadrıazamlar , s. 1869-1892.
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Feroz Ahmad, İttihat ve Terakki: 1908-1914 (trc. Nuran Yavuz), İstanbul 1986, tür.yer.
a.mlf., “Maḥmūd S̲h̲ewḳat Pas̲h̲a”, EI2 (İng.) , VI, 73-74.
Tahsin Uzer, Makedonya’da Eşkiyalık Tarihi ve Son Osmanlı Yönetimi , Ankara 1987, tür.yer.
Rifat Uçarol, Gazi Ahmet Muhtar Paşa , İstanbul 1989, tür.yer.
Zekeriya Türkmen, Osmanlı Meşrutiyetinde Ordu Siyaset Çatışması , İstanbul 1993, tür.yer.
Metin Ayışığı, Mareşal Ahmet İzzet Paşa. Askerî ve Siyasî Hayatı , Ankara 1997, tür.yer.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2003 yılında Ankara’da basılan 27. cildinde, 384-386 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.